GESAMP. Global pollution trends: coastal ecosystem assessment for the past century. 101 (2018).
Andrady, A. L. Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 1596–1605 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hartmann, N. B. et al. Microplastics as vectors for environmental contaminants: Exploring sorption, desorption, and transfer to biota. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 13, 488–493 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bour, A., Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., Regoli, F. & Hylland, K. Presence of microplastics in benthic and epibenthic organisms: Influence of habitat, feeding mode and trophic level. Environ. Pollut. 243, 1217–1225 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jambeck, J. R. et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science (80-) 47, 768–770 (2015).
Google Scholar
PlasticsEurope. Plastics—The Facts 2020. PlasticsEurope (2020).
Sweet, M., Steifox, M. & Lamb, J. Plastics and Shallow Water Coral Reefs. Synthesis of the Science for Policy-Makers (2019).
Stafford, R. & Jones, P. J. S. Viewpoint—Ocean plastic pollution: A convenient but distracting truth? Mar. Policy 19, 0–1 (2019).
Backhaus, T. & Wagner, M. Microplastics in the environment: Much ado about nothing? A debate. Glob. Challenges 1900022, 1900022 (2019).
Browne, M. A., Niven, S. J., Galloway, T. S., Rowland, S. J. & Thompson, R. C. Microplastic moves pollutants and additives to worms, reducing functions linked to health and biodiversity. Curr. Biol. 23, 2388–2392 (2013).
Google Scholar
Lebreton, L. C. M. et al. River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nat. Commun. 8, 15611 (2017).
Google Scholar
Donovan, M. K. et al. Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117, 5351–5357 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lamb, J. B. et al. Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science (80-) 359, 460–462 (2018).
Google Scholar
Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M. & Perry, A. Reefs at Risk Revisited (2011).
Tan, F. et al. Microplastic pollution around remote uninhabited coral reefs of Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 725, 138383 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bucol, L. A. et al. Microplastics in marine sediments and rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens) from selected coastal areas of Negros Oriental, Philippines. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 150, 110685 (2020).
Google Scholar
Galloway, T. S., Cole, M. & Lewis, C. Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1–8 (2017).
Lagarde, F. et al. Microplastic interactions with freshwater microalgae: Hetero-aggregation and changes in plastic density appear strongly dependent on polymer type. Environ. Pollut. 215, 331–339 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cordova, M. R., Hadi, T. A. & Prayudha, B. Occurrence and abundance of microplastics in coral reef sediment: A case study in Sekotong, Lombok-Indonesia. AES Bioflux 10, 23–29 (2018).
Ogston, A. S., Storlazzi, C. D., Field, M. E. & Presto, M. K. Sediment resuspension and transport patterns on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 23, 559–569 (2004).
Bellwood, D. R. Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Biol. 121, 419–429 (1995).
Rosenfeld, M., Bresler, V. & Abelson, A. Sediment as a possible food source for corals. Ecol. Lett. 2, 345–348 (1999).
Rogers, C. S. Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62, 185–202 (1990).
Google Scholar
Bastidas, C., Bone, D. & Garcia, E. M. Sedimentation rates and metal content of sediments in a Venezuelan coral reef. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38, 16–24 (1999).
Google Scholar
Smith, L. D., Negri, A. P., Philipp, E., Webster, N. S. & Heyward, A. J. The effects of antifoulant-paint-contaminated sediments on coral recruits and branchlets. Mar. Biol. 143, 651–657 (2003).
Google Scholar
Stafford-Smith, M. Sediment rejection efficiency of 22 species of Australian scleractinian corals. Mar. Biol. 115, 229–243 (1993).
Junjie, R. K., Browne, N. K., Erftemeijer, P. L. A. & Todd, P. A. Impacts of sediments on coral energetics: Partitioning the effects of turbidity and settling particles. PLoS ONE 9, e107195 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hall, N. M., Berry, K. L. E., Rintoul, L. & Hoogenboom, M. O. Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals. Mar. Biol. 162, 725–732 (2015).
Google Scholar
Allen, A. S., Seymour, A. C. & Rittschof, D. Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 124, 198–205 (2017).
Google Scholar
Mouchi, V. et al. Long-term aquaria study suggests species-specific responses of two cold-water corals to macro-and microplastics exposure. Environ. Pollut. 253, 322–329 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tang, J., Ni, X., Zhou, Z., Wang, L. & Lin, S. Acute microplastic exposure raises stress response and suppresses detoxification and immune capacities in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. Environ. Pollut. 243, 66–74 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chapron, L. et al. Macro- and microplastics affect cold-water corals growth, feeding and behaviour. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hankins, C., Moso, E. & Lasseigne, D. Microplastics impair growth in two atlantic scleractinian coral species, Pseudodiploria clivosa and Acropora cervicornis. Environ. Pollut. 275, 116649 (2021).
Google Scholar
Rocha, R. J. M. et al. Do microplastics affect the zoanthid Zoanthus sociatus?. Sci. Total Environ. 713, 136659 (2020).
Google Scholar
Reichert, J. et al. Interactive effects of microplastic pollution and heat stress on reef-building corals. Environ. Pollut. 290, 118010 (2021).
Google Scholar
Rotjan, R. D. et al. Patterns, dynamics and consequences of microplastic ingestion by the temperate coral, Astrangia poculata. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20190726 (2019).
Google Scholar
Reichert, J., Schellenberg, J., Schubert, P. & Wilke, T. Responses of reef building corals to microplastic exposure. Environ. Pollut. 237, 955–960 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hankins, C., Duffy, A. & Drisco, K. Scleractinian coral microplastic ingestion: Potential calcification effects, size limits, and retention. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 135, 587–593 (2018).
Google Scholar
Reichert, J., Arnold, A. L., Hoogenboom, M. O., Schubert, P. & Wilke, T. Impacts of microplastics on growth and health of hermatypic corals are species-specific. Environ. Pollut. 254, 113074 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mendrik, F. M. et al. Species-specific impact of microplastics on coral physiology. Environ. Pollut. 269, 116238 (2021).
Google Scholar
Corona, E., Martin, C., Marasco, R. & Duarte, C. M. Passive and active removal of marine microplastics by a mushroom Coral (Danafungia scruposa). Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 1–9 (2020).
Google Scholar
Martin, C., Corona, E., Mahadik, G. A. & Duarte, C. M. Adhesion to coral surface as a potential sink for marine microplastics. Environ. Pollut. 255, 113281 (2019).
Google Scholar
Oldenburg, K. S., Urban-Rich, J., Castillo, K. D. & Baumann, J. H. Microfiber abundance associated with coral tissue varies geographically on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 163, 111938 (2021).
Google Scholar
Axworthy, J. B. & Padilla-Gamiño, J. L. Microplastics ingestion and heterotrophy in thermally stressed corals. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–8 (2019).
Houlbrèque, F. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Heterotrophy in tropical scleractinian corals. Biol. Rev. 84, 1–17 (2009).
Google Scholar
Borja, A. et al. Past and future grand challenges in marine ecosystem ecology. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 362 (2020).
Rochman, C. M., Hentschel, B. T. & The, S. J. Long-term sorption of metals is similar among plastic types: Implications for plastic debris in aquatic environments. PLoS ONE 9, e85433 (2014).
Google Scholar
Niu, Y., Ying, D., Li, K., Wang, Y. & Jia, J. Adsorption of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Res. Chem. Intermed. 43, 4213–4245 (2017).
Google Scholar
Frias, J., Sobral, P. & Ferreira, A. Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60, 1988–1992 (2010).
Google Scholar
Wright, S. L., Thompson, R. C. & Galloway, T. S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review. Environ. Pollut. 178, 483–492 (2013).
Google Scholar
Botterell, Z. L. R. et al. Bioavailability of microplastics to marine zooplankton: Effect of shape and infochemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54, 12024–12033 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wild, C. et al. Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the ecosystem. Nature 428, 66–70 (2004).
Google Scholar
Benson, A. & Muscatine, L. Wax in coral mucus: Energy transfer from corals to reef fishes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19, 810–814 (1974).
Google Scholar
Verla, A. W., Enyoh, C. E., Verla, E. N. & Nwarnorh, K. O. Microplastic–toxic chemical interaction: A review study on quantified levels, mechanism and implication. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 1–30 (2019).
Google Scholar
Brown, B. E. & Bythell, J. C. Perspectives on mucus secretion in reef corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 296, 291–309 (2005).
Google Scholar
Weber, M., Lott, C. & Fabricius, K. E. Sedimentation stress in a scleractinian coral exposed to terrestrial and marine sediments with contrasting physical, organic and geochemical properties. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 336, 18–32 (2006).
Google Scholar
Riegl, B. & Branch, G. Effects of sediment on the energy budgets of four scleractinian (Bourne 1900) and five alcyonacean (Lamoroux 1816) corals. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 186, 259–275 (1995).
Felsing, S. et al. A new approach in separating microplastics from environmental samples based on their electrostatic behavior. Environ. Pollut. 234, 20–28 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bessell-Browne, P., Negri, A. P., Fisher, R., Clode, P. L. & Jones, R. Cumulative impacts: Thermally bleached corals have reduced capacity to clear deposited sediment. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–14 (2017).
Fitt, W. K. et al. Response of two species of Indo-Pacific corals, Porites cylindrica and Stylophora pistillata, to short-term thermal stress: The host does matter in determining the tolerance of corals to bleaching. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 373, 102–110 (2009).
Weber, M. et al. Mechanisms of damage to corals exposed to sedimentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 109, E1558 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lear, G. et al. Plastics and the microbiome: Impacts and solutions. Environ. Microbiomes 16, 1–19 (2021).
Palardy, J., Rodrigues, L. & Grottolli, A. The importance of zooplankton to the daily metabolic carbon requirements of healthy and bleached corals at two depths. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 367, 180–188 (2008).
Google Scholar
Jennings, H. Modifiability in behaviour, 1: Behavior of sea anemones. J. Exp. Zool. 4, 447–632 (1905).
Boschma, H. On the feeding reactions and digestion in the coral polyp Astrangia danae, with notes on its symbiosis with zooxanthellae. Biol. Bull. 49, 407–439 (1925).
Google Scholar
Anthony, K. R. N. Coral suspension feeding on fine particulate matter. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 232, 85–106 (1999).
Schlekat, C., McGee, B. & Reinharz, E. Testing sediment toxicity in chesapeake bay with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus: An evaluation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11, 225–236 (1992).
Google Scholar
Nie, H., Wang, J., Xu, K., Huang, Y. & Yan, M. Microplastic pollution in water and fish samples around Nanxun Reef in Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 696, 134022 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cai, M. et al. Lost but can’t be neglected: Huge quantities of small microplastics hide in the South China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 633, 1206–1216 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhu, L. et al. Microplastic pollution in North Yellow Sea, China: Observations on occurrence, distribution and identification. Sci. Total Environ. 636, 20–29 (2018).
Google Scholar
Saliu, F. et al. Microplastic and charred microplastic in the Faafu Atoll, Maldives. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 136, 464–471 (2018).
Google Scholar
Saliu, F., Montano, S., Leoni, B., Lasagni, M. & Galli, P. Microplastics as a threat to coral reef environments: Detection of phthalate esters in neuston and scleractinian corals from the Faafu Atoll, Maldives. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 142, 234–241 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bessa, F. et al. Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 128, 575–584 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ivar Do Sul, J. A. & Costa, M. F. The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment. Environ. Pollut. 185, 352–364 (2014).
Google Scholar
Chubarenko, I., Bagaev, A., Zobkov, M. & Esiukova, E. On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 108, 105–112 (2016).
Google Scholar
Tang, J. et al. Differential enrichment and physiological impacts of ingested microplastics in scleractinian corals in situ. J. Hazard. Mater. 404, 124205 (2021).
Google Scholar
Harrison, J. P., Schratzberger, M., Sapp, M. & Osborn, A. M. Rapid bacterial colonization of low-density polyethylene microplastics in coastal sediment microcosms. BMC Microbiol. 14, 1–15 (2014).
Veron, J. Corals of the World (2000).
Benavides, M. et al. Diazotrophs: A non-negligible source of nitrogen for the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata. J. Exp. Biol. 219, 2608–2612 (2016).
Google Scholar
Einbinder, S. et al. Changes in morphology and diet of the coral Stylophora pistillata along a depth gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 381, 167–174 (2009).
Google Scholar
Erni-Cassola, G., Gibson, M. I., Thompson, R. C. & Christie-Oleza, J. A. Lost, but found with Nile red: A novel method for detecting and quantifying small microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in environmental samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 13641–13648 (2017).
Google Scholar
Swain, T. D., Schellinger, J. L., Strimaitis, A. M. & Reuter, K. E. Evolution of anthozoan polyp retraction mechanisms: Convergent functional morphology and evolutionary allometry of the marginal musculature in order Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). BMC Evol. Biol. 15, 1–19 (2015).
Laissue, P. P., Gu, Y., Qian, C. & Smith, D. J. Light-induced polyp retraction and tissue rupture in the photosensitive, reef-building coral Acropora muricata. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/862045 (2019).
Google Scholar
Renegar, D. A. & Turner, N. R. Species sensitivity assessment of five Atlantic scleractinian coral species to 1-methylnaphthalene. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–17 (2021).
Armoza-Zvuloni, R., Schneider, A., Sher, D. & Shaked, Y. Rapid Hydrogen Peroxide release from the coral Stylophora pistillata during feeding and in response to chemical and physical stimuli. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–10 (2016).
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671–675 (2012).
Google Scholar
Meijering, E., Dzyubachyck, O. & Smal, I. Methods for cell and particle tracking. In Methods in Enzymology (Elsevier, 2012).
Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P. & Candrevab, P. Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200, 147–159 (2001).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (2019).
Wood, A. S., Scheipl, F. & Wood, M. S. Package ‘gamm4’. (2020).
Zuur, A., Saveliev, A. & Ieno, E. A Beginner’s Guide to Generalized Additive Mixed Models with R. (Highland Statistics Ltd, 2014).
Zuur, A. F., Hilbe, J. M. & Ieno, E. N. A Beginner’s Guide to GLM and GLMM with R (Highland Statistics Ltd, 2013).
Pyke, A. & Thompson, J. Statistical analysis of survival and removal rate experiments. Ecology 67, 240–245 (1986).
Therneau, T. M. Mixed effects cox models. R-Package Description. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.01149 (2015).
Google Scholar
Katki, H. A. & Mark, S. D. Survival analysis of studies nested within cohorts using the NestedCohort Package. 1–16 (2013).
Bürkner, P. C. Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package BRMS. R J. 10, 395–411 (2018).
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R. (Springer, 2009).
Manly, B. F. J. Measuring selectivity from multiple choice feeding-preference experiments. Biometrics 51, 709 (1995).
Richardson, J. Package ‘ selectapref ’. Anal. F. Lab. Foraging 8–11 (2020).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
