FAO Food and agriculture data [Internet]. www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home. Accessed 17 July 2019 (2018).
Badu-Apraku, B. & Fakorede, M. Maize in Sub-Saharan Africa: Importance and Production Constraints. Advances in Genetic Enhancement of Early and Extra-Early Maize for Sub-Saharan Africa 3–10 (Springer, Cham, 2017).
Jin, Z. et al. Smallholder maize area and yield mapping at national scales with Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens. Environ. 228, 115–128 (2019).
De Groote, H. et al. Spread and impact of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) in maize production areas of Kenya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 292, 106804 (2020).
Mumo, L., Yu, J. & Fang, K. Assessing impacts of seasonal climate variability on maize yield in Kenya. Int. J. Plant Prod. 12, 297–307 (2018).
Mwalusepo, S. et al. Predicting the impact of temperature change on the future distribution of maize stem borers and their natural enemies along East African mountain gradients using phenology models. PLoS One 10, e0130427 (2015).
GuoFa, Z., Overholt, W. A. & Mochiah, M. B. Changes in the distribution of lepidopteran maize stemborers in Kenya from the 1950s to 1990s. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sc. 21, 395–402 (2001).
Tounou, A. K., Agboka, K., Agbodzavu, K. M. & Wegbe, K. Maize stemborers distribution, their natural enemies and farmers’ perception on climate change and stemborers in southern Togo. J. Appl. Biosci. 64, 4773–4786 (2013).
Kfir, R., Overholt, W. A., Khan, Z. R. & Polaszek, A. Biology and management of economicaly important lepidopteran cereal stem borers in Africa. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47, 701–731 (2002).
Nwilene, F. E., Nwanze, K. F. & Youdeowei, A. Impact of integrated pest management on food and horticultural crops in Africa. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 128, 355–363 (2008).
Krüger, W., Van den Berg, J. & Van Hamburg, H. The relative abundance of maize stem borers and their parasitoids at the Tshiombo irrigation scheme in Venda, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 25, 144–151 (2008).
Ongamo, G. et al. Distribution, pest status and agro-climatic preferences of lepidopteran stem borers of maize in Kenya. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 42, 171–177 (2006).
Kfir, R. Competitive displacement of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 90, 619–624 (1997).
Ofomata, V. C., Overholt, W. A., Lux, S. A., Van Huis, A. & Egwuatu, A. R. I. Comparative studies on the fecundity, egg survival, larval feeding, and development of Chilo partellus and Chilo orichalcociliellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on five grasses. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93, 492–499 (2000).
Ntiri, E. S., Calatayud, P.-A., Van den Berg, J., Schulthess, F. & Le Ru, B. P. Influence of temperature on intra- and interspecific resource utilization within a community of lepidopteran maize stemborers. PLoS One 11, e148735 (2016).
Fotso-Kuate, A. et al. Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cameroon: Case study on its distribution, damage, pesticide use, genetic differentiation and host plants. PLoS One 14, e0215749 (2019).
Goergen, G., Kumar, P. L., Sankung, S. B., Togola, A. & Tamò, M. First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. PLoS One 11, e0165632 (2016).
Sokame, B. M. et al. Influence of temperature on the interaction for resource utilization between Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a community of lepidopteran maize stemborers larvae. Insects 11, 73 (2020).
Sokame, B. M. et al. Impact of the exotic fall armyworm on larval parasitoids associated with the lepidopteran maize stemborers in Kenya. Biocontrol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-020-10059-2 (2020).
Chabaane, Y., Laplanche, D., Turlings, T. C. & Desurmont, G. A. Impact of exotic insect herbivores on native tritrophic interactions: A case study of the African cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis and insects associated with the field mustard Brassica rapa. J. Ecol. 103, 109–117 (2015).
Forrester, J. W. Industrial Dynamics (The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1961).
Sapiri, H., Zulkepli, J., Abidin, N. Z., Ahmad, N. & Hawari, N. N. Introduction to System Dynamics Modelling and Vensim Software 173 (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia, 2016).
Maani, K. E. & Cavana, R. Y. System Thinking and Modelling: Understanding Change and Complexity (Prentice Hall, Auckland, 2000).
Mwalusepo, S., Tonnang, H. E. Z., Massawe, E. S., Johansson, T. & Le Ru, B. P. Stability analysis of competing insect species for a single resource. J. Appl. Math. 20, 2014 (2014).
Neill, W. E. The community matrix and interdependence of the competition coefficients. Am. Nat. 108, 399–408 (1974).
Calatayud, P.-A. et al. Can climate-driven change influence silicon assimilation by cereals and hence the distribution of lepidopteran stem borers in East Africa?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 224, 95–103 (2016).
Ntiri, E. S., Calatayud, P.-A., Van den Berg, J. & Le Ru, B. P. Spatio-temporal interactions between maize lepidopteran stemborer communities and possible implications from the recent invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in sub-Saharan Africa. Environ. Entomol. 48, 573–582 (2019).
Sisay, B. et al. First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), natural enemies from Africa. J. Appl. Entomol. 142, 800–804 (2018).
Mailafiya, D. M., Le Ru, B. P., Kairu, E. W., Calatayud, P.-A. & Dupas, S. Species diversity of lepidopteran stem borer parasitoids in cultivated and natural habitats in Kenya. J. Appl. Entomol. 133, 416–429 (2009).
Mailafiya, D. M., Le Ru, B. P., Kairu, E. W., Calatayud, P.-A. & Dupas, S. Geographic distribution, host range and perennation of Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes Cameron in cultivated and natural habitats in Kenya. Biol. Control 54, 1–8 (2010).
Mailafiya, D. M., Le Ru, B. P., Kairu, E. W., Dupas, S. & Calatayud, P.-A. Parasitism of lepidopterous stemborers in cultivated and natural habitats. J. Insect Sci. 11, 1–19 (2011).
Sisay, B. et al. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda infestations in East Africa: Assessment of damage and parasitism. Insects 10, 195 (2019).
Pitre, H. N., Mulrooney, J. E. & Hogg, D. B. Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) oviposition: Crop preferences and egg distribution on plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 76, 463–466 (1983).
Polaszek, A. African Cereal Stem Borers: Economic Importance, Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control 530 (CAB International, Wallingford, 1998).
Sokame, B. M., Subramanian, S., Kilalo, D. C., Juma, G. & Calatayud, P.-A. Larval dispersal of the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, the exotic stemborer, Chilo partellus, and the indigenous maize stemborers in Africa. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 168, 322–331 (2020).
Morrill, W. L. & Greene, G. L. Distribution of fall Armyworm larvae. 1. Regions of field corn plants infested by larvae. Environ. Entomol. 2, 195–198 (1973).
Van den Berg, J. Economy of Stem Borer Control in Sorghum. ARC-Crop Protection Series no 2 4 (South Africa, Potchefstroom, 1997).
CAB International. How to Identify Fall Armyworm. Poster. Plantwise, http://www.plantwise.org/FullTextPDF/2017/20177800461.pdf. Accessed 23 Nov 2018 (2017).
Bischof, R. & Zedrosser, A. The educated prey: Consequences for exploitation and control. Behav. Ecol. 20, 1228–1235 (2009).
Boukal, D. & Kivan, V. Lyapunov functions for Lotka–Volterra predator-prey models with optimal foraging behavior. J. Math. Biol. 39, 493–517 (1999).
Sterman, J. Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World (Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2000).
Din, Q. & Donchev, T. Global character of a host-parasite model. Chaos Soliton Fract. 54, 1–7 (2013).
Sarmento, R. D. A. et al. Biology review, occurrence and control of Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn in Brazil. Biosci. J. 18, 41–48 (2002).
Chapman, J. W., Williams, T., Martínez, A. M. & Cisneros, J. Does cannibalism in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reduce the risk of predation?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48, 321–327 (2000).
Zhou, S. Z., Chen, Z.-P. & Xu, Z.-F. Niches and interspecific competitive relationships of the parasitoids, Microplitis prodeniae and Campoletis chlorldeae, of the oriental leafworm moth, Spodoptera litura, in tobacco. J. Insect Sci. 10, 10 (2010).
Bentivenha, J. P. F., Baldin, E. L. L., Hunt, T. E., Paula-Moraes, S. V. & Blankenship, E. E. Intraguild competition of three noctuid maize pests. Environ. Entomol. 45, 999–1008 (2016).
Richardson, D. M., Allsopp, N., D’Antonio, C. M., Milton, S. J. & Rejmanek, M. Plant invasions—the role of mutalists. Biol. Rev. 75, 65–93 (2000).
Sujay, Y. H., Sattagi, H. N. & Patil, R. K. Invasive alien insects and their impact on agroecosystem. Karnatka J. Agric. Sci. 23, 26–34 (2010).
Reitz, S. & Trumble, J. Competitive displacement among insects and arachnids. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47, 435–465 (2002).
McClure, M. S. Biology, population trends, and damage of Pineus boerneri and P. coloradiensis (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on red pine. Environ. Entomol. 18, 1066–1073 (1989).
Ekesi, S., Billah, M. K., Nderitu, P. W., Lux, S. A. & Rwomushana, I. Evidence for competitive displacement of Ceratitis cosyra by the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango and mechanisms contributing to the displacement. J. Econ. Entomol. 102, 981–991 (2009).
Rwomushana, I., Ekesi, S., Ogol, C. K. P. O. & Gordon, I. Mechanisms contributing to the competitive success of the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens over the indigenous mango fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra: The role of temperature and resource pre-emption. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 133, 27–37 (2009).
Fabre, J. P., Auger-Rozenberg, M. A., Chalon, A., Boivin, S. & Roques, A. Competition between exotic and native insects for seed resources in trees of a Mediterranean forest ecosystem. Biol. Invas. 6, 11–22 (2004).
Macarthur, R. & Levins, R. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat. 101, 377–385 (1967).
Ventana. Ventana Systems Incl. Vensim software PLE 8.0.9. https://vensim.com/download/ (2019).
Sokame, B. M. Functioning of a community of lepidopteran maize stemborers and associated parasitoids following the fall armyworm invasion in Kenya 276 (PhD thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya, 2020).
Tonnang, H. E. Z., Nedorezov, L. V., Ochanda, H., Owino, J. & Löhr, B. Assessing the impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella through the application of Lotka–Volterra model. Ecol. Model. 220, 60–70 (2009).
Kroschel, J., Mujica, N., Carhuapoma, P. & Sporleder, M. Pest Distribution and Risk Atlas for Africa-Potential Global and Regional Distribution and Abundance of Agricultural and Horticultural Pests and Associated Biocontrol Agents Under Current and Future Climates (International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, 2016).
Prasanna, B. M., Huesing, J. E., Eddy, R. & Peschke, V. M. Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management. First Edition, Mexico (CDMX: IMMYT, Mexico, 2018).
Sokame, B. M. et al. Carry-over niches for lepidopteran maize stemborers and associated parasitoids during non-cropping season. Insect 10, 191 (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
