Abstract
This study focuses on the nine provinces along the Yellow River, and establishes a water resources system resilience evaluation framework consisting of 34 indicators based on a meteorology-hydrology-socioeconomy-ecology-engineering multidimensional system. By applying a TOPSIS for assessing water resources system resilience, that incorporates combination weighting approach based on game theory, this study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of the water resources system resilience from 2009 to 2022.The resilience of water resources system in the provinces along the Yellow River exhibited an overall fluctuating upward trend. Since 2019, resilience levels generally increased, with the lowest values of 0.36 in 2009 and 2010, and the highest value of 0.59 in 2021. Some provinces, including Shanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai experienced significant fluctuations in resilience due to climate variability and the implementation of local policies, whereas regions such as Shaanxi and Shandong maintained relatively stable resilience levels. From 2009 to 2022, the resilience levels of water resources system in the provinces along the Yellow River were ranked in descending order: Sichuan > Henan > Shaanxi > Inner Mongolia > Qinghai > Shandong > Ningxia > Gansu > Shanxi. Sichuan and Henan achieved Level II (higher resilience), with the rest at Level III (moderate resilience).
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Data availability
Data is available with the corresponding author and will be given on request.
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Funding
The research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of china (2022YFC3202300), National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program (52479014), Talent support project of Henan province (254000510001), The Belt and Road Special Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention (2023nkzd02), Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Water Resources (under construction) (2023-SYSJJ-05), Yellow River Conservancy Commission Outstanding Youth Talent Science and Technology Project (HQK-202301).
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FW: Software, Conceptualization. YK: Writing–original draft, Methodology. YW: Conceptualization. WW: Writing–review & editing, Writing–original draft, Methodology. HG: Writing–review & editing. PZ: Conceptualization. JZ: Writing–review & editing, Formal analysis. ZZ: Writing–review & editing, Investigation. ML: Writing–review & editing.
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We declare that we have no conflict of interest or the authors do not have any possible conflicts of interest, the authors are not affiliated with or involved with any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this paper.
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This study does not involve any experiments or data collection involving human participants, animals, or human tissues. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. The authors affirm that all methods and procedures adhered to the relevant guidelines and regulations.
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Wan, F., Kang, Y., Wang, Y. et al. Resilience assessment and spatiotemporal evolution analysis of water resources system in the provinces along the Yellow River.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31512-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31512-1
Keywords
- Water resources system resilience
- TOPSIS model
- Spatiotemporal evolution
- Provinces along the Yellow River
Source: Ecology - nature.com
