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    Economic Diversification Supported the Growth of Mongolia’s Nomadic Empires

    1. Myadar, O. Imaginary nomads: Deconstructing the representation of Mongolia as a land of nomads. Inner Asia 335–362 (2011). 2. Golden, P. B. Central Asia in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2011). 3. Liu, X. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2010). 4. Beckwith, C. I. Empires of the Silk […] More

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    Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits of corn production systems in Minnesota, US

    We discuss above results in terms of the impacts both positive and negative by corn production on four capitals, policy drivers, implications for TEEBAgriFood evaluation framework and it’s limitations. Corn is one of the major crops that contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) in Minnesota. Minnesota state GDP is about $368 billion, where […] More

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    Confirmation of the shell-boring oyster parasite Polydora websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Washington State, USA

    1. Lauckner, G. Diseases of Mollusca: Bivalvia. In: Kinne, O. ed. Diseases of Marine Animals, Volume II, Bivalvia to Scaphopoda. Hamburg, Germany: Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (1983). 2. Blake, J. A. Reproduction and larval development of Polydora from Northern New England (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Ophelia 7, 1–63 (1969). Article Google Scholar 3. Shinn, A. et al. Economic […] More

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    Juvenile cleaner fish can socially learn the consequences of cheating

    Subjects and housing This research was conducted in March–April 2018, at the Lizard Island Research Station, Australia. A total of 40 fish participated in the experiments, 20 juvenile and 20 adult cleaner wrasse, distinguishable by their distinct colour pattern: juveniles are mostly blue with a black stripe, while the blue becomes whiter in adults. There […] More

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    The shape of a defense-growth trade-off governs seasonal trait dynamics in natural phytoplankton

    The 36 dominating phytoplankton morphotypes in Lake Constance faced a concave trade-off between defense and maximum growth rate. We found that the community average values of defense and maximum growth rate showed opposed seasonal dynamics. We did not observe distinct seasonal dynamics in the community average phosphate affinity, but morphotypes with a rather low growth […] More

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    Limited Archaean continental emergence reflected in an early Archaean 18O-enriched ocean

    1. Muehlenbachs, K. The oxygen isotopic composition of the oceans, sediments and the seafloor. Chem. Geol. 145, 263–273 (1998). Google Scholar 2. Prokoph, A., Shields, G. & Veizer, J. Compilation and time-series analysis of a marine carbonate δ 18O, δ 13C, 87Sr/86Sr and δ 34S database through Earth history. Earth Sci. Rev. 87, 113–133 (2008). […] More

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    The Goldilocks zone of animal development

    1. Shilling, F. M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Manahan, D. T. Biol. Bull. 191, 402–412 (1996). 2. Marshall, D. J., Pettersen, A. K., Bode, M. & White, C. R. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1114-9 (2020). 3. Woods, H. A. Am. Zool. 39, 244–252 (1999). 4. Verberk, W. C., Bilton, D. T., Calosi, P. & Spicer, J. I. […] More