United Nations. [World population prospects 2019]. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2019. (2019).
Consortium, I. & Commission, E. The circular Bio-society in 2050. (2018).
Ramaswami, A., Russell, A. G., Culligan, P. J., Rahul Sharma, K. & Kumar, E. Meta-principles for developing smart, sustainable, and healthy cities. Science (1979) 352, 940–943 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cooper, C. M., Troutman, J. P., Awal, R., Habibi, H. & Fares, A. Climate change-induced variations in blue and green water usage in U.S. urban agriculture. J. Clean. Prod. 348, 567–579 (2022).
Google Scholar
Crippa, M. et al. Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Nat. Food 2, 198–209 (2021).
Google Scholar
Paul, S., Dutta, A., Defersha, F. & Dubey, B. Municipal food waste to biomethane and biofertilizer: A circular economy concept. Waste Biomass Valorizat. 9, 601–611 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Managing nitrogen for sustainable development. Nature 528, 51–59 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bergstrand, K. J. Organic fertilizers in greenhouse production systems—A review. Sci. Hortic. 295, 1–8 (2022).
Google Scholar
Chiaregato, C. G., França, D., Messa, L. L., dos Santos Pereira, T. & Faez, R. A review of advances over 20 years on polysaccharide-based polymers applied as enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Carbohydr. Polym. 279, 1–10 (2022).
Google Scholar
Timilsena, Y. P. et al. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers: A review of formulation and nutrient release patterns. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95, 1131–1142 (2015).
Google Scholar
Chen, J. et al. Environmentally friendly fertilizers: A review of materials used and their effects on the environment. Sci. Total Environ. 613–614, 829–839 (2018).
Google Scholar
Aguilera, E., Lassaletta, L., Sanz-Cobena, A., Garnier, J. & Vallejo, A. The potential of organic fertilizers and water management to reduce N2O emissions in Mediterranean climate cropping systems. A review. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 164, 32–52 (2013).
Google Scholar
Lv, G. et al. Biochar-based fertilizer enhanced Cd immobilization and soil quality in soil-rice system. Ecol. Eng. 171, 1–12 (2021).
Google Scholar
Clark, M. J. & Zheng, Y. Fertilizer rate influences production scheduling of sedum-vegetated green roof mats. Ecol. Eng. 71, 644–650 (2014).
Google Scholar
Samoraj, M. et al. Biochar in environmental friendly fertilizers—Prospects of development products and technologies. Chemosphere 296, 1–7 (2022).
Google Scholar
Dimkpa, C. O., Fugice, J., Singh, U. & Lewis, T. D. Development of fertilizers for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency—Trends and perspectives. Sci. Total Environ. 731, 1–9 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fertahi, S., Ilsouk, M., Zeroual, Y., Oukarroum, A. & Barakat, A. Recent trends in organic coating based on biopolymers and biomass for controlled and slow release fertilizers. J. Control. Release 330, 341–361 (2021).
Google Scholar
García-Garizábal, I., Causapé, J. & Abrahao, R. Nitrate contamination and its relationship with flood irrigation management. J. Hydrol. (AMST) 442–443, 15–22 (2012).
Google Scholar
Adu-Poku, D., Ackerson, N. O. B., Devine, R. N. O. A. & Addo, A. G. Climate mitigation efficiency of nitrification and urease inhibitors: Impact on N2O emission—A review. Sci. Afr. 16, 1–7 (2022).
Ding, W., Qin, H., Yu, S. & Yu, S. L. The overall and phased nitrogen leaching from a field bioretention during rainfall runoff events. Ecol. Eng. 179, 1–9 (2022).
Google Scholar
Li, X. et al. Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland runoff and the interception effect of an ecological drainage ditch in the North China Plain—A field study in a modern agricultural park. Ecol. Eng. 169, 1–10 (2021).
Google Scholar
Michalsky, R. & Pfromm, P. H. Thermodynamics of metal reactants for ammonia synthesis from steam, nitrogen and biomass at atmospheric pressure. AIChE J. 58, 3203–3213 (2012).
Google Scholar
Pleissner, D. Decentralized utilization of wasted organic material in urban areas: A case study in Hong Kong. Ecol. Eng. 86, 120–125 (2016).
Google Scholar
Masullo, A. Organic wastes management in a circular economy approach: Rebuilding the link between urban and rural areas. Ecol. Eng. 101, 84–90 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zeng, Y., de Guardia, A., Ziebal, C., de Macedo, F. J. & Dabert, P. Nitrogen dynamic and microbiological evolution during aerobic treatment of digested sludge. Waste Biomass Valorizat. 5, 441–450 (2014).
Google Scholar
Nagarajan, S., Eswaran, P., Masilamani, R. P. & Natarajan, H. Chicken feather compost to promote the plant growth activity by using Keratinolytic Bacteria. Waste Biomass Valorizat. 9, 531–538 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bhat, S. A., Singh, J. & Vig, A. P. Earthworms as organic waste managers and biofertilizer producers. Waste Biomass Valorizat. 9, 1073–1086 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mekki, A., Arous, F., Aloui, F. & Sayadi, S. Treatment and valorization of agro-wastes as biofertilizers. Waste Biomass Valorizat. 8, 611–619 (2017).
Google Scholar
Liu, T. et al. Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 833, 1–10 (2022).
Google Scholar
Siddiqui, S. A. et al. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and their affinity for organic waste processing. Waste Manag. 140, 1–13 (2022).
Google Scholar
Bortolini, S. et al. Hermetia illucens (L.) larvae as chicken manure management tool for circular economy. J. Clean. Prod. 262, 1–10 (2020).
Google Scholar
Diener, S., Studt Solano, N. M., Roa Gutiérrez, F., Zurbrügg, C. & Tockner, K. Biological treatment of municipal organic waste using black soldier fly larvae. Waste Biomass Valorizat. 2, 357–363 (2011).
Google Scholar
Cai, M. et al. Rapidly mitigating antibiotic resistant risks in chicken manure by Hermetia illucens bioconversion with intestinal microflora. Environ. Microbiol. 20, 4051–4062 (2018).
Google Scholar
Yang, C. et al. Characteristics and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin degradation by black soldier fly larvae combined with associated intestinal microorganisms. Sci. Total Environ. 811, 1–8 (2022).
Google Scholar
Pang, W. et al. The influence on carbon, nitrogen recycling, and greenhouse gas emissions under different C/N ratios by black soldier fly. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 42767–42777 (2020).
Google Scholar
Beskin, K. v. et al. Larval digestion of different manure types by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) impacts associated volatile emissions. Waste Manag. 74, 213–220 (2018).
Gligorescu, A. et al. Pilot scale production of Hermetia illucens (L.) larvae and frass using former foodstuffs. Clean Eng. Technol. 10, 1–10 (2022).
Rosa, R. et al. Life cycle assessment of chemical vs enzymatic-assisted extraction of proteins from black soldier fly prepupae for the preparation of biomaterials for potential agricultural use. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 14752–14764 (2020).
Google Scholar
Surendra, K. C. et al. Rethinking organic wastes bioconversion: Evaluating the potential of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). Waste Manag. 117, 58–80 (2020).
Hasnol, S. et al. A review on insights for green production of unconventional protein and energy sources derived from the larval biomass of black soldier fly. Processes 8, 1–13 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wong, C. Y. et al. Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production. Processes 9, 1–14 (2021).
Google Scholar
Raksasat, R. et al. Blended sewage sludge–palm kernel expeller to enhance the palatability of black soldier fly larvae for biodiesel production. Processes 9, 1–13 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dortmans B.M.A., Diener S. & Verstappen B.M. Black Soldier Fly Biowaste Processing A Step-by-Step Guide. (2017).
European Parliament. Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 of the European Parliament and of the council. (2009).
Italian Government. Norme in materia ambientale. (Dlgs, 2006).
European Parliament. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Communities (2002).
Palma, L., Fernandez-Bayo, J., Niemeier, D., Pitesky, M. & VanderGheynst, J. S. Managing high fiber food waste for the cultivation of black soldier fly larvae. NPJ Sci. Food 3, 1–7 (2019).
Google Scholar
Righi, C. et al. Suitability of porous inorganic materials from industrial residues and bioproducts for use in horticulture: A multidisciplinary approach. Appl. Sci. 12, 5437 (2022).
Google Scholar
Barbi, S. et al. Preliminary study on sustainable NPK slow-release fertilizers based on byproducts and leftovers: A design-of-experiment approach. ACS Omega 5, 27154–27163 (2020).
Google Scholar
Macavei, L. I., Benassi, G., Stoian, V. & Maistrello, L. Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) egg laying under different nutrition and light conditions. PLoS ONE 15, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar
Leni, G., Maistrello, L., Pinotti, G., Sforza, S. & Caligiani, A. Production of carotenoid-rich Hermetia illucens larvae using specific agri-food by-products. J. Insects Food Feed 1, 1–12 (2022).
Caligiani, A. et al. Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin. Food Res. Int. 105, 812–820 (2018).
Google Scholar
Montgomery, D. C. Design and Analysis of Experiments Eighth Edition. Design vol. 2 (2012).
Barbi, S., Messori, M., Manfredini, T., Pini, M. & Montorsi, M. Rational design and characterization of bioplastics from Hermetia illucens prepupae proteins. Biopolymers 110–118, (2019).
Eriksson, L., Johansson, E., Kettaneh-Wold, N., WikstrÄom, C. & Wold, S. Design of Experiments: Principles and Applications. (2008).
Morris, P. & John, P. W. M. Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments. Math. Gaz. 83, 189–200 (1999).
Google Scholar
Kros, J. F. & Mastrangelo, C. M. Comparing multi-response design methods with mixed responses. Qual Reliab Eng Int 20, 527–539 (2004).
Google Scholar
Fernandez Pulido, C. R., Caballero, J., Bruns, M. A. & Brennan, R. A. Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum. Ecol Eng 168, 1–8 (2021).
Kaya, M. et al. Biological, mechanical, optical and physicochemical properties of natural chitin films obtained from the dorsal pronotum and the wing of cockroach. Carbohydr. Polym. 163, 162–169 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kaya, M. et al. On chemistry of γ-chitin. Carbohydr. Polym. 176, 177–186 (2017).
Google Scholar
Poerio, A. et al. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin from cicada orni sloughs of the south-eastern French mediterranean basin. Molecules 25, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sagheer, F. A. A., Al-Sughayer, M. A., Muslim, S. & Elsabee, M. Z. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbohydr. Polym. 77, 410–419 (2009).
Google Scholar
Waśko, A. et al. The first report of the physicochemical structure of chitin isolated from Hermetia illucens. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 92, 316–320 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wang, K. et al. Preparation of bacterial cellulose/silk fibroin double-network hydrogel with high mechanical strength and biocompatibility for artificial cartilage. Cellulose 27, 1845–1852 (2020).
Google Scholar
Morin, A. & Dufresne, A. Nanocomposites of Chitin Whiskers from Riftia Tubes and Poly(caprolactone). Macromolecules 35, 2190–2199 (2002).
Google Scholar
George Socrates. Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts. (John Wiley & Sons, 2004).
Chen, P. & Zhang, L. New evidences of glass transitions and microstructures of soy protein plasticized with glycerol. Macromol. Biosci. 5, 237–245 (2005).
Google Scholar
Robertson, N.-L.M., Nychka, J. A., Alemaskin, K. & Wolodko, J. D. Mechanical performance and moisture absorption of various natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130, 969–980 (2013).
Google Scholar
Chavez, M. The sustainability of industrial insect mass rearing for food and feed production: Zero waste goals through by-product utilization. Curr. Opin. Insect. Sci. 48, 44–49 (2021).
Google Scholar
Fisher, H. J. et al. Black soldier fly larvae meal as a protein source in low fish meal diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 521, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar
Figueiredo, L. R. F., Nepomuceno, N. C., Melo, J. D. D. & Medeiros, E. S. Glycerol-based polymer adhesives reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 110, (2021).
Source: Ecology - nature.com