Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M. & Stroeve, J. Perspectives on the Arctic’s shrinking sea-ice cover. Science 315, 1533–1536 (2007).
Screen, J. A. & Simmonds, I. The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature 464, 1334–1337 (2010).
Dai, A., Luo, D., Song, M. & Liu, J. Arctic amplification is caused by sea-ice loss under increasing CO2. Nat. Commun. 10, 121–133 (2019).
Kim, K. et al. Vertical feedback mechanism of winter Arctic amplification and sea ice loss. Sci. Rep. 9, 1184 (2019).
Loeb, V. et al. Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387, 897–900 (1997).
Mundy, C. J. et al. Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L17601 (2009).
Sévellec, F., Fedorov, A. V. & Liu, W. Arctic sea-ice decline weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 604–610 (2017).
Stroeve, J., Holland, M. M., Meier, W., Scambos, T. & Serreze, M. Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L09501 (2007).
Routson, C. C. et al. Mid-latitude net precipitation decreased with Arctic warming during the Holocene. Nature 568, 83–87 (2019).
Parkinson, C. L. & Cavalieri, D. J. Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979–2006. J. Geophys. Res. 113, C07003 (2008).
Stroeve, J. C. et al. Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L16502 (2012).
Matsumura, S. & Kosaka, Y. Arctic–Eurasian climate linkage induced by tropical ocean variability. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–8 (2019).
Kaufman, D. S. et al. Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0-180°W). Quat. Sci. Rev. 23, 529–560 (2004).
Holmes, R. M. et al. A circumpolar perspective on fluvial sediment flux to the Arctic ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 1098 (2002).
Duk-Rodkin, A. & Hughes, O. L. Tertiary-quaternary drainage of the pre-glacial Mackenzie basin. Quat. Int. 22–23, 221–241 (1994).
McManus, J. F., Francois, R., Gherardl, J. M., Keigwin, L. & Drown-Leger, S. Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. Nature 428, 834–837 (2004).
Peltier, W. R., Vettoretti, G. & Stastna, M. Atlantic meridional overturning and climate response to Arctic Ocean freshening. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L06713 (2006).
Broecker, W. S. et al. Routing of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas cold episode. Nature 341, 318–321 (1989).
Keigwin, L. D. et al. Deglacial floods in the Beaufort Sea preceded Younger Dryas cooling. Nat. Geosci. 11, 599–604 (2018).
Leydet, D. J. et al. Opening of glacial Lake Agassiz’s eastern outlets by the start of the Younger Dryas cold period. Geology 46, 155–158 (2018).
Fisher, T. G. & Lowell, T. V. Testing northwest drainage from Lake Agassiz using extant ice margin and strandline data. Quat. Int. 260, 106–114 (2012).
Tarasov, L. & Peltier, W. R. Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal. Nature 435, 662–665 (2005).
Murton, J. B., Bateman, M. D., Dallimore, S. R., Teller, J. T. & Yang, Z. Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean. Nature 464, 740–743 (2010).
Fisher, T. G., Waterson, N., Lowell, T. V. & Hajdas, I. Deglaciation ages and meltwater routing in the Fort McMurray region, northeastern Alberta and northwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 1608–1624 (2009).
Fisher, T. G., Smith, D. G. & Andrews, J. T. Preboreal oscillation caused by a glacial Lake Agassiz flood. Quat. Sci. Rev. 21, 873–878 (2002).
Jin, Y. K. ARA04C cruise report: barrow, US—Beaufort Sea, CAN—Nome, US 6-24 September 2013 (Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 2013).
Gamboa, A., Montero-Serrano, J. -C., St-Onge, G., Rochon, A. & Desiage, P. -A. Mineralogical, geochemical, and magnetic signatures of surface sediments from the Canadian Beaufort Shelf and Amundsen Gulf (Canadian Arctic). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 18, 488–512 (2017).
Belt, S. T. et al. A novel chemical fossil of palaeo sea ice: IP25. Org. Geochem. 38, 16–27 (2007).
Brown, T. A., Belt, S. T., Tatarek, A. & Mundy, C. J. Source identification of the Arctic sea ice proxy IP 25. Nat. Commun. 5, 4197 (2014).
Müller, J. et al. Towards quantitative sea ice reconstructions in the northern North Atlantic: a combined biomarker and numerical modelling approach. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 306, 137–148 (2011).
Smik, L., Cabedo-Sanz, P. & Belt, S. T. Semi-quantitative estimates of paleo Arctic sea ice concentration based on source-specific highly branched isoprenoid alkenes: A further development of the PIP25 index. Org. Geochem. 92, 63–69 (2016).
Lü, X. et al. Hydroxylated isoprenoid GDGTs in Chinese coastal seas and their potential as a paleotemperature proxy for mid-to-low latitude marginal seas. Org. Geochem. 89, 31–43 (2015).
Volkman, J. K. A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Org. Geochem. 9, 83–99 (1986).
Fahl, K. & Stein, R. Biomarkers as organic-carbon-source and environmental indicators in the late quaternary Arctic Ocean: problems and perspectives. Mar. Chem. 63, 293–309 (1999).
Fahl, K. & Stein, R. Modern seasonal variability and deglacial/Holocene change of central Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover: new insights from biomarker proxy records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 351, 123–133 (2012).
Rampen, S. W., Abbas, B. A., Schouten, S. & Damsté, J. S. S. A comprehensive study of sterols in marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta): implications for their use as tracers for diatom productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55, 91–105 (2010).
Hopmans, E. C. et al. A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224, 107–116 (2004).
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., van den Donker, J. C., Hopmans, E. C. & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71, 703–713 (2007).
Blaga, C. I. et al. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in lake sediments: can they be used as temperature and pH proxies? Org. Geochem. 41, 1225–1234 (2010).
De Jonge, C. et al. In situ produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in suspended particulate matter from the Yenisei River, Eastern Siberia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 125, 476–491 (2014).
Zhang, Z., Metzger, P. & Sachs, J. P. Co-occurrence of long chain diols, keto-ols, hydroxy acids and keto acids in recent sediments of Lake El Junco, Galápagos Islands. Org. Geochem. 42, 823–837 (2011).
de Bar, M. W. et al. Constraints on the application of long chain diol proxies in the Iberian Atlantic margin. Org. Geochem. 101, 184–195 (2016).
Lattaud, J. et al. The C32 alkane-1,15-diol as a proxy of late Quaternary riverine input in coastal margins. Clim. Past 13, 1049–1061 (2017).
Lattaud, J. et al. The C32 alkane-1,15-diol as a tracer for riverine input in coastal seas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 202, 146–158 (2017).
Pico, T., Mitrovica, J. X. & Mix, A. C. Sea level fingerprinting of the Bering Strait flooding history detects the source of the Younger Dryas climate event. Sci. Adv. 6, eaay2935 (2020).
Jakobsson, M. et al. Post-glacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge dated to 11 cal ka BP based on new geophysical and sediment records. Clim. Past 13, 991–1005 (2017).
Laskar, J. et al. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. 428, 261–285 (2004).
Niebauer, H. J. & Alexander, V. Oceanographic frontal structure and biological production at an ice edge. Cont. Shelf Res. 4, 367–388 (1985).
Smith, W. O. & Nelson, D. M. Phytoplankton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the Ross Sea: spatial coherence with the density field. Science. 227, 163–166 (1985).
Ackley, S. F. & Sullivan, C. W. Physical controls on the development and characteristics of Antarctic sea ice biological communities-a review and synthesis. Deep Sea Res. I 41, 1583–1604 (1994).
Strass, V. H. & Nöthig, E. M. Seasonal shifts in ice edge phytoplankton blooms in the Barents Sea related to the water column stability. Polar Biol. 16, 409–422 (1996).
Collins, L. G. et al. Evaluating highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers as a novel Antarctic sea-ice proxy in deep ocean glacial age sediments. Quat. Sci. Rev. 79, 87–98 (2013).
Belt, S. T. et al. Identification of paleo Arctic winter sea ice limits and the marginal ice zone: optimised biomarker-based reconstructions of late Quaternary Arctic sea ice. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 431, 127–139 (2015).
Smik, L., Belt, S. T., Lieser, J. L., Armand, L. K. & Leventer, A. Distributions of highly branched isoprenoid alkenes and other algal lipids in surface waters from East Antarctica: further insights for biomarker-based paleo sea-ice reconstruction. Org. Geochem. 95, 71–80 (2016).
Ribeiro, S. et al. Sea ice and primary production proxies in surface sediments from a High Arctic Greenland fjord: spatial distribution and implications for palaeoenvironmental studies. Ambio 46, 106–118 (2017).
Wagner, A., Lohmann, G. & Prange, M. Arctic river discharge trends since 7ka BP. Glob. Planet. Change 79, 48–60 (2011).
North Greenland Ice Core Project Members. High resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 431, 147–151 (2004).
Broecker, W. S. Was the Younger Dryas triggered by a flood? Science 312, 1146–1148 (2006).
Not, C. & Hillaire-Marcel, C. Enhanced sea-ice export from the Arctic during the Younger Dryas. Nat. Commun. 3, 1–5 (2012).
Fagel, N., Not, C., Gueibe, J., Mattielli, N. & Bazhenova, E. Late Quaternary evolution of sediment provenances in the Central Arctic Ocean: mineral assemblage, trace element composition and Nd and Pb isotope fingerprints of detrital fraction from the Northern Mendeleev Ridge. Quat. Sci. Rev. 92, 140–154 (2014).
Scott, D. B., Schell, T., St-Onge, G., Rochon, A. & Blasco, S. Foraminiferal assemblage changes over the last 15,000 years on the Mackenzie-Beaufort Sea Slope and Amundsen Gulf, Canada: implications for past sea ice conditions. Paleoceanography 24, PA2219 (2009).
Keigwin, L. D., Donnelly, J. P., Cook, M. S., Driscoll, N. W. & Brigham-Grette, J. Rapid sea-level rise and Holocene climate in the Chukchi Sea. Geology 34, 861–864 (2006).
Hill, J. C. & Driscoll, N. W. Paleodrainage on the Chukchi shelf reveals sea level history and meltwater discharge. Mar. Geol. 254, 129–151 (2008).
England, J. H. & Furze, M. F. A. New evidence from the western Canadian Arctic Archipelago for the resubmergence of Bering Strait. Quat. Res. 70, 60–67 (2008).
Dyke, A. S. & Savelle, J. M. Holocene history of the Bering Sea bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) in its Beaufort Sea summer grounds off Southwestern Victoria Island, Western Canadian Arctic. Quat. Res. 55, 371–379 (2001).
Dyke, A. S., Dale, J. E. & McNeely, R. N. Marine molluscs as indicators of environmental change in glaciated North America and greenland during the last 18 000 Years. Geogr. Phys. Quat. 50, 125–184 (1996).
Belt, S. T., Smik, L., Köseoglu, D., Knies, J. & Husum, K. A novel biomarker-based proxy for the spring phytoplankton bloom in Arctic and sub-arctic settings–HBI T25. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 523, 115703 (2019).
Fietz, S., Huguet, C., Rueda, G., Hambach, B. & Rosell-Melé, A. Hydroxylated isoprenoidal GDGTs in the Nordic Seas. Mar. Chem. 152, 1–10 (2013).
Klotsko, S., Driscoll, N. & Keigwin, L. Multiple meltwater discharge and ice rafting events recorded in the deglacial sediments along the Beaufort Margin, Arctic Ocean. Quat. Sci. Rev. 203, 185–208 (2019).
Sachs, J. P. et al. An Arctic Ocean paleosalinity proxy from δ2H of palmitic acid provides evidence for deglacial Mackenzie River flood events. Quat. Sci. Rev. 198, 76–90 (2018).
Spielhagen, R. F., Erlenkeuser, H. & Siegert, C. History of freshwater runoff across the Laptev Sea (Arctic) during the last deglaciation. Glob. Planet. Change 48, 187–207 (2005).
Nørgaard-pedersen, N. et al. Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum: Atlantic and polar domains of surface water mass distribution and ice cover. Paleoceanography 18, 1–19 (2003).
Stein, R. et al. The last deglaciation event in the eastern central Arctic. Ocean Sci. 264, 692–696 (1994).
Poore, R. Z., Osterman, L., Hole, W. & Hole, W. Late Pleistocene and Holocene meltwater events in the western Arctic Ocean. Geology 27, 759–762 (1999).
Stein, R., Fahl, K. & Müller, J. Proxy reconstruction of Cenozoic Arctic Ocean sea ice history–from IRD to IP25. Polarforschung 82, 37–71 (2012).
Häggi, C. et al. Modern and late Pleistocene particulate organic carbon transport by the Amazon River: Insights from long-chain alkyl diols. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 262, 1–19 (2019).
Breckenridge, A. The Tintah-Campbell gap and implications for glacial Lake Agassiz drainage during the Younger Dryas cold interval. Quat. Sci. Rev. 117, 124–134 (2015).
Praetorius, S. et al. The role of Northeast Pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change. Sci. Adv. 6, eaay2915 (2020).
Boden, P., Fairbanks, G., Wright, D. & Burckle, H. High-resolution stable isotope records from southwest Sweden: the drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake and Younger Dryas ice margin oscillations. Paleoceanography 12, 39–49 (1997).
Schell, T. M., Scott, D. B., Rochon, A. & Blasco, S. Late quaternary paleoceanography and paleo-sea ice conditions in the Mackenzie Trough and Canyon, Beaufort Sea. Can. J. Earth Sci. 45, 1399–1415 (2008).
Andrews, J. T. & Dunhill, G. Early to mid-Holocene Atlantic water influx and deglacial meltwater events, Beaufort Sea slope, Arctic Ocean. Quat. Res. 61, 14–21 (2004).
Winterfeld, M. et al. Deglacial mobilization of pre-aged terrestrial carbon from degrading permafrost. Nat. Commun. 9, 3666 (2018).
Meyer, V. D. et al. Permafrost-carbon mobilization in Beringia caused by deglacial meltwater runoff, sea-level rise and warming. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 085003 (2019).
Stein, R., Fahl, K., Dittmers, K., Nissen, F. & Stepanets, O. V. Holocene siliciclastic and organic carbon fluxes in the Oh and Yenisei estuaries and the adjacent inner Kara Sea: Quantification, variability, and paleoenvironmental implications. In Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability and Environmental Significance 401–432 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003).
Stein, R. & Fahl, K. The Kara Sea: distribution, sources, variability and burial of organic carbon. in The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 213–237 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004). .
Pearce, C. et al. Heinrich 0 on the east Canadian margin: source, distribution, and timing. Paleoceanography 30, 1613–1624 (2015).
Blaauw, M. & Christeny, J. A. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Anal 6, 457–474 (2011).
Blaauw, M. & Christen, J. A. Bacon Manual—v2.3.3 (2013).
Reimer, P. J. et al. Intcal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years Cal Bp. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887 (2013).
Brown, T. A. & Belt, S. T. Novel tri- and tetra-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes from the marine diatom Pleurosigma intermedium. Org. Geochem. 91, 120–122 (2016).
Boon, J. J. et al. Black Sea sterol—a molecular fossil for dinoflagellate blooms. Nature 277, 125–127 (1979).
Versteegh, G., Bosch, H. & De Leeuw, J. Potential palaeoenvironmental information of C24 to C36 mid-chain diols, keto-ols and mid-chain hydroxy fatty acids; a critical review. Org. Geochem. 27, 1–13 (1997).
Rampen, S. W. et al. Long chain 1,13- and 1,15-diols as a potential proxy for palaeotemperature reconstruction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 84, 204–216 (2012).
Stein, R. & Macdonald, R. W. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004).
Wu, J. et al. Biomarker data of sediment core ARA04C/37, Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean. PANGAEA https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.915048 (2020).
Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F. & Drummond, R. Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: the global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120, 450–487 (2015).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
