Trivers, R. L. Parent-offspring conflict. Am. Zool. 14, 249–264 (1974).
Google Scholar
Gittleman, J. L. & Thompson, S. D. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. Am. Zool. 28, 863–875 (1988).
Google Scholar
Kerby, J. & Post, E. Capital and income breeding traits differentiate trophic match-mismatch dynamics in large herbivores. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20120484 (2013).
Google Scholar
Costa, D. P. Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: Implications for life history patterns. In The Behaviour of Pinnipeds (ed. D. Renouf) 300–344 (Springer, Netherlands, 1991).
Costa, D. P., Boeuf, B. J. L., Huntley, A. C. & Ortiz, C. L. The energetics of lactation in the Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris. J. Zool. 209, 21–33 (1986).
Google Scholar
Crocker, D. E., Williams, J. D., Costa, D. P. & Le Boeuf, B. J. Maternal traits and reproductive effort in northern elephant seals. Ecology 82, 3541–3555 (2001).
Google Scholar
Shero, M. R., Krotz, R. T., Costa, D. P., Avery, J. P. & Burns, J. M. How do overwinter changes in body condition and hormone profiles influence Weddell seal reproductive success? Funct. Ecol. 29, 1278–1291 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lönnerdal, B. Bioactive proteins in human milk—potential benefits for preterm infants. Clin. Perinatol. 44, 179–191 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fields, D. A. et al. Associations between human breast milk hormones and adipocytokines and infant growth and body composition in the first 6 months of life. Pediatr. Obes. 12, 78–85 (2017).
Google Scholar
Klein, L. D. et al. Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States. PLoS ONE 12, e0183367 (2017).
Google Scholar
Burns, J. M. & Hammill, M. O. Does iron availability limit oxygen store development in seal pups? In 4th CPB Meeting in Africa: Mara 2008. “Molecules to migration: The pressures of life” International Proceedings 417–428 (Medimond Publishing Co., 2008).
Burns, J. M., Lestyk, K., Folkow, L. P., Hammill, M. O. & Blix, A. S. Size and distribution of oxygen stores in harp and hooded seals from birth to maturity. J. Comp. Physiol. B 177, 687–700 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kooyman, G. L. Diverse divers: Physiology and behavior. (Springer-Verlag, 1989).
Butler, P. J. & Jones, D. R. Physiology of diving of birds and mammals. Physiol. Rev. 77, 837–899 (1997).
Google Scholar
Kanatous, S. B., DiMichele, L. V., Cowan, D. F. & Davis, R. W. High aerobic capacities in skeletal muscles of pinnipeds: adaptations to diving hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 1247–1256 (1999).
Google Scholar
Shero, M. R., Andrews, R. D., Lestyk, K. C. & Burns, J. M. Development of the aerobic dive limit and muscular efficiency in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). J. Comp. Physiol. B 182, 425–436 (2012).
Google Scholar
Shero, M. R., Costa, D. P. & Burns, J. M. Scaling matters: Incorporating body composition into Weddell seal seasonal oxygen store comparisons reveals maintenance of aerobic capacities. J. Comp. Physiol. B 185, 811–824 (2015).
Google Scholar
Shero, M. R., Reiser, P. J., Simonitis, L. & Burns, J. M. Links between muscle phenotype and life history: differentiation of myosin heavy chain composition and muscle biochemistry in precocial and altricial pinniped pups. J. Compar. Physiol. B, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-019-01240-w (2019).
Burns, J. M., Lestyk, K., Freistroffer, D. & Hammill, M. O. Preparing muscles for diving: age-related changes in muscle metabolic profiles in Harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 88, 167–182 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kooyman, G. L., Wahrenbrock, E. A., Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. & Sinnett, E. E. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during voluntary diving in Weddell seals: evidence of preferred pathways from blood chemistry and behavior. J. Comp. Physiol. 138, 335–346 (1980).
Google Scholar
Wallace, D. F. The regulation of iron absorption and homeostasis. Clin. biochemist. Rev. 37, 51–62 (2016).
Juan, S.-H. & Aust, S. D. Studies on the interaction between ferritin and ceruloplasmin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 355, 56–62 (1998).
Google Scholar
Hagler, L. et al. Influence of dietary iron deficiency on hemoglobin, myoglobin, their respective reductases, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 2169–2177 (1981).
Google Scholar
Kooyman, G. L. Weddell seal: Consummate Diver. (Cambridge University Press, 1981).
Heerah, K. et al. Ecology of Weddell seals during winter: Influence of environmental parameters on their foraging behaviour. Deep Sea Res. Part II: Topical Stud. Oceanogr. 88–89, 23–33 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hindell, M. A., Harcourt, R., Waas, J. R. & Thompson, D. Fine-scale three-dimensional spatial use by diving, lactating female Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 242, 275–284 (2002).
Google Scholar
Sato, K. et al. Deep foraging dives in relation to the energy depletion of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) mothers during lactation. Polar Biol. 25, 696–702 (2002).
Google Scholar
Wheatley, K. E., Bradshaw, C. J., Davis, L. S., Harcourt, R. G. & Hindell, M. A. Influence of maternal mass and condition on energy transfer in Weddell seals. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 724–733 (2006).
Google Scholar
Walcott, S. M. Evaluating the dynamics of physiological, environmental and behavioral parameters to the cost of the annual pelage molt in a polar pinniped: the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) MSc thesis, University of Alaska Anchorage, (2019).
Beltran, R. S. et al. Seasonal resource pulses and the foraging depth of a Southern Ocean top predator. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 288, 20202817 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shero, M. R., Goetz, K. T., Costa, D. P. & Burns, J. M. Temporal changes in Weddell seal dive behavior over winter: Are females increasing foraging effort to support gestation? Ecol. Evol. 8, 11857–11874 (2018).
Google Scholar
Looker, A. C. & Johnson, C. L. Prevalence of elevated serum transferrin saturation in adults in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. 129, 940–945 (1998).
Google Scholar
Eleftheriadis, T., Liakopoulos, V., Antoniadi, G. & Stefanidis, I. Which is the best way for estimating transferrin saturation. Ren. Fail. 32, 1022–1023 (2010).
Google Scholar
McLaren, C. E. et al. Distribution of transferrin saturation in an Australian population: relevance to the early diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 114, 543–549 (1998).
Google Scholar
Emmett, B. & Hochachka, P. W. Scaling of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes in mammals. Respir. Physiol. 45, 261–272 (1981).
Google Scholar
Clark, C. A., Burns, J. M., Schreer, J. F. & Hammill, M. O. Erythropoietin concentration in developing harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 147, 262–267 (2006).
Google Scholar
Richmond, J. P., Burns, J. M., Rea, L. D. & Mashburn, K. L. Postnatal ontogeny of erythropoietin and hematology in free-ranging Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 141, 240–247 (2005).
Google Scholar
Hadley, G. L., Rotella, J. J. & Garrott, R. A. Influence of maternal characteristics and oceanographic conditions on survival and recruitment probabilities of Weddell seals. Oikos 116, 601–613 (2006).
Google Scholar
Hall, A. C., McConnell, B. J. & Barker, R. J. Factors affecting first-year survival in grey seals and their implications for life history strategies. J. Anim. Ecol. 70, 138–149 (2001).
Proffitt, K. M., Garrott, R. A. & Rotella, J. J. Long-term evaluation of body mass at weaning and postweaning survival rates of Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24, 677–689 (2008).
Google Scholar
Burns, J. M. & Castellini, M. A. Physiological and behavioral determinants of the aerobic dive limit in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups. J. Comp. Physiol. B 166, 473–483 (1996).
Google Scholar
Costa, D. P., Kuhn, C. E., Weise, M. J., Shaffer, S. A. & Arnould, J. P. Y. When does physiology limit the foraging behaviour of freely diving mammals? Int. Congr. Ser. 1275, 359–366 (2004).
Google Scholar
Hadley, G. L., Rotella, J. J. & Garrott, R. A. Evaluation of reproductive costs for Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 448–458 (2007).
Google Scholar
Young, S. P., Fahmy, M. & Golding, S. Ceruloplasmin, transferrin and apotransferrin facilitate iron release from human liver cells. FEBS Lett. 411, 93–96 (1997).
Google Scholar
Mazzaro, L. M., Dunn, J. L., St. Aubin, D. J., Andrews, G. A. & Chavey, P. S. Serum indices of body stores of iron in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and their relationship to hemochromatosis. Zoo. Biol. 23, 205–218 (2004).
Google Scholar
Yalçn, S. S., Baykan, A., Yurdakök, K., Yalçn, S. & Gücüs, A. I. The factors that affect milk-to-serum ratio for iron during early lactation. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 31, 85–90 (2009).
Google Scholar
Geiseler, S. J., Blix, A. S., Burns, J. M. & Folkow, L. P. Rapid postnatal development of myoglobin from large liver iron stores in hooded seals. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 1793–1798 (2013).
Google Scholar
Samokyszyn, V. M., Miller, D. M., Reif, D. W. & Aust, S. D. Inhibition of superoxide and ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation by ceruloplasmin. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 21–26 (1989).
Google Scholar
Kohgo, Y., Ikuta, K., Ohtake, T., Torimoto, Y. & Kato, J. Body iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron overload. Int. J. Hematol. 88, 7–15 (2008).
Google Scholar
Zhang, P. et al. The effect of serum iron concentration on iron secretion into mouse milk. J. Physiol. 522(Pt 3), 479–491 (2000).
Google Scholar
Erdogan, S., Celik, S. & Erdogan, Z. Seasonal and locational effects on serum, milk, liver and kidney chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations of dairy cows. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 98, 51–61 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kaldor, I. & Morgan, E. H. Iron metabolism during lactation and suckling in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Physiol. 84, 691–694 (1986).
Google Scholar
Tedman, R. A. & Green, B. Water and sodium fluxes in suckling pups of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli). J. Zool. 212, 29–42 (1987).
Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health, Supplements, O. o. D. Iron Fact Sheet for Consumers, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/ (2021).
Saarinen, U. M., Siimes, M. A. & Dallman, P. R. Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability ofbreast milk iron as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin. J. Pediatrics 91, 36–39 (1977).
Google Scholar
Loh, T.-T. Iron metabolism of the lactating mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 137, 962–965 (1971).
Google Scholar
Folkow, L. P., Nordoy, E. S. & Blix, A. S. Distribution and diving behavior of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandica) from the Greenland Sea stock. Polar Biol. 27, 281–298 (2004).
Google Scholar
Beck, C. A., Bowen, W. D. & Iverson, S. J. Seasonal changes in buoyancy and diving behaviour of adult grey seals. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2323–2330 (2000).
Google Scholar
Gentry, R. L. & Kooyman, G. L. Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea. (Princeton University Press, 1986).
McDonald, B. I. & Ponganis, P. J. Insights from venous oxygen profiles: oxygen utilization and management in diving California sea lions. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 3332–3341 (2013).
Google Scholar
Noren, S. R., Iverson, S. J. & Boness, D. J. Development of the blood and muscle oxygen stores in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus): Implications for juvenile diving capacity and the necessity of a terrestrial postweaning fast. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78, 482–490 (2005).
Google Scholar
Weise, M. J. & Costa, D. P. Total body oxygen stores and physiological diving capacity of California sea lions as a function of sex and age. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 278–289 (2007).
Google Scholar
Burns, J. M., Hindell, M. A., Bradshaw, C. J. A. & Costa, D. P. Fine-scale habitat selection by crabeater seals as determined by diving behavior. Deep Sea Res. II 55, 500–514 (2008).
Google Scholar
Burns, J. Crabeater seal oxygen stores. U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center. https://doi.org/10.15784/601583 (2022).
Nicol, S. et al. Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill. Fish. Fish. 11, 203–209 (2010).
Google Scholar
Williams, T. M. The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 973–982 (2004).
Google Scholar
Wheatley, K. E., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Harcourt, R. G. & Hindell, M. A. Feast or famine: evidence for mixed capital–income breeding strategies in Weddell seals. Oecologia 155, 11–20 (2008).
Google Scholar
Honda, K., Sahrul, M., Hidaka, H. & Tatsukawa, R. Organ and tissue distribution of heavy metals, and their growth-related changes in Antarctic Fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47, 2521–2532 (1983).
Google Scholar
Galbraith, E. D., Le Mézo, P., Solanes Hernandez, G., Bianchi, D. & Kroodsma, D. Growth limitation of marine fish by low iron availability in the open ocean. Front. Marine Sci. 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00509 (2019).
Pollycove, M. & Mortimer, R. The quantitative determination of iron kinetics and hemoglobin synthesis in human subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 40, 753–782 (1961).
Google Scholar
Åkeson, Å., Ehrenstein, G. V., Hevesy, G. & Theorell, H. Life span of myoglobin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 91, 310–318 (1960).
Google Scholar
Tift, M. S. et al. Adaptive potential of the heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide pathway during hypoxia. Front. Physiol. 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00886 (2020).
Tift, M. S., Ponganis, P. J. & Crocker, D. E. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin in a marine mammal, the northern elephant seal. J. Exp. Biol. 217, 1752–1757 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ma, Y.-J. et al. A modified carbon monoxide breath test for measuring erythrocyte lifespan in small animals. BioMed. Res. Int. 2016, 7173156 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H.-D. et al. Human erythrocyte lifespan measured by Levitt’s CO breath test with newly developed automatic instrument. J. Breath. Res. 12, 036003 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hochachka, P. W. & Somero, G. N. Biochemical adaptation. (Oxford University Press, 2002).
De Miranda, M. A., Schlater, A. E., Green, T. L. & Kanatous, S. B. In the face of hypoxia: myoglobin increases in response to hypoxic conditions and lipid supplementation in cultured Weddell seal skeletal muscle cells. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 806–813 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kanatous, S. B. & Mammen, P. P. Regulation of myoglobin expression. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 2741–2747 (2010).
Google Scholar
Halvorsen, S. & Bechensteen, A. G. Physiology of erythropoietin during mammalian development. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 438, 17–26 (2002).
Google Scholar
Hochachka, P. W. Mechanism and evolution of hypoxia-tolerance in humans. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 1243–1254 (1998).
Google Scholar
Klopfleisch, R. & Olias, P. The pathology of comparative animal models of human haemochromatosis. J. Comp. Pathol. 147, 460–478 (2012).
Google Scholar
Henriksson, J. & Reitman, J. S. Time course of changes in human skeletal muscle succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities and maximal oxygen uptake with physical activity and inactivity. Acta Physiol. Scand. 99, 91–97 (1977).
Google Scholar
Goetz, K. T. Movement, habitat, and foraging behavior of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, University of California Santa Cruz, (2015).
Cisewski, B., Strass, V. H., Rhein, M. & Krägefsky, S. Seasonal variation of diel vertical migration of zooplankton from ADCP backscatter time series data in the Lazarev Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanographic Res. Pap. 57, 78–94 (2010).
Google Scholar
Jones, R. M. & Smith, W. O. The influence of short-term events on the hydrographic and biological structure of the southwestern Ross Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 166, 184–195 (2017).
Google Scholar
Smith, W. O. & Nelson, D. M. Importance of ice edge phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean. Bioscience 36, 251–257 (1986).
Google Scholar
Rivkin, R. B. Seasonal patterns of planktonic production in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Am. Zool. 31, 5–16 (2015).
Google Scholar
Proffitt, K. M., Rotella, J. J. & Garrott, R. A. Effects of pup age, maternal age, and birth date on pre-weaning survival rates of Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. Oikos 119, 1255–1264 (2010).
Google Scholar
Beltran, R. S., Kirkham, A. L., Breed, G. A., Testa, J. W. & Burns, J. M. Reproductive success delays moult phenology in a polar mammal. Sci. Rep. 9, 5221 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mellish, J.-A. E., Tuomi, P. A., Hindle, A. G. & Horning, M. Chemical immobilization of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) by ketamine/midazolam combination. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 37, 123–131 (2010).
Google Scholar
Shero, M. R., Pearson, L. E., Costa, D. P. & Burns, J. M. Improving the precision of our ecosystem calipers: a modified morphometric technique for estimating marine mammal mass and body composition. PLoS ONE 9, e91233 (2014).
Google Scholar
Foldager, N. & Blomqvist, C. G. Repeated plasma volume determination with the Evans blue dye dilution technique: the method and the computer program. Comput. Biol. Med. 21, 35–41 (1991).
Google Scholar
El-Sayed, H., Goodall, S. R. & Hainsworth, F. R. Re-evaluation of Evans blue dye dilution method of plasma volume measurement. Clin. Lab. Haem. 17, 189–194 (1995).
Google Scholar
Reynafarje, B. Simplified method for the determination of myoglobin. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61, 138–145 (1963).
Google Scholar
Prewitt, J. S., Freistroffer, D. V., Schreer, J. F., Hammill, M. O. & Burns, J. M. Postnatal development of muscle biochemistry in nursing harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups: Limitations to diving behavior? J. Comp. Physiol. B 180, 757–766 (2010).
Google Scholar
Polasek, L., Dickson, K. A. & Davis, R. W. Metabolic indicators in the skeletal muscles of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R1720–R1727 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kooyman, G. L., Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. & Maue, R. A. Aerobic diving limits of immature Weddell seals. J. Comp. Physiol. 151, 171–174 (1983).
Google Scholar
Davis, R. W. & Kanatous, S. B. Convective oxygen transport and tissue oxygen consumption in Weddell seals during aerobic dives. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1091–1113 (1999).
Google Scholar
Lenfant, C., Johansen, K. & Torrance, J. D. Gas transport and oxygen storage capacity in some pinnipeds and the sea otter. Respir. Physiol. 9, 277–286 (1970).
Google Scholar
Kleiber, M. The fire of life: an introduction to animal energetics. (R.E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1975).
Sato, K., Mitani, Y., Cameron, M. F., Siniff, D. B. & Naito, Y. Factors affecting stroking patterns and body angle in diving Weddell seals under natural conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1461–1470 (2003).
Google Scholar
Zuur, A. F., Hilbe, J. M. & Ieno, E. N. A Beginner’s Guide to GLM and GLMM with R: A Frequentist and Bayesian Perspective for Ecologists. (Highland Statistics Newburgh, 2013).
Shero, M. Weddell seal iron dynamics and oxygen stores across lactation. U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center. https://doi.org/10.15784/601575. (2022).
Anderson, R. S. et al. Zinc, copper, iron and calcium concentrations in bitch milk. J. Nutr. 121, S81–S82 (1991).
Google Scholar
Griffiths, M., Green, B., MC Leckie, R., Messer, M. & Newgrain, K. Constituents of platypus and echidna milk, with particular reference to the fatty acid complement of the triglycerides. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 37, 323–330 (1984).
Google Scholar
Peddemors, V. M., de Muelenaere, H. J. H. & Devchand, K. Comparative milk composition of the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) and common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from southern African waters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol. 94, 639–641 (1989).
Google Scholar
Ullrey, D. E. et al. Blue-green color and composition of Stejneger’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon stejnegeri) milk. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem. 79, 349–352 (1984).
Google Scholar
Dosako, S. I. et al. Milk of Northern fur seal: composition, especially carbohydrate and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 2076–2083 (1983).
Google Scholar
Oftedal, O. T., Boness, D. J. & Tedman, R. The Behavior, Physiology, and Anatomy of Lactation in the Pinnipedia. (Genoyways, H. H. eds) (Current Mammalogy. Springer, Boston, MA, 1987).
Habran, S., Pomeroy, P. P., Debier, C. & Das, K. Changes in trace elements during lactation in a marine top predator, the grey seal. Aquat. Toxicol. 126, 455–466 (2013).
Google Scholar
Seal, U. S., Erickson, A. W., Siniff, D. B. & Cline, D. R. Blood chemistry and protein polymorphisms in three species of Antarctic seals (Lobodon carcinophagus, Leptonychootes weddellii, and Mirounga leonina) In Antarctic Pinnipedia 181–192 (1971).
Green, B., Fogerty, A., Libke, J., Newgrain, K. & Shaughnessy, P. Aspects of lactation in the crab-eater seal (Lobodon-Carcinophagus). Aust. J. Zool. 41, 203–213 (1993).
Google Scholar
Casey, C. E., Smith, A. & Zhang, P. Microminerals in human and animal milks, In Handbook of milk composition 622–674 (ed. R. G. Jensen) (Academic Press, 1995).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
