Moberg, F. & Folke, C. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecol. Econ. 29, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(99)00009-9 (1999).
Lai, S., Loke, L. H. L., Hilton, M. J., Bouma, T. J. & Todd, P. A. The effects of urbanisation on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: a Singapore case study. Ocean Coast Manage. 103, 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.006 (2015).
Ng, C. S. L., Toh, T. C. & Chou, L. M. Current status of coral reef restoration in Singapore. in Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy & the Environment, 546–558 (2013).
Ng, C. S. L., Chen, D. & Chou, L. M. Hard coral assemblages on seawalls in Singapore. In Contributions to Marine Science (ed. Tan, K. S.) 75–79 (Tropical Marine Science Institute, Singapore, 2012).
Horoszowski-Fridman, Y. B. & Rinkevich, B. Restoration of the animal forests: harnessing silviculture biodiversity concepts for coral transplantation. In Marine Animal Forests (ed. Rossi, S.) 1313–1335 (Springer, Cham, 2016).
Ng, C. S. L. et al. Enhancing the biodiversity of coastal defence structures: transplantation of nursery-reared reef biota onto intertidal seawalls. Ecol. Eng. 82, 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.05.016 (2015).
Karlson, R. H. Dynamics of Coral Communities (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002).
Glynn, P. W. & Enochs, I. C. Invertebrates and their roles in coral reef ecosystems. In Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition (eds Dubinsky, Z. & Stambler, N.) 273–325 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2010).
Fong, P. & Paul, J. V. Coral reef algae: the good, the bad, and the ugly. In Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition (eds Dubinsky, Z. & Stambler, N.) (Springer, Dordrecht, 2010).
Swierts, T. & Vermeij, M. J. A. Competitive interactions between corals and turf algae depend on coral colony form. PeerJ 4, e1984. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1984 (2016).
Lang, J. C. & Chornesky, E. A. Competition between scleractinian reef corals—a review of mechanisms and effects. In Ecosystems of the World (ed. Dubinsky, Z.) 133–206 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990).
Tanner, J. E. Interspecific competition reduces fitness in scleractinian corals. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 214, 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00024-5 (1997).
Birrell, C. L., McCook, L. J., Willis, B. L. & Diaz-Pulido, G. A. Effects of benthic algae on the replenishment of corals and the implications for the resilience of coral reefs. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 46, 25–63 (2008).
Connell, J. H. et al. A long-term study of competition and diversity of corals. Ecol. Monogr. 74, 179–210. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4043 (2004).
Paine, R. T. Ecological determinism in the competition for space: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture. Ecology 65, 1339–1348. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939114 (1984).
Buss, L. W. Competition and community organization on hard surfaces in the sea. In Community Ecology (eds Diamond, J. & Case, T. J.) (Harper and Row, New York, 1986).
Chadwick, N. E. Spatial distribution and the effects of competition on some temperate scleractinia and coralliomorpharia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 70, 39–48 (1991).
Romano, S. L. Long-term effects of interspecific aggression on growth of the reef-building corals Cyphastrea ocellina (Dana) and Pocilloporu damicornis (Linnaeus). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 140, 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(90)90087-S (1990).
Rinkevich, B. & Loya, Y. Intraspecific competition in a reef coral: effects on growth and reproduction. Oecologia 66, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378559 (1985).
Chadwick, N. E. & Morrow, K. M. Competition among sessile organisms on coral reefs. In Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition (eds Dubinsky, Z. & Stambler, N.) 347–371 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2011).
Rinkevich, B. & Loya, Y. Intraspecific competitive networks in the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 1, 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571193 (1983).
Leslie, P. H. On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics. Biometrika 33, 183–212 (1945).
Connell, J. H. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. Am. Nat. 122, 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1086/284165 (1983).
Schoener, T. W. Field experiments on interspecific competition. Am. Nat. 122, 240–285. https://doi.org/10.1086/284133 (1983).
Barnes, R. S. K. & Hughes, R. N. An Introduction to Marine Ecology (Blackwell Scientific, Hoboken, 1988).
Abelson, A. & Loya, Y. Interspecific aggression among stony corals in Eilat, Red Sea: a hierarchy of aggression ability and related parameters. Br. Mar. Sci. 65, 851–860 (1999).
Tylianakis, J. M., Didham, R. K., Bascompte, J. & Wardle, D. A. Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 11, 1351–1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01250.x (2008).
Breeuwer, A., Heijmans, M. P. D., Robroek, B. J. M. & Berendse, F. The effect of temperature on growth and competition between Sphagnum species. Oecologia 156, 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-0963-8 (2008).
Edmunds, P. J. et al. Persistence and change in community composition of reef corals through present, past, and future climates. PLoS ONE 9, e107525. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107525 (2014).
Hidaka, M. & Yamazato, K. Intraspecific interactions in a scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis: induced formation of sweeper tentacles. Coral Reefs 3, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00263757 (1984).
Lapid, E. D., Wielgus, J. & Chadwick-Furman, N. E. Sweeper tentacles of the brain coral Platygyra daedalea: induced development and effects on competitors. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 282, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps282161 (2004).
Bak, R. P. M., Termaat, R. M. & Dekker, R. Complexity of coral interactions: influence of time, location of interaction and epifauna. Mar. Biol. 69, 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396901 (1982).
Lapid, E. D. & Chadwick, N. E. Long-term effects of competition on coral growth and sweeper tentacle development. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 313, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps313115 (2006).
Millar, K. J. The Platygyra species complex: implications for coral taxonomy and evolution. Dissertation, James Cook University of North Queensland (1994).
Dai, C. F. Interspecific competition in Taiwanese corals with special reference to interactions between alcyonaceans and scleractinians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 60, 291–297 (1990).
Forsman, Z. H., Page, C. A., Toonen, R. J. & Vaughan, D. Growing coral larger and faster: micro-colony-fusion as a strategy for accelerating coral cover. PeerJ 3, e1313. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1313 (2015).
Colinvaux, P. A. Introduction to Ecology (Wiley, New York, 1973).
Lang, J. C. Interspecific aggression by scleractinian corals. II. Why the race is not always to the swift. Bull. Mar. Sci. 23, 260–279 (1973).
Rinkevich, B. & Loya, Y. Oriented translocation of energy in grafted reef corals. Coral Reefs 1, 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00304422 (1983).
Chornesky, E. A. The ties that bind: inter-clonal cooperation may help a fragile coral dominate shallow high-energy reefs. Mar. Biol. 109, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01320230 (1991).
Rejmanek, M. Intraspecific aggregation and species coexistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 209–210 (2002).
Karlson, R. H., Cornell, H. V. & Hughes, T. P. Aggregation influences coral species richness at multiple spatial scales. Ecology 88, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[170:AICSRA]2.0.CO;2 (2007).
Idjadi, J. A. & Karlson, R. H. Spatial arrangement of competitors influences coexistence of reef-building corals. Ecology 88, 2449–2454. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2031.1 (2007).
Edmunds, P. J. & Davies, P. S. An energy budget for Porites porites (Scleractinia). Mar. Biol. 92, 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392674 (1986).
Vollmer, S. V. & Edmunds, P. J. Allometric scaling in small colonies of the scleractinian coral Siderastrea siderea (Ellis and Solander). Biol. Bull. 199, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/1542703 (2000).
Buss, L. W. Bryozoan overgrowth interactions—the interdependence of competition for space and food. Nature 281, 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/281475a0 (1979).
Thongtham, N. & Chansang, H. Transplantation of Porites lutea to rehabilitate degraded coral reef at Maiton Island, Phuket, Thailand. in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1271–1274 (2009).
dela Cruz, D. W., Rinkevich, B., Gomez, E. D. & Yap, H. T. Assessing an abridged nursery phase for slow growing corals used in coral restoration. Ecol. Eng. 84, 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.042 (2015).
Forrester, G. E., Ferguson, M. A., O’Connell-Rodwell, C. E. & Jarecki, L. L. Long-term survival and colony growth of Acropora palmata fragments transplanted by volunteers for restoration. Aquat. Conserv. 24, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2374 (2014).
Edwards, A. J. & Clark, S. Coral transplantation: a useful management tool or misguided meddling?. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 37, 474–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00145-9 (1999).
Harrison, P. L. & Wallace, C. C. Reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals. In Coral Reefs. Ecosystems of the World (ed. Dubinski, Z.) 133–206 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990).
Koh, E. G. L. & Sweatman, H. Chemical warfare among scleractinians: bioactive natural products from Tubastrea faulkneri Wells kill larvae of potential competitors. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 251, 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00222-7 (2000).
Van Veghel, M. L. J., Cleary, D. F. R. & Bak, R. P. M. Interspecific interactions and the competitive ability of the polymorphic reef-building coral Montastraea annularis. Bull. Mar. Sci. 58, 792–803 (1996).
Edwards, A. J. et al. Evaluating costs of restoration. In Reef Restoration Manual (ed. Edwards, A. J.) 113–128 (Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, St Lucia, 2010).
Huang, D. W., Tun, K. P. P., Chou, L. M. & Todd, P. A. An inventory of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals in Singapore, including 33 new records. Raffles B Zool. 22, 69–80 (2009).
Forsman, Z. H., Rinkevich, B. & Hubter, C. L. Investigating fragment size for culturing reef-building corals (Porites lobata and P. compressa) in ex situ nurseries. Aquaculture 261, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.06.040 (2006).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
