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Climate and hydrology To assess the risk of low flows, large sets of climate timeseries were generated using the Weather@Home climate simulation system (W@H)28. W@H comprises an atmospheric global climate model, HadAM3P, and a regional climate model, HadRM3P, for generating dynamically downscaled projections, over the region of interest at 0.22° resolution (~25 km). W@H229 was adapted […] More

1. Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 (BP, 2018). 2. Tong, D. et al. Targeted emission reductions from global super-polluting power plant units. Nat. Sustain. 1, 59–68 (2018). Article Google Scholar 3. Oberschelp, C., Pfister, S., Raptis, C. E. & Hellweg, S. Global emission hotspots of coal power generation. Nat. Sustain. 2, 113–121 (2019). Article […] More

Water pollution and impacts on human health and environment Worsening water pollution affects both developed and developing countries. In developing countries, it is mostly due to rapid population growth and urbanisation, increased industrial and other economic activities, and intensification and expansion of agriculture, coupled with lack of local and national legal and institutional capacities (managerial, […] More

1. Daigger, G. T. Wastewater management in the 21st century. J. Environ. Eng. 133, 671–680 (2007). 2. Stillwell, A. S. et al. An integrated energy, carbon, water, and economic analysis of reclaimed water use in urban settings: a case study of Austin, Texas. J. Water Reuse Desal. 1, 208–223 (2011). Article Google Scholar 3. National […] More

We acknowledge support from the Millennium Science Initiative from Chile’s Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism, through both the Millennium Nucleus MUSELS (NC120086) and the Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO; IC120019). Additional support from the Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), FONDAP/CONICYT 15130015 and FONDECYT 1170065 and 1190805 is also acknowledged. The views […] More

Data sources and study settings We included 10,034 person-visit data from three cohort studies in Bangladesh (Fig. 2), all of which were conducted by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). The first cohort was a pilot study conducted in the 2016 rainy season that followed 383 participants for two visits (742 person-visits)47. […] More

Freshwater fishes have important subsistence, cultural, and economic value worldwide (Lynch et al.)1. However, freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened on the planet with freshwater fishes showing the highest extinction rate among vertebrates in the 20th century (Burkhead 2012)2. The key anthropogenic pressures facing freshwater ecosystems are water extraction, habitat degradation, overexploitation, invasive species, […] More

1. Brauman, K. A., Richter, B. D., Postel, S., Malsy, M. & Florke, M. Water depletion: an improved metric for incorporating seasonal and dry-year water scarcity into water risk assessments. Elem. Sci. Anth. 4, 000083 (2016). Google Scholar 2. Oki, T. & Kanae, S. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science 313, 1068–1072 (2006). […] More