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Characterization of spatial and temporal variations of CO2 concentration on tropical Island and analysis of influencing factors

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Abstract

In this study, the spatial and temporal variations and distribution characteristics of the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on Hainan Island are analyzed using GOSAT L3 data from 2011 to 2024, and the effects of various factors impacting the CO2 concentration on Hainan Island are discussed. The results indicate that from 2011 to 2024, the CO2 concentration on Hainan Island showed an increasing trend, with a fast growth rate in the early period and a slow growth rate in recent years with the implementation of the dual-carbon strategy. The spatial distribution is affected by anthropogenic activities, topography, vegetation and solar radiation, and the overall CO2 concentration pattern is high in the north and low in the south. Human activities are the most important source of carbon on Hainan Island, vegetation is the most important carbon sink, and elements such as surface temperature, precipitation, and total solar radiation play roles in suppressing CO2. The CO2 concentration on Hainan Island is expected to continue to increase at a slow rate and may display a decreasing trend in the future.

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Funding

This study is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2023YFC3008001);Natural science foundation of China(Grant No.42465006, Grant No.U21A6001).Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(424QN364).

Data availability statement.

The Data used and during the current study are publicly available in repositories:

1. GOSAT data is available at https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/index_en.html.

2. EVI、PAR 、LST and GPP data are available at https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/.

3. Meteorological data are available at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means.

4. Population, GDP, and energy data are available at https://en.hainan.gov.cn/hainan/tjnj/list3.shtml.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hainan Institute of Meteorological Science, Haikou, 570203, China

    Qi Luo, Jing Han & Shaojun Liu

  2. Sansha Marine Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Sansha, 573199, China

    Qi Luo

  3. South China Sea Marine Meteorology Hainan Observation and Research Station, Sansha, 573199, China

    Jing Han & Shaojun Liu

Authors

  1. Qi Luo
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  2. Jing Han
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  3. Shaojun Liu
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Contributions

Luo wrote the main manuscript text and prepared the figures. Han dowload the satellite and reanlysis data. Liu provided technical guidance and revised the article.All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to
Qi Luo.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Luo, Q., Han, J. & Liu, S. Characterization of spatial and temporal variations of CO2 concentration on tropical Island and analysis of influencing factors.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32647-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32647-x

Keywords

  • Tropical island
  • CO2 concentration
  • Influencing factors
  • Variation trend

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