Michener, C. D. The Bees of the World (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2007).
Wcislo, W. T. & Tierney, S. M. Behavioural environments and niche construction: The evolution of dim-light foraging in bees. Biol. Rev. 84, 19–37 (2009).
Warrant, E. J. Nocturnal bees. Curr. Biol. 17, 991–992 (2007).
Warrant, E. J. Seeing in the dark: Vision and visual behaviour in nocturnal bees and wasps. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 1737–1746 (2008).
Somanathan, H., Borges, R. M., Warrant, E. J. & Kelber, A. Visual ecology of Indian carpenter bees I: Light intensities and flight activity. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sensory Neural Behav. Physiol. 194, 97–107 (2008).
Somanathan, H., Saryan, P. & Balamurali, G. S. Foraging strategies and physiological adaptations in large carpenter bees. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sensory Neural Behav. Physiol. 205, 387–398 (2019).
Engel, M. S. Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 250, 1–90 (2000).
Silveira, F. A., Melo, G. A. R. & Almeida, E. A. B. Abelhas Brasileiras: Sistemática e Identificação (Fundação Araucária, Belo Horizonte, 2002).
Wcislo, W. T. et al. The evolution of nocturnal behaviour in sweat bees, Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): An escape from competitors and enemies?. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 83, 377–387 (2004).
Carvalho, A. T., Maia, A. C. D., Ojima, P. Y., dos Santos, A. A. & Schlindwein, C. Nocturnal bees are attracted by widespread floral scents. J. Chem. Ecol. 38, 315–318 (2012).
Janzen, D. Notes on nesting and foraging behavior of Megalopta (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Costa Rica. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 41, 342–350 (1968).
Roberts, R. B. Biology of the crepuscular bee Ptiloglossa guinnae N. sp. with notes on associated bees, mites, and yeasts. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44, 283–294 (1971).
Rozen, J. G. Nesting biology of Diphaglossine bees (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). Am. Museum Novit. 2786, 1–33 (1984).
Santos, L. M., Tierney, S. M. & Wcislo, W. T. Nest descriptions of Megalopta aegis (Vachal) and M. guimaraesi Santos & Silveira (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54, 332–334 (2010).
Sarzetti, L., Genise, J., Sanchez, M. V., Farina, J. & Molina, A. Nesting behavior and ecological preferences of five Diphaglossinae species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Colletidae) from Argentina and Chile. J. Hymenopt. Res. 33, 63–82 (2013).
Wolda, H. & Roubik, D. W. Nocturnal bee abundance and seasonal bee activity in a Panamanian forest. Ecology 67, 426–433 (1986).
Linsley, E. G. & Cazier, M. A. Some competitive relationships among matinal and late afternoon foraging activities of Caupolicanine bees in Southeastern Arizona (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43, 251–261 (1970).
Roulston, T. H. Hourly capture of two species of Megalopta (Hymenoptera: Apoidea; Halictidae) at black lights in Panama with notes on nocturnal foraging by bees. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 70, 189–196 (1997).
Smith, A. R., López Quintero, I. J., Moreno Patiño, J. E., Roubik, D. W. & Wcislo, W. T. Pollen use by Megalopta sweat bees in relation to resource availability in a tropical forest. Ecol. Entomol. 37, 309–317 (2012).
Dafni, A., Kevan, P. G. & Husband, B. C. Practical Pollination Biology (Enviroquest Ltd., Cambridge, 2005).
Somanathan, H. & Borges, R. M. Nocturnal pollination by the carpenter bee Xylocopa tenuiscapa (Apidae) and the effect of floral display on fruit set of Heterophragma quadriloculare (Bignoniaceae) in India. Biotropica 33, 78–89 (2001).
Contrera, F. A. L. & Nieh, J. C. The effect of ambient temperature on forager sound production and thoracic temperature in the stingless bee, Melipona panamica. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61, 887–897 (2007).
Willmer, P. G. Thermal constraints on activity patterns in nectar-feeding insects. Ecol. Entomol. 8, 455–469 (1983).
Linsley, E. G. The ecology of solitary bee. Hilgardia 27, 543–599 (1958).
Figueiredo-Mecca, G., Bego, L. R. & Nascimento, F. S. Foraging behavior of Scaptotrigona depilis (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) and its relationship with temporal and abiotic factors. Sociobiology 60, 277–282 (2013).
Streinzer, M., Huber, W. & Spaethe, J. Body size limits dim-light foraging activity in stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini). J. Comp. Physiol. A 202, 643–655 (2016).
Linsley, E. G. Temporal patterns of flower visitation by solitary bees, with particular reference to the southwestern United States. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 51, 531–546 (1978).
Borges, R. M., Somanathan, H. & Kelber, A. Patterns and processes in nocturnal and crepuscular pollination services. Q. Rev. Biol. 91, 389–418 (2016).
Warrant, E. J. Seeing better at night: Life style, eye design and the optimum strategy of spatial and temporal summation. Vis. Res. 39, 1611–1630 (1999).
Warrant, E. J. et al. Nocturnal vision and landmark orientation in a tropical halictid bee. Curr. Biol. 14, 1309–1318 (2004).
Warrant, E. Vision in the dimmest habitats on Earth. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sensory Neural Behav. Physiol. 190, 765–789 (2004).
Warrant, E. & Dacke, M. Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 239–254 (2011).
Rozenberg, G. V. Twilight (Springer, New York, 1966).
O’Carroll, D. C. & Warrant, E. J. Vision in dim light: Highlights and challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 372, 20160062 (2017).
Smith, A. R., Kitchen, S. M., Toney, R. M. & Ziegler, C. Is nocturnal foraging in a tropical bee an escape from interference competition?. J. Insect Sci. 17, 1–7 (2017).
Kapustjanskij, A., Streinzer, M., Paulus, H. F. & Spaethe, J. Bigger is better: implications of body size for flight ability under different light conditions and the evolution of alloethism in bumblebees. Funct. Ecol. 21, 1130–1136 (2007).
Lorenzi, H. Brazilian Trees: A Guide to the Identification and Cultivation of Brazilian Native Trees (Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora, Nova Odessa, 2002).
Cordeiro, G. D., Pinheiro, M., Dötterl, S. & Alves-dos-Santos, I. Pollination of Campomanesia phaea (Myrtaceae) by night-active bees: A new nocturnal pollination system mediated by floral scent. Plant Biol. 19, 132–139 (2017).
Kelber, A. et al. Light intensity limits foraging activity in nocturnal and crepuscular bees. Behav. Ecol. 17, 63–72 (2006).
Polatto, L. P., Chaud-Netto, J. & Alves-Junior, V. V. Influence of abiotic factors and floral resource availability on daily foraging activity of bees. J. Insect Behav. 27, 593–612 (2014).
Willis, D. S. & Kevan, P. G. Foraging dynamics of Peponapis pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) in Southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 127, 167–175 (1995).
Wcislo, W. T. & Cane, J. H. Floral resource utilization by solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and exploitation of their stored foods by natural enemies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41, 257–286 (1996).
Bellusci, S. & Marques, M. D. Circadian activity rhythm of the foragers of a eusocial bee (Scaptotrigona aff depilis, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) outside the nest. Biol. Rhythm Res. 32, 117–124 (2001).
Bloch, G., Bar-Shai, N., Cytter, Y. & Green, R. Time is honey: Circadian clocks of bees and flowers and how their interactions may influence ecological communities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 372, 20160256 (2017).
Enright, J. T. Ecological aspects of endogenous rhythmicity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 1, 221–238 (1970).
Shelly, T. E., Villalobos, E. M., Buchmann, S. L. & Cane, J. H. Temporal patterns of floral visitation for two bee species foraging on Solanum. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 66, 319–327 (1993).
Gottlieb, D., Keasar, T., Shmida, A. & Motro, U. Possible foraging benefits of bimodal daily activity in Proxylocopa olivieri (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Environ. Entomol. 34, 417–424 (2005).
Franco, E. L. & Gimenes, M. Pollination of Cambessedesia wurdackii in Brazilian campo rupestre vegetation, with special reference to crepuscular bees. J. Insect Sci. 11, 1–13 (2011).
Oliveira, F. S., Ribeiro, M. H. M., Nunez, C. V. & de Albuquerque, M. C. Flowering phenology of Mouriri guianensis (Melastomataceae) and its interaction with the crepuscular bee Megalopta amoena (Halictidae) in the restinga of Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil. Acta Amaz. 46, 281–290 (2016).
Willmer, P. & Stone, G. Temperature and water relations in desert bees. J. Therm. Biol. 22, 453–465 (1997).
Krug, C. et al. Nocturnal bee pollinators are attracted to guarana flowers by their scents. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1072 (2018).
Siqueira, E. et al. Pollination of Machaerium opacum (Fabaceae) by nocturnal and diurnal bees. Arthropod. Plant. Interact. 12, 633–645 (2018).
Orbán, L. L. & Plowright, C. M. S. Getting to the start line: How bumblebees and honeybees are visually guided towards their first floral contact. Insectes Soc. 61, 325–336 (2014).
Burger, H., Dotterl, S. & Ayasse, M. Host-plant finding and recognition by visual and olfactory floral cues in an oligolectic bee. Funct. Ecol. 24, 1234–1240 (2010).
Milet-Pinheiro, P., Ayasse, M., Schlindwein, C., Dobson, H. E. M. & Dötterl, S. Host location by visual and olfactory floral cues in an oligolectic bee: Innate and learned behavior. Behav. Ecol. 23, 531–538 (2012).
Kantsa, A. et al. Community-wide integration of floral colour and scent in a Mediterranean scrubland. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1502–1510 (2017).
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L. & McMahon, T. A. Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 1633–1644 (2007).
Michener, C. D. & Lange, R. B. Observations on the behavior of Brasilian halictid bees, III. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 39, 473–505 (1958).
Meinel, A. B. & Meinel, M. P. Sunsets, Twilights, and Evening Skies (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1991).
R Core Team, R. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Found. Stat. Comput. Vienna, Austria. www.R-project.org (2017). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Bolker, B. & R Core Team, R. bbmle: Tools for general maximum likelihood estimation. R Packag. version 1.0.20. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bbmle (2017). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Hartig, F. DHARMa: Residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level/mixed) regression models. R Packag. version 0.1.5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DHARMa (2017). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Wickham, H., Francois, R., Henry, L. & Müller, K. dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation. R Packag. version 0.7.4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr (2017). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, New York, 2009).
Sarkar, D. Lattice: Multivariate data visualization with R. R Packag. version 0.20–38. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lattice (2008). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Sarkar, D. & Andrews, F. latticeExtra: Extra graphical utilities based on lattice. R Packag. version 0.6-28. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=latticeExtra (2016). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Kelley, D. & Richards, C. oce: Analysis of oceanographic data. R Packag. version 0.9-22. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=oce (2017). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Wickham, H. & Henry, L. tidyr: Easily tidy data with ‘spread()’ and ‘gather()’ functions. R Packag. version 0.8.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyr (2018). Accessed 15 Dec 2017.
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (Springer, New York, 2009).
Source: Ecology - nature.com