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Genetic and phenotypic insights into shell integrity and market traits in farmed Pacific oysters

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Abstract

Genetic responses of oysters to specific environments underpin adaptation and evolutionary potential, which can be leveraged through breeding to improve outcomes. Shell traits strongly influence both survival and market value in the half-shell market. Using novel trait phenotyping methods, the heritability, genetics-by-environment interactions, and potential surrogate traits for shell integrity (hardness, chalkiness, density, compressive strength) and other market-preferred phenotypes were investigated in twenty full-sib pedigree-bred Pacific oyster family lines. Of twenty traits assessed, shell colour had the highest heritability ((:{h}^{2}) = 0.93, 0.78, in faster- and slower-growth estuaries respectively). Shell integrity traits exhibited moderate heritabilities ((:{h}^{2})=0.12–0.40), growth traits had low to moderate heritabilities ((:{h}^{2}) = 0.08– 0.26), and meat yield/condition had values near zero. Higher trait heritabilities were identified for many morphometric and somatic metrics, as well as meat yield phenotypes, in the slower-growth estuary. The faster-growth estuary had higher heritabilities for shell colour and density. Phenotypic expression under reduced growth aligned with industry-favourable shell qualities, including denser, darker, less brittle shells with deeper cups, whereas fast growth produced diminished shell integrity but with superior meat yield. Genetic correlations indicate that selection on readily measurable whole, shell and meat weight traits, alongside colour, could improve shell integrity, reduce production losses and enable farmers to consistently deliver better-quality oysters to market.

Data availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available and will be made available upon resonable request to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express sincere gratitude to Jose Garcia Lafuente, Ness Delpero, Rachel Breslin, Eleanor Spencer, Adam Yeap, and Richard Takyi for supporting the fieldwork, sample processing, or image processing. Special recognition is given to Matt Cunningham, Dr. Peter Kube, Dr. John Wright, Nick Griggs, Ian Duthie, Lewa Pertl, and Henry Hewish for their invaluable input at various stages. We are indebted to Josh Poke of Tasmanian Oysters Co. and Joe Jacobson of Little Swanport Oysters for hosting the oyster aquaculture experiments and providing logistical and staff support.

Funding

This study was supported by a University of Tasmania College of Science and Engineering Tasmanian Graduate Research Scholarship, an Australian Institute for Nuclear Science and Engineering Residential Student Scholarship, and an Australian Seafood Industries’ operational support funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    Ernest O. Chuku, Klara L. Verbyla, Gregory G. Smith, Steven A. Rust & Andrew J. Trotter

  2. The Center for Aquaculture Technologies, 8445 Camino Santa Fe. Suite 104, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA

    Klara L. Verbyla

  3. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd., Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

    Debashish Mazumder

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  1. Ernest O. Chuku
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Contributions

E.O.C. designed the study, developed the methods, collected and analysed the performance and quantitative genetics data, wrote the initial draft manuscript, K.L.V. validated and contributed to quantitative genetics, G.G.S., S.A.R., D.M., A.J.T. designed the study, and contributed to the methods development. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.

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Ernest O. Chuku.

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Chuku, E.O., Verbyla, K.L., Smith, G.G. et al. Genetic and phenotypic insights into shell integrity and market traits in farmed Pacific oysters.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34267-x

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