Pradhan, S., Saha, G. K. & Khan, J. A. Food habits of the red panda, Ailurus fulgens, in the Singalila National Park, Darjeeling, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 98, 224–230 (2001).
Bista, D. et al. Distribution and habitat use of red panda in the Chitwan–Annapurna Landscape of Nepal. PLoS ONE 12, e0178797 (2017).
Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. The discovery of America. Science 179, 969–974 (1973).
Google Scholar
Miller, G. H. et al. Pleistocene extinction of Genyornis newtoni: human impact on Australian megafauna. Science 283, 205–208 (1999).
Google Scholar
Grayson, D. K. & Meltzer, D. J. A requiem for North America overkill. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 585–593 (2003).
Google Scholar
van der Kaars, S. et al. Humans rather than climate the primary cause of Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in Australia. Nat. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14142 (2017).
Google Scholar
Louys, J. & Roberts, P. Environmental drivers of megafaunal and hominin extinction in Southeast Asia. Nature 586, 402–406 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J. et al. Tertiary fossil fungi from Kiandra, New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW. 97, 141–149 (1975).
Schipper, J. et al. The status of the world’s land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 322, 225–230 (2008).
Google Scholar
Brook, S. M. et al. Lessons learned from the loss of a flagship: the extinction of the Javan rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus from Vietnam. Biol. Conserv. 174, 21–29 (2014).
Google Scholar
Prasad, V., Stromberg, C. A. E., Alimohammadian, H. & Sahni, A. Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers. Science 310, 1177–1180 (2005).
Google Scholar
Shillito, L. M., Blong, J. C., Green, E. J. & VanAsperen, E. N. The what, how and why of archaeological human coprolite analysis. Earth Sci. Rev. 207, 103196 (2020).
Google Scholar
van Geel, B. et al. The ecological implications of a Yakutian mammoth’s last meal. Quat. Res. 69, 361–376 (2008).
Google Scholar
Rawlence, N. J., Wood, J. R., Bocherens, H. & Rogers, K. M. Dietary interpretations for extinct megafauna using coprolites, intestinal contents and stable isotopes: Complimentary or contradictory?. Quat. Sci. Rev. 142, 173–178 (2016).
Google Scholar
Carrion, J. S. Pleistocene landscape in central Iberia inferred from pollen analysis of hyena coprolite. J. Quat. Sci. 22(2), 191–202 (2007).
Google Scholar
Wood, J. R. et al. Coprolite deposits reveal the diet and ecology of the extinct New Zealand megaherbivore moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes). Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 2593–2602 (2008).
Google Scholar
Gravendeel, B. et al. Multiproxy study of the last meal of a mid-Holocene Oyogos Yar horse, Sakha Republic, Russia. The Holocene 24(10), 1288–1296 (2014).
Google Scholar
Akeret, O., Haas, J. N., Leuzinger, U. & Jacomet, S. Plant macrofossils and pollen in goat/sheep faeces from the Neolithic lake-shore settlement Arbon Bleiche 3, Switzerland. The Holocene 9(2), 175–182 (1999).
Google Scholar
Birks, H. H. et al. Evidence for the diet and habitat of two late Pleistocene mastodons from the Midwest, USA. Quat. Res. 79, 1–21 (2018).
Google Scholar
van der Waal, C. et al. Large herbivores may alter vegetation structure of semi-arid savannas through soil nutrient mediation. Oecologia 165, 1095–1107 (2011).
Google Scholar
Velazquez, N. J. & Burry, L. S. Palynological analysis of Lama guanicoe modern feces and its importance for the study of coprolites from Patagonia, Argentina. Rev. Palaeob. Palynol. 184, 14–23 (2012).
Google Scholar
Basumatary, S. K., McDonald, H. G. & Gogoi, R. Pollen and non-pollen palynomorph preservation in the dung of the Greater one –horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), and its implication to palaeoecology and palaeodietary analysis: a case study from India. Rev. Palaeo. Palynol. 244, 153–162 (2017).
Google Scholar
Basumatary, S. K., Singh, H., McDonald, H. G., Tripathi, S. & Pokharia, A. K. Modern botanical analogue of endangered Yak (Bos mutus) dung from India: Plausible linkage with living and extinct megaherbivores. PLoS ONE 14(3), e0202723 (2019).
Roberts, M. S. & Gittleman, J. L. Ailurus fulgens. Mammalian species. Am. Soc. Mammal. 222, 1–8 (1984).
Johnson, K. G., Schaller, G. B. & Hu, J. C. Comparative behavior of red and giant pandas in the Wolong Reserve, China. J. Mammal. 69, 552–564 (1988).
Google Scholar
Yonzon, P. B. & Hunter, M. L. Ecological study of the red panda in Nepal-Himalaya. red panda Biology 1, 7 (1989).
Wei, F. W., Wang, W., Zhou, A., Hu, J. & Wei, Y. Preliminary study on food selection and feeding strategy of red pandas. Acta Theriol. Sin. 15, 259–266 (1995).
Zhang, Z. J., Hu, J. C., Yang, J. D., Li, M. & Wei, F. W. Food habits and space-use of red panda, Ailurus fulgens in the Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, China: Food effects and behavioural response. Acta Theriol. 54, 225–234 (2009).
Google Scholar
Dorji, S., Vernes, K. & Rajaratnam, R. Habitat correlates of the red panda in the temperate forests of Bhutan. PLoS ONE 6, e26483 (2011).
Google Scholar
Panthi, S., Aryal, A., Raubenheimer, D., Lord, J. & Adhikari, B. Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal. Zool. Stud. 51(5), 701–709 (2012).
Sharma, H. P., Swenson, J. E. & Belant, J. L. Seasonal food habits of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal. Hystrix 25(1), 47–50 (2014).
Panthi, S., Coogan, S. C. P., Aryal, A. & Raubenheimer, D. Diet and nutrient balance of red panda in Nepal. Sci. Nat. 102, 54 (2015).
Google Scholar
Thapa, A. & Basnet, K. Seasonal diet of wild red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Langtang national park, Nepal Himalaya. Inter. J. Conser. Sci. 6(2), 261–270 (2015).
Google Scholar
Thapa, A. et al. The endangered red panda in Himalayas: potential distribution and ecological habitat associates. Glob. Ecol. Conser. 21, e00890 (2020).
Hu, Y. et al. Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas. Sci. Adv. 6, eaax5751 (2020).
IUCN. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2018.1. [Online] Available: www.iucnredlist.org (August 14, 2018).
Salesa, M. J., Peigne, S., Antón, M. & Morales, J. Evolution of the Family Ailuridae: Origins and Old- World Fossil Record. In Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (ed. Glatston, A. R.) 27–41 (Elsevier, 2011).
Google Scholar
Thapa, A. et al. Predicting the potential distribution of the endangered red panda across its entire range using MaxEnt modeling. Ecol. Evol. 8, 10542–10554 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chaudhury, A. An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in India, with reference to its global status. Oryx 35(3), 250–259 (2001).
Google Scholar
Eizirik, E. et al. Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56(1), 49–63 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hu, Y. et al. Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between bamboo-eating giant and red pandas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114(5), 1081–1086 (2017).
Google Scholar
Jha, A. K. Release and reintroduction of captive-bred red pandas into Singalila National Park, Darjeeling, India. In Red panda: biology and conservation of the first panda (ed. Glatson, A. R.) 435–446 (Academic Press, 2011).
Google Scholar
Wikramanayake, E., E. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-923-7 (2002).
Janzen, D. H. Why bamboos wait so long to flower. Ann. Rev. Eco. Syst. 7, 347–391 (1976).
Google Scholar
van Geel, B. et al. Giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus) diet from Mid-Weichselian deposits under the present North Sea inferred from molar-embedded botanical remains. J. Quat. Sci. 33, 924–933 (2018).
Google Scholar
Basumatary, S. K. & McDonald, H. G. Coprophilous fungi from dung of the greater one-horned Rhino in Kaziranga National Park, India and its implication to palaeoherbivory and palaeoecology. Quat. Res. 88, 14–22 (2017).
Google Scholar
Swati, T. et al. Multiproxy studies on dung of endangered sangai (Rucervus eldii eldii) and Hog deer (Axis porcinus) from Manipur, India: Implication for paleoherbivory and paleoecology. Rev. Palaeob. Palyn. 263, 85–103 (2019).
Google Scholar
Goh, T. K., Ho, W. H., Hyde, K. D., Whitton, S. R. & Umali, T. E. New records and species of Canalisporium (Hyphomycetes), with a revision of the genus. Canadian J. Bot. 76, 142–152 (1998).
Heudre, D., Wetzel, C. E., Moreau, L. & Ector, L. Sellaphora davoutiana sp. Nov.: a new freshwater diatom species (Sellaphoraceae, Bacillariophyta) in lakes of Northeastern France. Phytotaxa 346(3), 269–279 (2018).
Google Scholar
Biswas, O. et al. Can grass phytoliths and indices be relied on during vegetation and climate interpretations in the eastern Himalayas? Studies from Darjeeling and Arunachal Pradesh, India. Quat. Sci. Rev. 134, 114–132 (2016).
Google Scholar
Biswas, O. et al. A comprehensive calibrated phytolith based climatic index from the Himalaya and its application in palaeotemperature reconstruction. Sci. Total Environ. 750, 142 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, A. B. Common grasses and sedges of Kurseong, Kalimpong and Darjeeling forest divisions, West Bengal. Indian For. 86(6), 336–348 (1960).
Hajra, P. K. & Verma, D. M. Flora of Sikkim, Vol. II. Botanical Survey of India, (1996).
Neto, M. A. M. & Guerra, M. P. A new method for determination of the photosynthetic pathway in grasses. Photosyn. Res. 142, 51–56 (2019).
Google Scholar
Frank, K., Bruckner, A., Hilpert, A., Heethoft, M. & Bluthgen, N. Nutrient quality of vertebrate dung as a diet for dung beetles. Sci. Rep. 17, 12141 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tieszen, L. L. Natural variations in the carbon isotope values of plants: implications for archaeology, ecology, and palaeoecology. J. Archaeol. Sci. 78, 227–248 (1991).
Google Scholar
Heaton, T. Spatial, species, and yemporal variations in the 13C/12C ratios of C3 plants: Implications for palaeodiet studies. J. Archaeol. Sci. 26, 637–649 (1999).
Google Scholar
Arens, N. C., Jahren, A. H. & Amundson, R. Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide?. Paleobiology 26(1), 137–164 (2000).
Google Scholar
Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M. & Leakey, M. G. Browsing and grazing in modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia 120, 364–374 (1999).
Google Scholar
Mac Fadden, B. J., Cerling, T. E., Harries, J. M. & Prado, J. L. Ancient latitudinal gradients of C3/C4 grasses interpreted from stable isotopes of New World Pleistocene horse (Equus) teeth. Global Ecol. Biog. 8, 137–149 (1999).
Burney, D. A., Robinson, G. S. & Burney, L. P. Sporormiella and the late Holocene extinctions in Madagascar. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(19), 10800–10805 (2003).
Google Scholar
Davis, O. K. & Shafer, D. S. Sporormiella fungal spores, a palynological means of detecting herbivore density. Palaeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeo. 237, 40–50 (2006).
Google Scholar
Raper, D. & Bush, M. A test of Sporormiella representation as a predictor of megaherbivore presence and abundance. Quat. Res. 71, 490–496 (2009).
Google Scholar
Perrotti, A. G. & Van Asperen, E. N. 2019: Dung fungi as a proxy for megaherbivores: opportunities and limitations for archaeological applications. Veget. Hist. Archaeobot. 28, 93–104 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ingold, C. T. Ballistics in certain ascomycetes. New Phytol. 60, 143–149 (1961).
Google Scholar
Trail, F. Fungal cannons: explosive spore discharge in the Ascomycota. FEMS Microbio. Letters 276, 12–18 (2007).
Google Scholar
Yafetto, L. The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi. PLoS ONE 3, e3237 (2008).
Google Scholar
Erdtman, G. An introduction to Pollen Analysis (Waltham, 1953).
Gupta, H.P. & Sharma, C. Pollen flora of North-west Himalaya. Indian Association of Palynostratigraphers, Lucknow, India, (1986).
Van Geel, B. Environmental reconstruction of a Roman Period settlement site in Uitgeest (The Netherlands), with special reference to coprophilous fungi. J. Archaeo. Sci. 30, 873–883 (2003).
Google Scholar
Van Asperen, E. N., Kirby, J. R. & Hunt, C. O. The effect of preparation methods on dung fungal spores: Implications for recognition of megafaunal populations. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 229, 1–8 (2016).
Google Scholar
Neumann, K. International code for phytolith nomenclature ICPN 2.0. Ann. Bot. 124, 189–199 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hill, M. O. & Gauch, H. G. Detrended correspondence analysis, an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42(1), 47–58 (1980).
Google Scholar
Ter Braak, C. J. F. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67, 1167–1179 (1986).
Google Scholar
Ter Braak, C. J. F. Canoco-a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial) (detrended) (canonical) correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1).Technical Rep. LWA-88-02. GLW, Wageningen, 95 pp. (1988).
Ter Braak, C. J. F. & Smilauer, P. CANOCO 4.5. Biometris. Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, 500 pp. (2002).
Agnihotri, R. et al. Radiocarbon measurements using new automated graphite preparation laboratory coupled with stable isotope mass-spectrometry at Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow (India). J. Environ. Radioact. 213, 106156 (2020).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
