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1. Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, 1987). 2. Maynard Smith, J. & Szathmáry, E. The Major Transitions in Evolution (Freeman, 1995). 3. Okasha, S. Evolution and the Levels of Selection (Oxford Univ. Press, 2006). 4. Michod, R. E. Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, 1999). […] More
Germination and growth trials were undertaken from January – October 2018. Experiments were undertaken in incubators and growth cabinets which could be maintained at temperatures reflective of the altitudes that these species currently experience in Australia. Incubators were able to maintain low temperatures experienced in winter and had a PAR of 21 µmol m−2 s−1 […] More
1. Biber, P. D. & Caldwell, J. D. Seed germination and seedling survival of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3, 633–638 (2008). Article Google Scholar 2. Simenstad, C. A. & Thom, R. M. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) as an invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest estuaries. Hortus Northwest 6(9–12), 38–40 (1995). Google Scholar […] More
Experimental design Our study is part of the Jena Experiment, a large-scale and long-term biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in Jena (Thuringia, Germany, 50°55’ N, 11°35’ E, 130 m a.s.l.; mean annual air temperature 9.9 °C, annual precipitation 610 mm; 1980–2010 (ref. 66)). The experimental communities were established in May 2002, covering different plant diversity levels (including 1, 2, 4, […] More
1. Henson, S. A., Beaulieu, C. & Lampitt, R. Observing climate change trends in ocean biogeochemistry: when and where. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 1561–1571 (2016). 2. Hönisch, B. et al. The geological record of ocean acidification. Sci. 335, 1058–1063 (2012). 3. Littler, K., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T. & Zachos, J. C. A high-resolution benthic stable-isotope […] More
Nitrite and ammonia oxidation in the Northern GoM Nitrite and ammonia oxidation rates were determined during an East–West sampling transect on the Louisiana Shelf of the GoM in July 2016 (Supplementary Fig. 2). Due to summertime eutrophic conditions32, bottom waters were hypoxic at the time (<63 µM oxygen, max. water depth at the sampled stations was 18.5 m). […] More
1. Fraenkel, G. S. The raison d’être of secondary plant substances. Science 129, 1466–1470 (1959). 2. Turlings, T. C. J. & Erb, M. Tritrophic interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant volatiles: mechanisms, ecological relevance, and application potential. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 63, 433–452, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043507 (2018). 3. Turlings, T. C. J., Tumlinson, J. H. & Lewis, W. J. […] More
