Avtar, R., Tripathi, S., Aggarwal, A. K. & Kumar, P. Population–Urbanization–Energy nexus: A review. Resources 8(3), 136 (2019).
Fahrig, L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S. 34, 487–515 (2003).
Macarthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. The theory of island biogeography (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, 1967).
Levins, R. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15, 237–240 (1969).
Hobbs, R. J. The role of corridor in the conservation, solution or bandwagon?. Tree 7(11), 389–392 (1992).
Badola, R. Economic assessment of human–forest interrelationship in the forest corridor connecting the Rajaji and Corbett national parks. Ph.D. Thesis, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior (1997).
Badola, R. Attitudes of local people towards conservation and alternatives to forest resources: A case study from the lower Himalayas. Biodivers. Conserv. 7, 1245–1259 (1998).
MacDonald, M. A. The role of corridors in biodiversity conservation in production forest landscapes: A literature review. Tasforest 14, 41–52 (2003).
Ament, R., Callahan, R., McClure, M., Reuling, M. & Tabor, G. Wildlife Connectivity: Fundamentals for Conservation Action (Centre for large landscape conservation, Bozeman, 2014).
Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S. & Mosseler, A. Forest resilience, biodiversity, and climate change. A synthesis of the biodiversity/resilience/stability relationship in forest ecosystems. Technical Series No. 43, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-43-en.pdf (2009).
Qureshi, Q., Saini, S., Basu, P., Gopal, R., Raza, R. & Jhala, Y. Connecting tiger populations for long-term conservation. National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/connecting_tiger.pdf (2014).
Menon, V. et al. Right of Passage: Elephant Corridors of India (Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi, 2017).
Kumar, A., Bargali, H. S., David, A. & Edgaonkar, A. Pattern of crop raiding by wild ungulates and elephants in Ramnagar Forest Division, Uttarakhand. Hum.-Wildl. Interact. 11(1), 41–49 (2017).
Bargali, H. S. & Ahmed, T. Pattern of livestock depredation by tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus) in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand, India. PLoS ONE 13(5), e0195612 (2018).
Nyhus, P. J. Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 143–171 (2016).
Webber, A. D., Hill, C. M. & Reynolds, V. Assessing the failure of a community-based human–wildlife conflict mitigation project in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Oryx 41(2), 177–184 (2007).
Athreya, V., Odden, M., Linnell, J. D. C. & Karanth, K. U. Translocation as a tool for mitigating conflict with leopards in human-dominated landscapes of India. Conserv. Biol. 25(1), 133–141 (2010).
Ogra, M. & Badola, R. Compensating human–wildlife conflict in protected area communities: Ground-level perspectives from Uttarakhand, India. Hum. Ecol. 36(5), 717–729 (2008).
Madhusudan, M. D. Living amidst large wildlife: Livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Environ. Manage. 31(4), 466–475 (2003).
Barua, M., Bhagwat, S. A. & Jadhav, S. The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: Health impacts, opportunity and transaction costs. Biol. Conserv. 157, 309–316 (2013).
Mishra, C. et al. The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conserv. Biol. 17(6), 1512–1520 (2003).
Pagiola, S. Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica. Ecol. Econ. 65(4), 712–724 (2008).
Naeem, B. S. et al. Get the science right when paying for nature’s services. Science 347(6227), 1206–1207 (2015).
Dickman, A. J., Macdonald, E. & Macdonald, D. W. A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human–carnivore coexistence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108(34), 13937–13944 (2011).
Greiber, T. Payments for ecosystem services: Legal and institutional frameworks. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 78, Gland, Switzerland. https://www.iucn.org/content/payments-ecosystem-services-legal-and-institutional-frameworks-2 (2009).
Wunder, S. Are direct payments for environmental services spelling doom for sustainable forest management in the tropics?. Ecol. Soc. 11(2), 23 (2006).
Bishop, J. & Huberman, D. Ecosystems, economics and payment for ecosystem services in Global Biodiversity Finance: The case for international payments for ecosystem services (eds. Bishop, J. & Hill, C.) 13-33. (Edward Elgar Publishing 2014).
Badola, R., Barthwal, S. & Hussain, S. A. Attitudes of local communities towards conservation of mangrove forests, a case study from the east coast of India. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S. 96, 188–196 (2012).
Ogra, M. V. Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India. Geoforum 39(3), 1408–1422 (2008).
Mackenzie, C. A. & Ahabyona, P. Elephants in the garden: Financial and social costs of crop raiding. Ecol. Econom. 75, 72–82 (2012).
Semwal, R. L. The Terai Arc Landscape in India: Securing protected areas in the face of Global Change. Forest and biodiversity conservation programme, World Wide Fund for Nature- India, New Delhi. https://www.iucn.org/content/terai-arc-landscape-india-securing-protected-areas-face-global-change (2005).
Kolipakam, V., Singh, S., Pant, B., Qureshi, Q. & Jhala, Y. V. Genetic structure of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in India and its implications for conservation. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 20, e00710 (2019).
Johnsingh, A. J. T. et al. Conservation Status of Tiger and Associated Species in the Terai Arc Landscape, India (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2004).
Santiapillai, C. & Widodo, S. R. Why do elephants raid crops in Sumatra. Gajah 11, 55–58 (1993).
Barnes, R. F. W. The conflict between humans and elephants in central African forests. Mamm. Rev. 26, 67–80 (1996).
Chaudhry, S., Veeraswami, G. G., Mazumdar, K. & Samal, P. K. Conflict identification and prioritization in proposed Tsangyang Gyatso Biosphere Reserve, eastern Himalaya, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 107(3), 189–197 (2010).
Sitati, N. W., Walpole, M. J. & Leader-Williams, N. Factors affecting susceptibility of farms to crop raiding by African elephants, using a predictive model to mitigate conflict. J. Appl. Ecol. 42(6), 1175–1182 (2005).
Joel, M., Edward, A., Doreen, R. & Biryahwaho, B. Management of conservation based conflicts in South western Uganda. Draft report prepared by Koalition on behalf of Eastern and Central Africa Programme for Agricultural Policy Analysis, Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa. https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/42466 (2005).
Roy, P. B. & Sah, R. Economic loss analysis of crop yield due to elephant raiding, a case study of Buxa Tiger Reserve (West), West Bengal. J. Econ. Sustain. Dev. 3(10), 83–88 (2012).
Lahm, S. A nationwide survey of crop raiding by elephants and other species in Gabon. Pachyderm 21, 69–77 (1996).
Sangay, T. & Vernes, K. Human–wildlife conflict in Kingdom of Bhutan: Pattern of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores. Biol. Conserv. 141, 1272–1282 (2008).
Patterson, B. D., Kasiki, S. M., Selempo, E. & Kays, R. W. Livestock predation by Lion (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighbouring Tsavo National Park, Kenya. Biol. Conserv. 119, 297–310 (2004).
Seidensticker, J. On the ecological separation between tiger and leopard. Biotropica 8, 225–234 (1976).
Johnsingh, A. J. T. Prey selection in three large sympatric carnivores in Bandipur. Mammalia 56, 517–526 (1992).
Karanth, K. K., Gopalaswamy, A. M., DeFries, R. & Ballal, N. Assessing patterns of human–wildlife conflicts and compensation around a central Indian protected area. PLoS ONE 7(12), e50433 (2012).
Karanth, K. K., Naughton-Treves, L., DeFries, R. & Gopalaswamy, A. M. Living with wildlife and mitigating conflicts around three Indian protected areas. Environ. Manage. 52(6), 1320–1332 (2013).
Gore, M. L., Knuth, B. A., Scherer, C. W. & Curtis, P. D. Evaluating a conservation investment designed to reduce human–wildlife conflict. Conserv. Lett. 1, 136–145 (2008).
Karanth, K. K., Gupta, S. & Vanamamalai, A. Compensation payments, procedures and policies towards human-wildlife conflict management: Insights from India. Biol. Conserv. 227, 383–389 (2018).
Nyhus, P. J., Osofsky, S. A., Ferraro, P., Madden, F., & Fischer, H. Bearing the costs of human-wildlife conflict: The challenges of compensation schemes in People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence? (eds. Woofroffe, R., Thirgood, S. & Rabinowitz, A.) 107–121 (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Grima, N., Singh, S. J., Smetschka, B. & Ringhofer, L. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosyst. Serv. 17, 24–32 (2016).
Ruggiero, P. G., Metzger, J. P., Tambosi, L. R. & Nichols, E. Payment for ecosystem services programs in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Effective but not enough. Land Use Policy 82, 283–291 (2019).
Xian, J., Xia, C. & Cao, S. Cost–benefit analysis for China’s Grain for Green Program. Ecol. Eng. 151, 105850 (2020).
Tuanmu, M. N. et al. Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery. Conserv. Biol. 30(4), 827–835 (2016).
Uchida, E., Rozelle, S. & Xu, J. Conservation payments, liquidity constraints, and off-farm labor: Impact of the Grain-for-Green Program on rural households in China. Am. J. Agric. 91(1), 70–86 (2009).
Osano, P. M. et al. Why keep lions instead of livestock? Assessing wildlife tourism-based payment for ecosystem services involving herders in the Maasai Mara, Kenya. Nat. Resour. Forum 37(4), 242–256 (2013).
Ogra, M. Attitudes toward resolution of human–wildlife conflict among forest-dependent agriculturalists near Rajaji National Park, India. Hum. Ecol. 37(2), 161–177 (2009).
Ghazoul, J., Butler, R. A., Mateo-Vega, J. & Koh, L. P. REDD: A reckoning of environment and development implications. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(7), 396–402 (2010).
Rajasekharan Pillai, K. & Suchintha, B. Women empowerment for biodiversity conservation through self help groups: A case from Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India. Int. J. Agric. Resour. Gov. Ecol. 5(4), 338–355 (2006).
Planning Commission. Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12. Agriculture, Rural Development, Industry, Services and Physical Infrastructure. Volume-III. Planning Commission, Government of India (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Bulte, E. H., van Kooten, G. C., & Swanson, T. Economic incentives and wildlife conservation. 1-3 December. CITES, Geneva, Switzerland. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/prog/economics/CITES-draft6-final.pdf (2008).
Poudel, J., Munn, I. A. & Henderson, J. E. Economic contributions of wildlife watching recreation expenditures (2006 & 2011) across the US south: An input–output analysis. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 17, 93–99 (2017).
Andrade, G. S. M. & Rhodes, J. R. Protected areas and local communities: An inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies?. Ecol. Soc. 17, 14 (2012).
Babu, S., Singh, S., Goyal, S. P. & Shruti, M. Dynamics of Asian elephant habitat in Shivalik landscape and environs of Kalesar–Rajaji–Corbett protected area network. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 45(2), 191–203 (2019).
Lee, W. S., Jin, W. H. & Chung, H. A study of categorization and development strategy formulation for rural village districts in the greenbelt released area. Int. J. Urban Sci. 15(2), 93–106 (2011).
Varian, H. R. Intermediate Microeconomics, A Modern Approach 8th edn. (W.W. Norton & Company Inc., New York, 2010).
Chen, Z. M. et al. Net ecosystem services value of wetland, environmental economic account. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. 14(6), 2837–2843 (2009).
Asian Development Bank. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Development: A Practical Guide. (Asian Development Bank, 2013). https://www.adb.org/documents/cost-benefit-analysis-development-practical-guide.
Source: Ecology - nature.com