Goreau, T. F. The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs I. Species composition and zonation. Ecol. 40, 67–89 (1959).
Storr, J. F. Ecology and Oceanography of the Coral Reef Tract, Abaco Is., Bahamas. Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper, 79 (1964).
Stoddart, D. R. Ecology and morphology of recent coral reefs. Biol. Rev. 44, 433–498 (1969).
Oliver, J. K., Berkelmans, R. & Eakin, C. M. In Coral Bleaching (eds. van Oppen M. & Lough J.) 27–49 (Springer, 2018).
Jackson, J. B. C. Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16, S23–S32 (1997).
Hughes, T. P. et al. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nat. 546, 82–90, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901 (2017).
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Sci. 318, 1737–1742, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152509 (2007).
Pandolfi, J. M. et al. Ecology – Are US coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Sci. 307, 1725–1726, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104258 (2005).
Gardner, T. A., Cote, I. M., Gill, J. A., Grant, A. & Watkinson, A. R. Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: Impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline. Ecol. 86, 174–184 (2005).
Gardner, T. A., Cote, I. M., Gill, J. A., Grant, A. & Watkinson, A. R. Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Sci. 301, 958–960, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1086050 (2003).
Jackson, J., Donovan, M., Cramer, K. & Lam, V. Status and trends of Caribbean coral reefs: 1970-2012. 306 (Washington, D.C., 2014).
Glynn, P. W. Coral-Reef Bleaching – Ecological Perspectives. Coral Reefs 12, 1–17 (1993).
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar. Freshw. Res. 50, 839–866, https://doi.org/10.1071/mf99078 (1999).
Weil, E., Smith, G. & Gil-Agudelo, D. L. Status and progress in coral reef disease research. Dis. Aquat. Org. 69, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao069001 (2006).
Edmunds, P. J. & Elahi, R. The demographics of a 15-year decline in cover of the Caribbean reef coral Montastraea annularis. Ecol. Monogr. 77, 3–18 (2007).
Price, N. N. et al. Global biogeography of coral recruitment: tropical decline and subtropical increase. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 621, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12980 (2019).
Hughes, T. P. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Sci. 265, 1547–1551 (1994).
Bruno, J. F., Sweatman, H., Precht, W. F., Selig, E. R. & Schutte, V. G. W. Assessing evidence of phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance on coral reefs. Ecol. 90, 1478–1484, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1781.1 (2009).
Roff, G. & Mumby, P. J. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends in Ecology &. Evolution 27, 404–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.007 (2012).
Norstrom, A. V., Nystrom, M., Lokrantz, J. & Folke, C. Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coral-macroalgal phase shifts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 376, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07815 (2009).
Tsounis, G. & Edmunds, P. J. Three decades of coral reef community dynamics in St. John, USVI: a contrast of scleractinians and octocorals. Ecosphere 8, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1646 (2017).
Lenz, E. A., Bramanti, L., Lasker, H. & Edmunds, P. J. Long-term variation of octocoral populations in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 34, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1315-x (2015).
Ruzicka, R. R. et al. Temporal changes in benthic assemblages on Florida Keys reefs 11 years after the 1997/1998 El Nino. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 489, 125–141, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10427 (2013).
Sanchez, J. A. et al. Steady Decline of Corals and Other Benthic Organisms in the SeaFlower Biosphere Reserve (Southwestern Caribbean). Frontiers in Marine Science 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00073 (2019).
Kinzie, R. A. I. The zonation of West Indian gorgonians. Bull. Mar. Sci. 23, 93–155 (1973).
Cary, L. R. Observations Upon the Growth and Ecology of Gorgonians. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pop. Tortugas Lab, publ.182 5, 81–90 (1914).
Donner, S. D., Skirving, W. J., Little, C. M., Oppenheimer, M. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 11, 2251–2265 (2005).
Hughes, T. P. et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Sci. 359, 80–+, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8048 (2018).
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nat. 543, 373–+, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21707 (2017).
Glynn, P. W. Widespread Coral Mortality And The 1982-83 El Nino Warming Event. Environ. Conserv. 11, 133–146 (1984).
Stoddart, D. R. Catastrophic storm effects on British Honduras reefs and cays. Nat. 196, 512–515, https://doi.org/10.1038/196512a0 (1962).
Hedley, C. The natural destruction of a coral reef. Rep. Gt. Barrier Reef. Comm. 1, 25–40 (1925).
Blumenstock, D. I. Typhoon effects at Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Nat. 182, 1267–1269 (1958).
Vernhet, E., Conesa, G. & Bruna, P. O. Reworking processes and deposits in coral reefs during (very) high-energy events: Example from a Pleistocene coral formation (125 ka), La Desirade Island, Lesser Antilles. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 490, 293–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.008 (2018).
Pandolfi, J. M. Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: Constancy during global change. Paleobiology 22, 152–176 (1996).
Pandolfi, J. M. & Jackson, J. B. C. Community structure of Pleistocene coral reefs of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Ecol. Monogr. 71, 49–67 (2001).
Schmitt, R. J., Holbrook, S. J., Davis, S. L., Brooks, A. J. & Adam, T. C. Experimental support for alternative attractors on coral reefs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U S Am. 116, 4372–4381, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812412116 (2019).
Dudgeon, S. R., Aronson, R. B., Bruno, J. F. & Precht, W. F. Phase shifts and stable states on coral reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 413, 201–216, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08751 (2010).
Mumby, P. J. Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 28, 761–773, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0506-8 (2009).
Mumby, P. J., Steneck, R. S. & Hastings, A. Evidence for and against the existence of alternate attractors on coral reefs. Oikos 122, 481–491, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00262.x (2013).
Edmunds, P. J. & Lasker, H. R. Regulation of population size of arborescent octocorals on shallow Caribbean reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 615, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12907 (2019).
Tsounis, G., Edmunds, P. J., Bramanti, L., Gambrel, B. & Lasker, H. R. Variability of size structure and species composition in Caribbean octocoral communities under contrasting environmental conditions. Mar. Biol. 165, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-018-3286-2 (2018).
Edmunds, P. J., Tsounis, G. & Lasker, H. R. Differential distribution of octocorals and scleractinians around St. John and St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Hydrobiologia 767, 347–360, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2555-z (2016).
Edmunds, P. J. & Lasker, H. R. Cryptic regime shift in benthic community structure on shallow reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 559, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11900 (2016).
Miller, M. W. et al. Alternate benthic assemblages on reef restoration structures and cascading effects on coral settlement. Mar. Ecology-Progress Ser. 387, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08097 (2009).
Edmunds, P. J. Three decades of degradation lead to diminished impacts of severe hurricanes on Caribbean reefs. Ecology 100, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2587 (2019).
Edmunds, P. J. Decadal-scale changes in the community structure of coral reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 489, 107–117, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10424 (2013).
Woodley, J. D. et al. Hurricane Allens Impact on Jamaican Coral Reefs. Sci. 214, 749–755, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4522.749 (1981).
Prada, C., Weil, E. & Yoshioka, P. M. Octocoral bleaching during unusual thermal stress. Coral Reefs 29, 41–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0547-z (2010).
Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A. & Orejas, C. In Marine Animal Forests (ed. Rossi, S.) 1–26 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
Holling, C. S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245 (1973).
Lasker, H. R., Kim, K. & Coffroth, M. A. Production, settlement, and survival of plexaurid gorgonian recruits. Mar. Ecology-Progress Ser. 162, 111–123 (1998).
Evans, M. J., Coffroth, M. A. & Lasker, H. R. Effects of predator exclusion on recruit survivorship in an octocoral (Briareum asbestinum) and a scleractinian coral (Porites astreoides). Coral Reefs 32, 597–601, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-1001-1 (2013).
Baird, A. H. & Marshall, P. A. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Ecology-Progress Ser. 237, 133–141 (2002).
Levitan, D. R., Boudreau, W., Jara, J. & Knowlton, N. Long-term reduced spawning in Orbicella coral species due to temperature stress. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 515, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11063 (2014).
Tsounis, G. et al. Anthropogenic effects on reproductive effort and allocation of energy reserves in the Mediterranean octocoral Paramuricea clavata. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 449, 161–U193, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09521 (2012).
Burkepile, D. E. & Hay, M. E. Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals. Oecologia 154, 167–173, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0801-4 (2007).
Kim, K. & Lasker, H. R. Flow-mediated resource competition in the suspension feeding gorgonian Plexaura homomalla (Esper). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 215, 49–64 (1997).
Gambrel, B. & Lasker, H. R. Interactions in the canopy among Caribbean reef octocorals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 546, 85–95, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11670 (2016).
Connell, J. H. & Sousa, W. P. On The Evidence Needed To Judge Ecological Stability Or Persistence. Am. Naturalist 121, 789–824 (1983).
McWilliams, J. P., Cote, I. M., Gill, J. A., Sutherland, W. J. & Watkinson, A. R. Accelerating impacts of temperature-induced coral bleaching in the Caribbean. Ecol. 86, 2055–2060 (2005).
Weil, E. & Rogers, C. S. In Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition (eds. Dubinsky, Z. & Stambler, N.) 465–491 (Springer, 2011).
Gomez, C. E. et al. Responses of the tropical gorgonian coral Eunicea fusca to ocean acidification conditions. Coral Reefs 34, 451–460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1241-3 (2015).
Enochs, I. C., Manzello, D. P., Wirshing, H. H., Carlton, R. & Serafy, J. Micro-CT analysis of the Caribbean octocoral Eunicea flexuosa subjected to elevated pCO(2). Ices J. Mar. Sci. 73, 910–919, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv159 (2016).
Fava, F., Ponti, M., Scinto, A., Calcinai, B. & Cerrano, C. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 85, 151–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.02.028 (2009).
Valisano, L., Notari, F., Mori, M. & Cerrano, C. Temporal variability of sedimentation rates and mobile fauna inside and outside a gorgonian garden. Mar. Ecology-an Evolut. Perspect. 37, 1303–1314, https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12328 (2016).
Tsounis, G., Steele, M. & Edmunds, P. J. Effects of octocorals on the feeding behavior of herbivorous coral reef fishes in the Caribbean. Coral Reefs (in review).
Coppari, M., Zanella, C. & Rossi, S. The importance of coastal gorgonians in the blue carbon budget. Sci. Rep. 9, 13550 (2019).
Cary, L. R. The Gorgonacea as a Factor in the Formation of Coral Reefs. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pop. Tortugas Lab, Publ.213. 9, 341–362 (1918).
Clarke, K. R. & Gorley, R. N. P. 192 p. PRIMER V6: User Manual/Tutorial. PRIMER-E. 192 p. (2006).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
