Bindoff, N. L. et al. Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean Cryosphere in a Changing Climate 477–587 (2019).
Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E. & Rothery, P. Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432, 100–103 (2004).
Google Scholar
Atkinson, A. et al. Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 142–147 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lowther, A. D., Staniland, I., Lydersen, C. & Kovacs, K. M. Male Antarctic fur seals: Neglected food competitors of bioindicator species in the context of an increasing Antarctic krill fishery. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar
Barbosa, A., Benzal, J., de León, A. & Moreno, J. Population decline of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) on Deception Island, South Shetlands, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 35, 1453–1457 (2012).
Google Scholar
Forcada, J., Trathan, P. N., Reid, K. & Murphy, E. J. The effects of global climate variability in pop production of Antarctic fur seals. Ecology 86, 2408–2417 (2005).
Google Scholar
Forcada, J. & Trathan, P. N. Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean. Glob. Change Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01909.x (2009).
Google Scholar
Fraser, W. & Hofmann, E. A predator’s perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 265, 1–15 (2003).
Google Scholar
Tulloch, V. J. D., Plagányi, É. E., Brown, C., Richardson, A. J. & Matear, R. Future recovery of baleen whales is imperiled by climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 1263–1281 (2019).
Google Scholar
Gosler, A. G. Environmental and social determinants of winter fat storage in the great tit Parus major. J. Anim. Ecol. 65, 1–17 (1996).
Google Scholar
Green, A. J. Mass/Length residuals: Measures of body condition or generators of spurious results?. Ecology 13, 1473–1483 (2001).
Google Scholar
Schulte-Hostedde, A. I., Zinner, B., Millar, J. S. & Hickling, G. J. Restitution of mass-size residuals: Validating body condition indices. Ecology 86, 155–163 (2005).
Google Scholar
Arnbom, T., Fedak, M. A. & Boyd, I. L. Factors affecting maternal expenditure in southern elephant seals during lactation. Ecology 78, 471–483 (1997).
Google Scholar
Boltnev, A. I. & York, A. E. Maternal investment in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus): Interrelationships among mothers’ age, size, parturition date, offspring size and sex ratios. J. Zool. 254, 219–228 (2001).
Google Scholar
Tollefson, T. N., Shipley, L. A., Myers, W. L., Keisler, D. H. & Dasgupta, N. Influence of summer and autumn nutrition on body condition and reproduction in lactating mule deer. J. Wildl. Manag. 74, 974–986 (2010).
Google Scholar
Wheatley, K. E., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Davis, L. S., Harcourt, R. G. & Hindell, M. A. Influence of maternal mass and condition on energy transfer in Weddell seals. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 724–733 (2006).
Google Scholar
Miller, C. A. et al. Blubber thickness in right whales Eubalaena glacialis and Eubalaena australis related with reproduction, life history status and prey abundance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 438, 267–283 (2011).
Google Scholar
Christiansen, F., Víkingsson, G. A., Rasmussen, M. H. & Lusseau, D. Female body condition affects foetal growth in a capital breeding mysticete. Funct. Ecol. 28, 579–588 (2014).
Google Scholar
Christiansen, F. et al. Maternal body size and condition determine calf growth rates in southern right whales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 592, 267–282 (2018).
Google Scholar
Norris, K. S. Some observations on the migration and orientation of marine mammals. Anim. Orientat. Migr. 101, 125 (1967).
Corkeron, P. J. & Connor, R. C. Why do baleen whales migrate?. Mar. Mammal Sci. 15, 1228–1245 (1999).
Google Scholar
Frazer, J. F. D. & Huggett, A. S. G. Specific foetal growth rates of cetaceans. J. Zool. 169, 111–126 (1973).
Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C. Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Funct. Ecol. 3, 259–268 (1989).
Google Scholar
Castrillon, J. & Bengtson Nash, S. Evaluating cetacean body condition; A review of traditional approaches and new developments. Ecol. Evol. 10, 6144–6162 (2020).
Google Scholar
Leaper, R. et al. Global climate drives southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) population dynamics. Biol. Lett. 2, 289–292 (2006).
Google Scholar
Lockyer, C. All creatures great and smaller: A study in cetacean life history energetics. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 87, 1035–1045 (2007).
Google Scholar
Seyboth, E. et al. Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) reproductive success is influenced by Krill (Euphausia superba) density and climate. Sci. Rep. 6, 28205 (2016).
Google Scholar
Williams, R. et al. Evidence for density-dependent changes in body condition and pregnancy rate of North Atlantic fin whales over four decades of varying environmental conditions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 70, 1273–1280 (2013).
Google Scholar
Best, P. B. Trends in the inshore right whale population off South Africa, 1969–1987. Mar. Mammal Sci. 6, 93–108 (1990).
Google Scholar
Best, P. B. Seasonality of reproduction and the length of gestation in southern right whales Eubalaena australis. J. Zool. 232, 175–189 (1994).
Google Scholar
Best, P. B., Brandão, A. & Butterworth, D. S. Demographic parameters of southern right whales off South Africa. J. Cetacean Res. Manag. https://doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.vi.296 (2001).
Google Scholar
Vermeulen, E., Wilkinson, C. & Thornton, M. Report of the 2018 South African Southern Right. Paper SC/68A/SH/01 Presented to IWC Scientific Committee, 2019 (unpublished). 25 pp. (Available from Off. this Journal) (2019).
Knowlton, A. R., Kraus, S. D. & Kenney, R. D. Reproduction in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Can. J. Zool. 72, 1297–1305 (1994).
Google Scholar
van den Berg, G. L. et al. Decadal shift in foraging strategy of a migratory Southern Ocean predator. Glob. Change Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15465 (2021).
Google Scholar
Carroll, E. L. et al. First Direct evidence for natal wintering ground fidelity and estimate of Juvenile Survival in the New Zealand southern right whale Eubalaena australis. PLoS ONE 11, e0146590 (2016).
Google Scholar
Valenzuela, L. O., Sironi, M., Rowntree, V. J. & Seger, J. Isotopic and genetic evidence for culturally inherited site fidelity to feeding grounds in southern right whales (Eubalaena australis). Mol. Ecol. 18, 782–791 (2009).
Google Scholar
Best, P. B. & Ruther, H. Aerial photogrammetry of southern right whales, Eubalaena australis. J. Zool. 228, 595–614 (1992).
Google Scholar
Mate, B., Best, P., Lagerquist, B. A. & Winsor, M. H. Coastal, offshore, and migratory movements of South African right whales revealed by satellite telemetry. Mar. Mammal Sci. 27, 455–476 (2011).
Google Scholar
Christiansen, F., Dujon, A. M., Sprogis, K. R., Arnould, J. P. Y. & Bejder, L. Non-invasive unmanned aerial vehicle provides estimates of the energetic cost of reproduction in humpback whales. Ecosphere 7, 1–7 (2016).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (2020).
Lockyer, C. Growth and energy budgets of large baleen whales from the Southern Hemisphere. Mamm. Seas, vol. 3, (FAO Fisheries Series No. 5) 379–487 (1981).
Christiansen, F. et al. Estimating body mass of free-living whales using aerial photogrammetry and 3D volumetrics. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 2034–2044 (2019).
Google Scholar
Christiansen, F. et al. Population comparison of right whale body condition reveals poor state of the North Atlantic right whale. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 640, 1–16 (2020).
Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. E., Meeuwig, J. J., Letessier, T. B., Jenner, K. C. S. & Brierley, A. S. From sea ice to blubber: Linking whale condition to krill abundance using historical whaling records. Polar Biol. 38, 1195–1202 (2015).
Google Scholar
Loeb, V. J., Hofmann, E. E., Klinck, J. M., Holm-Hansen, O. & White, W. B. ENSO and variability of the antarctic peninsula pelagic marine ecosystem. Antarct. Sci. 21, 135–148 (2009).
Google Scholar
Reid, K. & Croxall, J. P. Environmental response of upper trophic-level predators reveals a system change in an Antarctic marine ecosystem. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 268, 377–384 (2001).
Google Scholar
Trathan, P. N., Forcada, J. & Murphy, E. J. Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: Effects of climate change and variability. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1953 (2007).
Google Scholar
Bost, C. A. et al. The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the Southern Oceans. J. Mar. Syst. 78, 363–376 (2009).
Google Scholar
Crocker, D. E., Costa, D. P., Le Boeuf, B. J., Webb, P. M. & Houser, D. S. Impact of El Niño on the foraging behavior of female northern elephant seals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 309, 1–10 (2006).
Google Scholar
Flores, H. et al. Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 458, 1–19 (2012).
Google Scholar
Forcada, J. et al. Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing. Biol. Conserv. 149, 40–50 (2012).
Google Scholar
Garcia-Rojas, M. I. et al. Environmental evidence for a pygmy blue whale aggregation area in the Subtropical Convergence Zone south of Australia. Mar. Mammal Sci. 34, 901–923 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tormosov, D. et al. Soviet catches of southern right whales Eubalaena australis, 1951–1971: Biological data and conservation implications. Biol. Conserv. 86, 185–197 (1998).
Google Scholar
Trathan, P. N. et al. Foraging dynamics of macaroni penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus at South Georgia during brood-guard. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 323, 239–251 (2006).
Google Scholar
Murphy, E. J. et al. Climatically driven fluctuations in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274, 3057–3067 (2007).
Google Scholar
Nicol, S. Krill, currents, and sea ice: Euphausia superba and its changing environment. Bioscience 56, 111–120 (2006).
Google Scholar
Atkinson, A. et al. Oceanic circumpolar habitats of Antarctic krill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 362, 1–23 (2008).
Google Scholar
Atkinson, A. et al. South Georgia, Antarctica: A productive, cold water, pelagic ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 216, 279–308 (2001).
Google Scholar
Atkinson, A., Ward, P., Hill, A., Brierley, A. S. & Cripps, G. C. Krill-copepod interactions at South Georgia, Antarctica, II. Euphausia superba as a major control on copepod abundance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 176, 63–79 (1999).
Google Scholar
DeLorenzo Costa, A., Durbin, E. G. & Mayo, C. A. Variability in the nutritional value of the major copepods in Cape Cod Bay (Massachusetts, USA) with implications for right whales. Mar. Ecol. 27, 109–123 (2006).
Google Scholar
Linder, M., Belhaj, N., Sautot, P. & Tehrany, E. A. From krill to whale: An overview of marine fatty acids and lipid compositions. Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides: OCL 17, 194–204 (2010).
Google Scholar
McKinstry, C. A. E., Westgate, A. J. & Koopman, H. N. Annual variation in the nutritional value of stage V Calanus finmarchicus: Implications for right whales and other copepod predators. Endanger. Species Res. 20, 195–204 (2013).
Google Scholar
Maron, C. F. et al. Fatty acids and stable isotopes (13C, 15N) in southern right whale Eubalaena australis calves in relation toage and mortality at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 646, 189–200 (2020).
Google Scholar
Thomas, V. G. Control of reproduction in animal species with high and low body fat reserves. Prog. Reprod. Biol. Med. 14, 27–41 (1990).
Ford, J. K. B., Ellis, G. M., Olesiuk, P. F. & Balcomb, K. C. Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: Food limitation in the oceans’ apex predator?. Biol. Lett. 6, 139–142 (2010).
Google Scholar
Greene, C. H., Pershing, A. J., Kenney, R. D. & Jossi, J. W. Impact of climate variability on the recovery of endangered North Atlantic right whales. Oceanography 16, 98–103 (2003).
Google Scholar
Vermeulen, E., Wilkinson, C. & Van Den Berg, G. Report of the Southern Right Whale Aerial Surveys—2019. Paper SC/68B/SH/02 Presented to IWC Scientific Committee, 2020 (unpublished). 25 pp. (Available from Off. this Journal) (2020).
Douhard, F., Gaillard, J. M., Pellerin, M., Jacob, L. & Lemaître, J. F. The cost of growing large: Costs of post-weaning growth on body mass senescence in a wild mammal. Oikos 126, 1329–1338 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sigurjónsson, J., Halldórsson, S. D. & Konráðsson, A. New Information on Age and Reproduction in Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Icelandic Waters. Page Doc. SC/42/NHMi27 Scientific Communication International Whaling Commission. Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands (1990).
Charlton, C. et al. Demographic Parameters of Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis) off Australia. Paper SC/67B/INFO/22 Presented to IWC Scientific Committee, 2018 (Unpublished). 28 pp. (Available from Off. This Journal) (2018).
Marón, C. F. et al. Increased wounding of southern right Whale (Eubalaena australis) calves by Kelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) at Península Valdés, Argentina. PLoS ONE 10, 1–20 (2015).
Rowntree, V. J. et al. Unexplained recurring high mortality of southern right whale Eubalaena australis calves at Península Valdés, Argentina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 493, 275–289 (2013).
Google Scholar
Brandão, A., Vermeulen, E., Ross-gillespie, A., Findlay, K. & Butterworth, D. S. Updated Application of a Photo-Identification Based Assessment Model to Southern Right Whales in South African Waters , Focussing on Inferences to be Drawn from a Series of Appreciably Lower Counts of Calving Females Over 2015 to 2017. Paper SC/67B/SH2 Presented to IWC Scientific Committee, 2018 (unpublished). 18 pp. (Available from Off. this Journal) (2018).
Crespo, E. A. et al. The southwestern Atlantic southern right whale, Eubalaena australis, population is growing but at a decelerated rate. Mar. Mammal Sci. 35, 93–107 (2019).
Google Scholar
Agrelo, M. et al. Ocean warming threatens southern right whale population recovery. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh2823 (2021).
Google Scholar
Stenseth, N. C. et al. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science (80-) 297, 1292–1296 (2002).
Google Scholar
Nicol, S., Worby, A. & Leaper, R. Changes in the Antarctic sea ice ecosystem: Potential effects on krill and baleen whales. Mar. Freshw. Res. 59, 361–382 (2008).
Google Scholar
Meredith, M. P. & King, J. C. Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 1–5 (2005).
Google Scholar
Croxall, J., Reid, K. & Prince, P. Diet, provisioning and productivity responses of marine predators to differences in availability of Antarctic krill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 177, 115–131 (1999).
Google Scholar
Tulloch, V. J. D., Plagányi, É. E., Brown, C., Richardson, A. J. & Matear, R. Future recovery of baleen whales is imperiled by climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 1263–1281 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bruno, J. F. The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science (80-) 328, 1523–1528 (2010).
Google Scholar
González Carman, V., Piola, A., O’Brien, T. D., Tormosov, D. D. & Acha, E. M. Circumpolar frontal systems as potential feeding grounds of Southern Right whales. Prog. Oceanogr. 176, 102123 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com