Crown feature effect evaluation on wind load for evergreen species based on laser scanning and wind tunnel experiments
Wang, Z. & Yuan, J. Typhoon numerical simulation and visualization for disaster risk assessment. Bull. Surv. Mapp. 108–110, 132 (2015).ADS
Google Scholar
Tang, J., Xu, L., Li, Y., He, Y. & Cui, S. Assessing the damage caused by typhoon on urban green space ecosystme service based on UAV remote sensing. J. Nat. Disasters 27, 153–161 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tian, Y., Zhou, W., Qian, Y., Zheng, Z. & Pan, X. The influence of Typhoon Mangkhut on urban green space and biomass in Shenzhen, China. Acta Ecol. Sin. 40, 2589–2598 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lin, G. Major anti-wind and alkali-resisting landscape plants of south China’s seaside region. For. Invertory Plan. 29, 78–81 (2004).
Google Scholar
Lin, T. C., Hogan, J. A. & Chang, C. T. Tropical cyclone ecology: a scale-link perspective. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35, 594–604 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Lin, H. et al. Risk assessments of trees and urban spaces under attacks of typhoons: a survey and statistical study in Guangzhou, China. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 588, 032055 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Loehle, C. Biomechanical constraints on tree architecture. Trees Struct. Funct. 30, 2061–2070 (2016).Article
Google Scholar
Zhu, J., Matsuzaki, T. & Sakioka, K. Wind speeds within a single crown of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.). For. Ecol. Manag. 135, 19–31 (2000).Article
Google Scholar
Ver Planck, N. R. & MacFarlane, D. W. Branch mass allocation increases wind throw risk for Fagus grandifolia. For. Int. J. For. Res. 92, 490–499 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dunham, R. A. & Cameron, A. D. Crown, stem and wood properties of wind-damaged and undamaged Sitka spruce. For. Ecol. Manag. 135, 73–81 (2000).Article
Google Scholar
Burcham, D. C., Autio, W. R., Modarres-Sadeghi, Y. & Kane, B. After pruning, wind-induced bending moments and vibration decrease more on reduced than raised Senegal mahogany (Khaya senegalensis). Urban For. Urban Green. 61, 127100 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Gilman, E. F., Masters, F. & Grabosky, J. C. Pruning affects tree movement in hurricane force wind. Arboric. Urban For. 34, 20–28 (2008).Article
Google Scholar
Päätalo, M. L., Peltola, H. & Kellomäki, S. Modelling the risk of snow damage to forests under short-term snow loading. For. Ecol. Manag. 116, 51–70 (1999).Article
Google Scholar
North, E., Johnson, G., Murphy, R., Giblin, C. & Rendahl, A. Boulevard tree failures during wind loading events. Arboric. Urban For. 45, 259–269 (2019).
Google Scholar
Angelou, N., Dellwik, E. & Mann, J. Wind load estimation on an open-grown European oak tree. For. Int. J. For. Res. 92, 381–392 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kontogianni, A., Tsitsoni, T. & Goudelis, G. An index based on silvicultural knowledge for tree stability assessment and improved ecological function in urban ecosystems. Ecol. Eng. 37, 914–919 (2011).Article
Google Scholar
He, D. & Li, Z. Wind tunnel test on wind- induced responses of roadside trees. J. Nat. Disasters 28, 44–53 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cao, J., Tamura, Y. & Yoshida, A. Wind tunnel study on aerodynamic characteristics of shrubby specimens of three tree species. Urban For. Urban Green. 11, 465–476 (2012).Article
Google Scholar
Zhang, W., Kang, L., Zhang, Q., Li, C. & Zou, X. Speed upwind and downwind of a single plant. J. Beijing Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci. 56, 573–581 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cheng, H. et al. Wind tunnel study of airflow recovery on the lee side of single plants. Agric. For. Meteorol. 263, 362–372 (2018).Article
ADS
Google Scholar
Ma, S. et al. Experimental research of viscous flow around a Nitraria tangutorum boscage. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 13, 147–149 (2006).ADS
Google Scholar
Rahman, M. et al. Disentangling the role of competition, light interception, and functional traits in tree growth rate variation in South Asian tropical moist forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 483, 118908 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Forrester, D. I., Benneter, A., Bouriaud, O. & Bauhus, J. Diversity and competition influence tree allometric relationships—Developing functions for mixed-species forests. J. Ecol. 105, 761–774 (2017).Article
Google Scholar
Coombes, A., Martin, J. & Slater, D. Defining the allometry of stem and crown diameter of urban trees. Urban For. Urban Green. 44, 1–15 (2019).Article
Google Scholar
Stoffel, M. Mechanical stability and growth performance of trees. (2009).Lento, M., Thijs, D., Jonas, A., Dominique, D. & Jan, C. Comparative study of flow field and drag coefficient of model and small natural trees in a wind tunnel. Urban For. Urban Green. 35, 230–239 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
West, G. B., Brown, J. H. & Enquist, B. J. A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems. Nature 400, 664–667 (1999).Article
ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
Enquist, B. J. Cope’s rule and the evolution of long-distance transport in vascular plants: Allometric scaling, biomass partitioning and optimization. Plant Cell Environ. 26, 151–161 (2003).Article
Google Scholar
Bentley, L. P. et al. An empirical assessment of tree branching networks and implications for plant allometric scaling models. Ecol. Lett. 16, 1069–1078 (2013).Article
Google Scholar
Eloy, C., Fournier, M., Lacointe, A. & Moulia, B. Wind loads and competition for light sculpt trees into self-similar structures. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–11 (2017).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lin, M. Y. & Khlystov, A. Investigation of ultrafine particle deposition to vegetation branches in a wind tunnel. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 46, 465–472 (2012).Article
ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
Ji, W. & Zhao, B. A wind tunnel study on the effect of trees on PM2.5 distribution around buildings. J. Hazard. Mater. 346, 36–41 (2018).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hui, K. K. W. et al. Unveiling falling urban trees before and during Typhoon Higos (2020): Empirical case study of potential structural failure using tilt sensor. Forests 13, 359 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Liao, S., Huang, M., Lou, W., Lin, W. & Xiao, Z. Numerical simulation of a urban wind field under the influence of typhoon “Mangkhut”. Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 39, 107–116 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gardiner, B., Berry, P. & Moulia, B. Review: Wind impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage. Plant Sci. 245, 94–118 (2016).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lüttge, U. & Buckeridge, M. Trees: structure and function and the challenges of urbanization. Trees Struct. Funct. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01964-1 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Hwang, H. M., Fiala, M. J., Park, D. & Wade, T. L. Review of pollutants in urban road dust and stormwater runoff: part 1. Heavy metals released from vehicles. Int. J. Urban Sci. 20, 334–360 (2016).Article
Google Scholar
Kuitert, W. The nature of urban Seoul: Potential vegetation derived from the soil map. Int. J. Urban Sci. 17, 95–108 (2013).Article
Google Scholar
Stubbs, C. J., Cook, D. D. & Niklas, K. J. A general review of the biomechanics of root anchorage. J. Exp. Bot. 70, 3439–3451 (2019).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sterck, F. J. & Bongers, F. Ontogenetic changes in size, allometry, and mechanical design of tropical rain forest trees. Am. J. Bot. 85, 266–272 (1998).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sim, V. & Jung, W. Wind fragility for urban street tree in Korea. J. Wetl. Res. 21, 298–304 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ueda, M. & Shibata, E. Why do trees decline or dieback after a strong wind? Water status of Hinoki cypress standing after a typhoon. Tree Physiol. 24, 701–706 (2004).Article
Google Scholar
Jalkanen, A. & Mattila, U. Logistic regression models for wind and snow damage in northern Finland based on the National Forest Inventory data. For. Ecol. Manag. 135, 315–330 (2000).Article
Google Scholar
Hale, S. E., Gardiner, B. A., Wellpott, A., Nicoll, B. C. & Achim, A. Wind loading of trees: Influence of tree size and competition. Eur. J. For. Res. 131, 203–217 (2012).Article
Google Scholar
Olson, M. E., Aguirre-Hernández, R. & Rosell, J. A. Universal foliage-stem scaling across environments and species in dicot trees: Plasticity, biomechanics and Corner’s Rules. Ecol. Lett. 12, 210–219 (2009).Article
Google Scholar
Blanchard, E. et al. Contrasted allometries between stem diameter, crown area, and tree height in five tropical biogeographic areas. Trees Struct. Funct. 30, 1953–1968 (2016).Article
Google Scholar
King, D. A., Davies, S. J., Tan, S. & Noor, N. S. M. The role of wood density and stem support costs in the growth and mortality of tropical trees. J. Ecol. 94, 670–680 (2006).Article
Google Scholar
Petty, J. A. & Worrell, R. Stability of coniferous tree stems in relation to damage by snow. Forestry 54, 115–128 (1981).Article
Google Scholar
Gilman, E. F. & Lilly, S. Tree pruning (International Society of Arboriculture, 2002).
Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Gou, Z., Zhang, F. & Shutter, L. A study of tree crown characteristics and their cooling effects in a subtropical city of Australia. Ecol. Eng. 158, 106027 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Marchi, L. et al. State of the art on the use of trees as supports and anchors in forest operations. Forests 9, 467 (2018).Article
Google Scholar More