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Continent-wide view of genomic diversity and divergence in the wolves of Asia

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Abstract

Grey wolves (Canis lupus) in Asia hold most of the species’ genetic diversity and many endangered populations. However, a clear understanding of the evolutionary history of wolves in Asia is lacking, hindering their conservation. We used 98 whole genomes of wolves across Eurasia to better resolve their evolutionary history and conservation status. The strongest barriers to gene flow coincided with boundaries separating the three major wolf lineages – Indian, Tibetan, and Holarctic. Wolves in the central Asian mountain ranges belonged to the Holarctic lineage and share little ancestry with the nearby Tibetan lineage. In contrast, wolves from eastern Asia share population-wide ancestry with the Tibetan lineage, which may reflect an unsampled lineage similar to the Tibetan lineage. Wolves from southwestern Asia share population-wide ancestry with the Indian lineage, likely due to old (>6 kya) admixture events. Long-term declines and recent inbreeding have left Indian and Tibetan wolves with some of the lowest levels of genetic diversity and highest realized genetic loads. In contrast, adjacent populations have some of the highest genetic diversity, due in part to admixture along contact zones. Our study highlights southern regions of Asia as hotspots of wolf diversity and the need to conserve these remaining populations.

Data availability

All raw reads are publicly available on the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive under Project ID PRJNA1285574, with accession numbers SRR35174885- SRR34347608. Results and tables of the analyses can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/hennelly/Asia_wide_wolf_genomics.

Code availability

The bioinformatic scripts can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/hennelly/Asia_wide_wolf_genomics.

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Acknowledgements

L.M.H. thanks the National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (award number 2208950) for funding and support. The Norwegian Environment Agency (project 18088069) provided funding and support for sequencing efforts on newly sequenced wolf genomes. Ç.H.Ș. thanks to Fondation Segré and the Sigrid Rausing Trust for providing the majority of the funding for this project, H. Batubay Özkan and Barbara Watkins for their support of the Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology Lab at the University of Utah, and Bilge Bahar, Seha İşmen, Ömer Koç, Ömer Külahçıoğlu, Burak Över, Emin Özgür, Suna Reyent, and Ceren Sağlamer for supporting this project. Türkiye’s Department of Nature Conservation and National Parks and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry granted the permit for Türkiye (No. 72784983-488.04-114100). P.H. thanks the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (project SS07010447) for support. We thank the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS for access to their collections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Lauren M. Hennelly, Bárbara R. Parreira, Camilla H. Scharff-Olsen, Xin Sun, Nuno Filipes Gomes Martins, M. Thomas P. Gilbert & Shyam Gopalakrishnan

  2. Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA

    Lauren M. Hennelly

  3. Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Lauren M. Hennelly & Benjamin N. Sacks

  4. Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    Lauren M. Hennelly

  5. Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Ash Noble & Frank Hailer

  6. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye

    M. Çisel Kemahlı Aytekin & Çağan H. Şekercioğlu

  7. School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Çağan H. Şekercioğlu

  8. Kuzey Doğa Society, Kars, Türkiye

    Çağan H. Şekercioğlu

  9. Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia

    Pavel Kosintsev

  10. Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia

    Pavel Kosintsev

  11. Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia

    Ladislav Paule

  12. Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia

    Pavel Hulva

  13. Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia

    Pavel Hulva

  14. NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Hans K. Stenøien & M. Thomas P. Gilbert

  15. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India

    Bilal Habib

  16. University of Education – Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan

    Hira Fatima

  17. University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Ghulam Sarwar

  18. Lebanese Wildlife, Jitta, El Metn, Lebanon

    Samara P. El-Haddad & Alexandra Youssef

  19. Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research (CIBR), Beijing, China

    Frank Hailer

  20. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding

Authors

  1. Lauren M. Hennelly
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  2. Bárbara R. Parreira
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  3. Ash Noble
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  4. Camilla H. Scharff-Olsen
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  22. Shyam Gopalakrishnan
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Contributions

L.M.H. conceived and designed the project with guidance from S.G., M.H.S.S., and B.N.S. C.S.O., M.H.S.S., and N.F.G.M. conducted laboratory work; H.F., G.S., B.H., F.H., S.P.E.H., C.K., Ç.H.Ş., P.K., H.S., M.H.S.S., L.P., P.H., A.Y., and M.T.P.G. provided logistics, field work, wolf samples, and sequencing efforts; L.M.H. led data analysis with assistance from B.R.P., A.N., X.S., N.F.G.M., and L.M.H. wrote the manuscript with input from all co-authors.

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Lauren M. Hennelly.

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Hennelly, L.M., Parreira, B.R., Noble, A. et al. Continent-wide view of genomic diversity and divergence in the wolves of Asia.
Commun Biol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-09379-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-09379-9

Source: Ecology - nature.com

Cesium accumulation in nodules is involved in mitigating cesium transfer to shoot

Coupling models to assess impacts of land and carbon changes on sustainable ecological safety networks of Gui’an New Area, China

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