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Temporal and spatial variation in the composition of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes from the Niepołomice Forest (Poland)

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Abstract

The Niepołomice Forest, though relatively natural, is affected by air pollutants transported from nearby urban areas. To assess the impact of air pollution, we analyzed the bioaccumulation of elements (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Zn) in thalli of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., together with oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, TBARS) and thallus condition, at 15 sites during heating and non-heating seasons. Seasonal variability was observed: Cd and TBARS were higher in non-heating season (0.97 µg·g⁻¹ and 0.95 mmol·g⁻¹ FM respectively), while S increased during heating season (1331 µg·g⁻¹), suggesting emissions from fuel combustion. Spatial differences were most pronounced for Cd and Zn. In the western part of the forest, H. physodes was absent at some sites, and lichens showed elevated Pb and Cu concentrations with increased SOD activity, indicating strong traffic-related pollution. In the east, thalli contained a high proportion of degenerated algae, associated with elevated Cd, Hg, and S, as well as other stressors. Overall, element concentrations were comparable to values reported from other regions of Poland. The study highlights that even seemingly natural forests are subject to significant pollution pressure. Combining chemical data with biomarkers offers deeper insight into the effects of toxic elements on lichen bioindicators.

Data availability

The data are available in Open Research Data Repository of Krakow Universities RODBUK: https://doi.org/10.24917/VYJKFU.

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Acknowledgements

The study was founded through the statutory research subvention of UKEN: BS-472/G/2018 “Ocena stanu środowiska naturalnego Puszczy Niepołomickiej w oparciu o porost Hypogymnia physodes (Nyl)”. [Assessment of the natural environment of the Niepołomice Forest based on the lichen Hypogymnia physodes (Nyl.)].

Funding

The study was founded through the statutory research subvention of UKEN: BS-472/G/2018 “Ocena stanu środowiska naturalnego Puszczy Niepołomickiej w oparciu o porost Hypogymnia physodes (Nyl)”. [Assessment of the natural environment of the Niepołomice Forest based on the lichen Hypogymnia physodes (Nyl.)].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, Krakow, 30-084, Poland

    Robert Kościelniak, Izabela Wiśniowska, Danuta Kadłub, Marzena Albrycht, Laura Betleja, Katarzyna Gawrońska, Katarzyna Kucharska & Łukasz J. Binkowski

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  1. Robert Kościelniak
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  2. Izabela Wiśniowska
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  7. Katarzyna Kucharska
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Contributions

RK: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. IW: Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft.DK: Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. MA: Methodology, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. LB: Methodology, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. KG: Methodology, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. KK: Visualization, Writing – review & editing. ŁJB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

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Correspondence to
Izabela Wiśniowska.

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Kościelniak, R., Wiśniowska, I., Kadłub, D. et al. Temporal and spatial variation in the composition of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes from the Niepołomice Forest (Poland).
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31463-7

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