Painter, T. H. et al. The Airborne Snow Observatory: Fusion of scanning lidar, imaging spectrometer, and physically-based modeling for mapping snow water equivalent and snow albedo. Remote Sens. Environ. 184, 139–152 (2016).
Guan, B. et al. Snow water equivalent in the Sierra Nevada: Blending snow sensor observations with snowmelt model simulations. Water Resour. Res. 49, 5029–5046 (2013).
Entekhabi, D. et al. The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission. Proc. IEEE 98, 704–716 (2010).
Chiang, Y.-M., Hsu, K.-L., Chang, F.-J., Hong, Y. & Sorooshian, S. Merging multiple precipitation sources for flash flood forecasting. J. Hydrol. 340, 183–196 (2007).
Dalrymple, T. Flood-frequency analyses. Manual of hydrology: Part 3. Flood-flow techniques. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1543a/report.pdf (1960).
Luke, A., Vrugt, J. A., AghaKouchak, A., Matthew, R. & Sanders, B. F. Predicting nonstationary flood frequencies: Evidence supports an updated stationarity thesis in the United States. Water Resour. Res. 53, 5469–5494 (2017).
Dozier, J., Bair, E. H. & Davis, R. E. Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in the world’s mountains. WIREs Water 3, 461–474 (2016).
Painter, T. H. et al. Retrieval of subpixel snow covered area, grain size, and albedo from MODIS. Remote Sens. Environ. 113, 868–879 (2009).
Margulis, S. A., Cortés, G., Girotto, M. & Durand, M. A Landsat-era Sierra Nevada snow reanalysis (1985–2015). J. Hydrometeorol 17, 1203–1221 (2016).
Fayad, A. et al. Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review. J. Hydrol. 551, 374–396 (2017).
Nolin, A. W. Recent advances in remote sensing of seasonal snow. J. Glaciol. 56, 1141–1150 (2010).
Hall, D. K., Riggs, G. A., Salomonson, V. V., DiGirolamo, N. E. & Bayr, K. J. MODIS snow-cover products. Remote Sens. Environ. 83, 181–194 (2002).
Frei, A. & Robinson, D. A. Northern Hemisphere snow extent: regional variability 1972-1994. Int. J. Climatol. 26 (1999).
CADWR. California’s three traditionally wettest months end with statewide snowpack water content less than average. https://water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/news/newsreleases/2016/030116d.pdf (2016).
Waliser, D. et al. Simulating cold season snowpack: Impacts of snow albedo and multi-layer snow physics. Clim. Change 109, 95–117 (2011).
Scott, D. & McBoyle, G. Climate change adaptation in the ski industry. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 12, 1411–1431 (2007).
Rittger, K., Bair, E. H., Kahl, A. & Dozier, J. Spatial estimates of snow water equivalent from reconstruction. Adv. Water Resour. 94, 345–363 (2016).
Zeng, X., Broxton, P. & Dawson, N. Snowpack change from 1982 to 2016 over conterminous United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 12940–12947 (2018).
Carroll, T. et al. NOHRSC Operations and the simulation of snow cover properties for the coterminous U.S. In Proceedings of the 69th Annual Meeting of the Western Snow Conference 14 https://westernsnowconference.org/sites/westernsnowconference.org/PDFs/2001Carroll.pdf (2001).
Huning, L. S. & Margulis, S. A. Climatology of seasonal snowfall accumulation across the Sierra Nevada (USA): Accumulation rates, distributions, and variability. Water Resour. Res. 53, 6033–6049 (2017).
Huning, L. S. & AghaKouchak, A. Mountain snowpack response to different levels of warming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 10932–10937 (2018).
Wrzesien, M. L. et al. Comparison of methods to estimate snow water equivalent at the mountain range scale: A case study of the California Sierra Nevada. J. Hydrometeorol 18, 1101–1119 (2017).
Mote, P. W., Hamlet, A. F., Clark, M. P. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Declining mountain snowpack in western North American. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 39–50 (2005).
Rice, R., Bales, R. C., Painter, T. H. & Dozier, J. Snow water equivalent along elevation gradients in the Merced and Tuolumne river basins of the Sierra Nevada. Water Resour. Res. 47, W08515 (2011).
Dettinger, M., Redmond, K. & Cayan, D. Winter orographic precipitation ratios in the Sierra Nevada—Large-scale atmospheric circulations and hydrologic consequences. J. Hydrometeorol 5, 1102–1116 (2004).
Lundquist, J. D., Minder, J. R., Neiman, P. J. & Sukovich, E. Relationships between barrier jet heights, orographic precipitation gradients, and streamflow in the northern Sierra Nevada. J. Hydrometeorol 11, 1141–1156 (2010).
Huning, L. S. & Margulis, S. A. Investigating the variability of high-elevation seasonal orographic snowfall enhancement and its drivers across Sierra Nevada, California. J. Hydrometeorol 19, 47–67 (2018).
Huning, L. S., Margulis, S. A., Guan, B., Waliser, D. E. & Neiman, P. J. Implications of detection methods on characterizing atmospheric river contribution to seasonal snowfall across Sierra Nevada, USA. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 10445–10453 (2017).
Huning, L. S., Guan, B., Waliser, D. E. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Sensitivity of seasonal snowfall attribution to atmospheric rivers and their reanalysis-based detection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 794–803 (2019).
Harpold, A., Dettinger, M. & Rajagopal, S. Defining snow drought and why it matters. Eos 98, (2017).
Guan, B., Molotch, N. P., Waliser, D. E., Fetzer, E. J. & Neiman, P. J. Extreme snowfall events linked to atmospheric rivers and surface air temperature via satellite measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, 12514–12535 (2010).
Guan, B., Waliser, D. E., Ralph, F. M., Fetzer, E. J. & Neiman, P. J. Hydrometeorological characteristics of rain-on-snow events associated with atmospheric rivers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 2964–2973 (2016).
Hu, J. M. & Nolin, A. W. Snowpack contributions and temperature characterization of landfalling atmospheric rivers in the western cordillera of the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 6663–6672 (2019).
Hu, J. M. & Nolin, A. W. Widespread warming trends in storm temperatures and snowpack fate across the Western United States. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 034059 (2020).
Margulis, S. A. et al. Characterizing the extreme 2015 snowpack deficit in the Sierra Nevada (USA) and the implications for drought recovery. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 6341–6349 (2016).
Mann, H. B. Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica 13, 245–259 (1945).
Mote, P. W., Li, S., Lettenmaier, D. P., Xiao, M. & Engel, R. Dramatic declines in snowpack in the western US. Npj Clim. Atmospheric Sci 1, 2 (2018).
Ragno, E., AghaKouchak, A., Cheng, L. & Sadegh, M. A generalized framework for process-informed nonstationary extreme value analysis. Adv. Water Resour. 130, 270–282 (2019).
Huning, L. S. & AghaKouchak, A. Sierra Nevada (USA) snow water equivalent (SWE) volume time series. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5055518 (2020).
Nash, J. E. & Sutcliffe, J. V. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol. 10, 282–290 (1970).
Moriasi, D. N. et al. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Trans. ASABE 50, 885–900 (2007).
Mao, Y., Nijssen, B. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Is climate change implicated in the 2013-2014 California drought? A hydrologic perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 2805–2813 (2015).
Wang, K. J., Williams, A. P. & Lettenmaier, D. P. How much have California winters warmed over the last century? Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 8893–8900 (2017).
Belmecheri, S., Babst, F., Wahl, E. R., Stahle, D. W. & Trouet, V. Multi-century evaluation of Sierra Nevada snowpack. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 2–3 (2016).
Liang, X., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F. & Burges, S. J. A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14415–14428 (1994).
Holdren, G. C. & Turner, K. Characteristics of Lake Mead, Arizona–Nevada. Lake Reserv. Manag. 26, 230–239 (2010).
Source: Resources - nature.com
