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Effect of incorporating bone char with sulfur or humic acid on phosphorus availability and spinach growth in calcareous sandy soil

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Abstract

This study investigated the effects of applying modified bone char by sulfur (MBC) with humic acid and co-applying bone char (BC) with sulfur (S) or humic acid (HA) on chemical properties, phosphorus (P) availability, and spinach growth in calcareous sandy soil. This pot experiment has twelve treatments: Control (CK), bone + S (BS), bone + HA (BHA), BC + S (BCS), BC + HA (BCHA), MBC, MBC + HA (MBCHA), acidified BC with 0.1 N H2SO4 (0.1ABC), acidified BC with 1 N H2SO4 (1ABC), rock phosphate (RP), RP + S (RPS), and RP + HA (RPHA). The B, BC, MBC, 0.1ABC, 1ABC, and RP were added at 300 mg P kg− 1 soil doses. Spinach was grown in this experiment. Applying all treatments significantly increased soil phosphorus availability. Available phosphorus increased from 11.61 mg kg− 1 (CK) to 19.70, 19.76, 21.82, 22.25, 22.45, 26.09, 19.58, 21.01, 15.26, 18.95, and 17.77 mg kg− 1 for BS, BHA, BCS, BCHA, MBC, MBCHA, 0.1ABC, 1ABC, RP, RPS, and RPHA, respectively. The effectiveness of the treatments in this study on the available phosphorus improvement was in the order of MBCHA > MBC > BCHA > BCS > 1ABC > BHA > BS > 0.1ABC > RPS > RPHA > RP > control. Compared to the control treatment, applying BHA, BCS, BCHA, MBC, MBCHA, 1ABC, RPS, and RPHA to the soil significantly increased the fresh shoot of the spinach plant. Fresh shoot of spinach increased from 46.02 g pot− 1 for CK to 54.41, 54.36, 56.94, 50.39, 51.91, 48.83, 54.24, and 49.52 g pot− 1 for BHA, BCS, BCHA, MBC, MBCHA, 1ABC, RPS, and RPHA, respectively. The effectiveness of treatments in improving the fresh weight of spinach was in the order of BCHA > BHA ≈ BCS > RPS > MBCHA > MBC > RPHA > 1ABC > control > RP > BS > 0.1ABC. Our results concluded that co-applying bone char with sulfur is optimal for enhancing soil quality indicators and improving fresh and dry shoots of spinach. Due to its cheaper price, it is preferable to add sulfur with bone char rather than humic acid.

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Data availability

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

0.1ABC:

Acidified BC with 0.1 N H2SO4

1ABC:

Aacidified BC with 1 N H2SO4

B:

Bone

BHA:

Bone + humic acid

BS:

Bone + sulfur

BC:

Bone char

BCHA:

Bone char + humic acid

BCS:

Bone char + sulfur

C:

Carbon

Ca:

Calcium

CaCO3
:

Calcium carbonate

CK:

Control

Cl:

Chloride

EC:

Electrical conductivity

H:

Hydrogen

H2O2
:

Hydrogen peroxide

H2SO4
:

Sulfuric Acid

ha:

Hectare

HA:

Humic acid

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HCO3
:

Bicarbonate

K:

Potassium

MBC:

Modified bone char

MBCHA:

Modified bone char + humic acid

Mg:

Magnesium

N:

Nitrogen

Na:

Sodium

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

O.M:

Organic matter

P:

Phosphorus

p:

Probability

RP:

Rock phosphate

RPHA:

Rock phosphate + humic acid

RPS:

Rock phosphate + sulfur

S:

Sulfur

SO4
:

Sulfate

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt

    Abdallah M. Barakat, Adel R. A. Usman, Abu El-Eyuoon Abu Zied Amin & Nadia M. K. Roshdy

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  1. Abdallah M. Barakat
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  2. Adel R. A. Usman
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Contributions

Abu El-Eyuoon Abu Zied Amin and Adel R.A. Usman conceived the idea and designed the experiment. Abdallah M. Barakat performed the experiment, collected, and analyzed the data. Abu El-Eyuoon Abu Zied Amin and Abdallah M. Barakat wrote the manuscript. The results of this study are discussed by Abu El-Eyuoon Abu Zied Amin. Adel R.A. Usman and Nadia M. K. Roshdy revised the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Abu El-Eyuoon Abu Zied Amin.

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Barakat, A.M., Usman, A.R.A., Amin, A.EE.A.Z. et al. Effect of incorporating bone char with sulfur or humic acid on phosphorus availability and spinach growth in calcareous sandy soil.
Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29041-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29041-y

Keywords

  • Bone char
  • Humic acid
  • Modified bone char
  • Spinach
  • Sulfur
  • Sustainable agriculture

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