
FAO. FAOSTAT http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home (2019).
Miettinen, J., Shi, C., Liew, S. & Land, C. cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 6, 67–78 (2016).
Hergoualc’h, K., Hendry, D. T., Murdiyarso, D. & Verchot, L. V. Total and heterotrophic soil respiration in a swamp forest and oil palm plantations on peat in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biogeochemistry. 135, 203–220 (2017).
Tonks, A. J. et al. Impacts of conversion of tropical peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation on peat organic chemistry, physical properties and carbon stocks. Geoderma. 289, 36–45 (2017).
Melling, L., Hatano, R. & Goh, K. Soil CO2 flux from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Tellus B 57, 1–11 (2005).
Murdiyarso, D., Hergoualc’h, K. & Verchot, L. V. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. PNAS. 107, 19655–19660 (2010).
Page, S. E. et al. Review of peat surface greenhouse gas emissions from oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. (The International Council on Clean Transport, 2011).
Germer, J. & Sauerborn, J. Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 10, 697–716 (2008).
Kho, L. K. & Jepsen, M. R. Carbon stock of oil palm plantations and tropical forests in Malaysia: A review. SJTG 36, 249–266 (2015).
Henson, I. E. & Dolmat, M. T. Physiological analysis of an oil palm density trial on a peat soil. J. Oil Palm. Res. 15, 1–27 (2003).
Corley, R. H. V., Gray, B. S. & Ng, S. K. Productivity of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Malaysia. Exp. Agric. 7, 129–136 (1971).
Khalid, H., Zin, Z. Z. & Anderson, J. M. Quantification of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in a mature plantation. I. Above-ground biomass. J. Oil Palm. Res. 11, 23–32 (1999).
Khalid, H., Zin, Z. Z. & Anderson, J. M. Quantification of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in a mature plantation. II. Below-ground biomass. J. Oil Palm. Res. 11, 63–71 (1999).
Kumar, L. & Mutanga, O. Remote sensing of above-ground biomass. Remote. Sens. 9, 935 (2017).
Mitchard, E. T. The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change. Nat. 559, 527–534 (2018).
Gibbs, H. K., Brown, S., Niles, J. O. & Foley, J. A. Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett. 2, 045023 (2007).
Picard, N., Saint-André, L. & Henry, M. Manual for building tree volume and biomass allometric equations: from field measurement to prediction. (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2012).
Martin, A. R. & Thomas, S. C. A reassessment of carbon content in tropical trees. PLoS ONE 6, 23533 (2011).
Chave, J. et al. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 145, 87–99 (2005).
Melling, L., Goh, K. J., Uyo, L. J., Sayok, A. & Hatano, O. Biophysical characteristics of tropical peatland. In: Proc. Conf. Peat and other soil factors in crop production (Ed. by Hamdan, J. et al.) Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Serdang, Selangor 110‐119, (2007).
Carlson, K. M. et al. Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. PNAS 109, 7559–7564 (2012).
Carlson, K. M. et al. Carbon emissions from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm plantations. Nat. Clim. Change. 3, 283 (2013).
Corley, R. H. V. & Tinker, P. B. The oil palm. (John Wiley & Sons, 2016).
Woittiez, L. S., van Wijk, M. T., Slingerland, M., van Noordwijk, M. & Giller, K. E. 2017. Yield gaps in oil palm: A quantitative review of contributing factors. Eur. J. Agron. 83, 57–77 (2017).
Corley, R. H. V. & Gray, B. S. Yield and yield components in Oil palm research (eds. Corley, R. H. V., Hardon, J. J. & Wood, B. J.), pp. 77–86, (Elsevier, 1976).
Rees, A. R. & Tinker, P. B. H. Dry-matter production and nutrient content of plantation oil palms in Nigeria. Plant. Soil. 19, 19–32 (1963).
Thomas, R. L., Chan, K. W. & Easau, P. T. Phyllotaxis in the oil palm: arrangement of fronds on the trunk of mature palms. Ann. Bot. 33, 1001–1008 (1969).
Henson, I. E. The Malaysian national average oil palm: concept and evaluation. Oil Palm. B 46, 15–27 (2003).
Henson, I. E. OPRODSIM, a versatile, mechanistic simulation model of oil palm dry matter production and yield. In: Proc. Conf. PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability Conference (801–832). Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kuala Lumpur (2005).
Syahrinudin, S. The potential of oil palm and forest plantations for carbon sequestration on degraded land in Indonesia. (ed. Vlek, P. L .G., Denich, M., Martius, C., Rodgers, C. & Giese, N. V. D.) (Ecology and Development Series, Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen, 2005).
Cook, S. et al. 2018. Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland. Biogeosciences 15, 7435–7450 (2018).
Lim, K. H., Lim, S. S, Parish. F. & Suharto, R. RSPO Manual on Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Existing Oil Palm Cultivation on Peat. (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, 2012).
Othman, H., Mohammed, A. T., Harun, M. H., Darus, F. M. & Mos, H. Best management practises for oil palm planting on peat: optimum groundwater table. MPOB Inf. Ser. 528, 1–7 (2010).
Melling, L. & Henson, I. E. Greenhouse gas exchange of tropical peatlands–a review. J. Oil Palm. Res. 23, 1087–1095 (2011).
Veloo, R., Van Ranst, E. & Selliah, P. 2015. Peat characteristics and its impact on oil palm yield. NJAS. 72, 33–40 (2015).
Hooijer, A. et al. Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. Biogeosciences. 7, 1505–1514 (2010).
Henson, I. E., Betitis, T., Tomda, Y. & Chase, L. D. The estimation of frond base biomass (FBB) of oil palm. J. Oil Palm. Res. 24, 1473–1479 (2012).
Caliman, J. P., Carcasses, R., Girardin, P., Pujianto, D. B. & Liwang, T. ‘Development of agrienvironmental indicators for sustainable management of oil palm growing: general concept and the example of nitrogen.’ PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress: Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2005).
Khalid, H., Zin, Z. Z. & Anderson, J. M. Decomposition processes and nutrient release patterns of oil palm residues. J. Oil Palm. Res. 12, 46–63 (2000).
Henson, I. E. Modelling vegetative dry matter production of oil palm. Oil Palm. Bull. 52, 25–47 (2006).
Kwan, B. K. W. The effect of planting density on the first fifteen years of growth and yield of oil palm in Sabah (Sabah Department of Agriculture, 1994).
Dolmat, M., Hamdan, A. B., Zulkifli, H. & Ahmad Tarmizi, M. Fertiliser requirement of oil palm on peat – an update. In: Proc. Conf.1996 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress: Competitiveness for the 21st century (eds. Ariffin et al.), Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 131–142 (1996).
Aholoukpé, H. N. S. et al. Estimating aboveground biomass of oil palm: allometric equations for estimating frond biomass. Forest. Ecol. Manag. 292, 122–129 (2013).
Morel, A. C. et al. Estimating aboveground biomass in forest and oil palm plantation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo using ALOS PALSAR data. For. Ecol. Manag. 262, 1786–1798 (2011).
Aholoukpè, H. N. S. et al. Allometric equations for estimating oil palm stem biomass in the ecological context of Benin, West Africa. Trees 32, 1669–1680 (2018).
Dewi, S., Khasanah, N., Rahayu, S., Ekadinata A. & van Noordwijk, M. Carbon Footprint of Indonesian Palm Oil Production: a Pilot Study. (World Agroforestry Centre, 2009).
Corley, R. H. V. Effects of plant density on growth and yield of oil palm. Exp. Agric. 9, 169–180 (1973).
Hasnol, O., Darus, F. M. & Mohammed, A. T. Experiences in Peat Devalopment of Oil Palm Planting in the MPOB Research Station at Sessang, Sarawak. Oil Palm. Bulletin. 58, 1–13 (2009).
Dolmat, M., Hamdan, A. B. & Zulkifli, H. Novel agronomic innovations in the exploitation of peat for oil palm. In: Proc. 1993 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress: Agriculture (Ed. by Jalani, B. S. et al.), Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 360–372 (1995).
Tie, Y. L. Long-term drainability of and water management in peat soil areas. Planter. 80, 423–439 (2004).
Lim, K. H. & Herry, W. ‘Management of leaning and fallen palms planted on tropical peat.’ IOPRI International Oil Palm Conference 2010. Yogyakarta, Indonesia (2010).
Thenkabail, P. S. et al. Biomass estimations and carbon stock calculations in the oil palm plantations of African derived savannas using IKONOS data. Int. J. Remote. Sens. 25, 1–27 (2004).
Henson, I. E. A Review of Models for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Carbon Sequestration in Oil Palm Plantations. J. Oil Palm. Res. 29, 1–10 (2017).
Agus, F. et al. Review of emission factors for assessment of CO2 emission from land use change to oil palm in Southeast Asia. (Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), 2013).
Cheng, S., Kirton, L. G. & Gurmit, S. Termite attack on oil palm grown on peat soil: identification of pest species and factors contributing to the problem. Plant. 84, 659–670 (2008).
Ariffin, D., Gurmit, S. & Lim, T. K. ‘Ganoderma in Malaysia – current status and research strategy’ 1989 International Palm Oil Development Conference, (eds. Jalani, B. S. et al.) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1990).
Source: Ecology - nature.com