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One thing that the team at Los Amigos did not do is peer deeper into the reserve to try to determine where the Mashco Piro are camped out. Gutiérrez says the decision on whether to establish some kind of monitoring system for isolated communities rests with governments and Indigenous groups, but few doubt that it is possible.
Some researchers worry about the implications of this kind of work. Greg Asner, an ecologist at Arizona State University in Tempe, regularly captured evidence of encampments of isolated groups more than a decade ago, when his team was surveying the Peruvian Amazon in a plane equipped with a powerful laser-based system that provides 3D images of the forest. He flagged the images to his sources at Peru’s environment ministry, but never saw the groups themselves as a legitimate research topic. Even today, he doesn’t see the value in actively tracking them.
“It’s creepy, like describing the home range of jaguars, but human rights are different than jaguar rights,” says Asner. “If we know they are in there, why do we need to know exactly where they are sleeping at night?”
Despite the ethical worries about monitoring, some Indigenous leaders are open to the idea. Knowing where isolated groups are could help surrounding Indigenous communities to prevent unintended and dangerous contact, but “it is the Indigenous organizations that should implement and execute any system of control and surveillance of the Indigenous peoples in isolation,” says Julio Cusurichi, president of FENAMAD, which has worked with the Peruvian government to prevent contact and conflict since the Mashco Piro began to emerge.
FENAMAD was also instrumental in pushing for the creation of the Madre de Dios reserve in 2002. Twenty years later, however, the reserve’s borders have yet to be finalized, and the Indigenous organization is still pushing to expand the eastern boundary to cover areas where the Mashco Piro are known to roam. The problem is that these same areas are currently occupied by logging concessions, which would be costly for the government to cancel.

Julio Cusurichi, president of the Native Federation of the Madre de Dios River and Tributaries (FENAMAD).

Julio Cusurichi, president of the Native Federation of the Madre de Dios River and Tributaries (FENAMAD).

For Cusurichi, the killing of the logger in August is yet another reminder of the precarious situation along the border of the reserve and the risks to both outsiders and the Mashco Piro. Too often, he contends, the government is more concerned with protecting economic interests than the rights of isolated peoples.
Tauli-Corpuz, the former UN rapporteur, has little doubt that scientists mean well, but she worries about any efforts to document the precise location of isolated groups. “If this information falls into the wrong hands, these people will be disturbed in ways they could never imagine,” she says.
Officials from the culture ministry acknowledged these dangers in discussions with Nature, and said they were looking at potential regulations to control the flow of information and restrict who can peer into the reserves.
Although Forsyth says the ministry is full of people who want to do the right thing, he is wary of assuming that government officials always mean well. In Brazil, critics have accused President Bolsonaro, a right-wing populist, of sidelining scientists at FUNAI and attempting to appoint a former Christian missionary to head the division that handles isolated peoples. In the Madre de Dios region, the former governor, Luis Hidalgo Okimura, disappeared in February just before he was to be jailed in connection with an investigation into an illegal logging ring.
“In some cases, the government may not be trustworthy,” Forsyth warns. He places more faith in Indigenous organizations and their advocates. “Giving them access to whatever information they would like or can’t generate themselves ought to be the priority.” More

As the Italian probe LICIACube whizzed past asteroids Didymos (bottom) and Dimorphos (top), it captured a debris plume spraying out from the DART spacecraft as it smashed into Dimorphos.Credit: ASI/NASA

Astronomers see fireworks as spacecraft ploughs into asteroidTelescopes in space and across Earth captured the spectacular aftermath of NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft crashing into the asteroid Dimorphos on 26 September.The goal was to knock the harmless space rock into a slightly different orbit to test whether humanity could do such a thing if a dangerous asteroid were ever detected heading for Earth. The smash-up was “the first human experiment to deflect a celestial body”, says Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA’s associate administrator for science, and “an enormous success”.A ringside view came from LICIACube, a tiny Italian spacecraft that flew along with DART and photographed the impact, which took place 11 million kilometres from Earth. LICIACube’s first images, released by the Italian Space Agency on 27 September, show a large fireworks-like plume of rocks and other debris coming off Dimorphos (pictured, top) after DART had ploughed into it.It will take days to weeks before mission scientists can confirm whether the test worked, and did in fact cut the time it takes Dimorphos to orbit its partner asteroid, Didymos (pictured, bottom), by 10–15 minutes.

The shell of the endangered hawksbill sea turtle (pictured) is prized for trinkets and jewellery.Credit: Reinhard Dirscherl/SPL

Sea turtles swim more freely as poaching declinesPoaching is less of a threat to the survival of sea turtles than it once was, an analysis suggests (J. F. Senko et al. Glob. Change Biol. https://doi.org/gqrzzn; 2022). Illegal sea-turtle catch has dropped sharply since 2000, and most current exploitation occurs in areas with relatively healthy turtle populations.The analysis is the first worldwide estimate of the number of adult sea turtles that are moved on the black market. The authors surveyed sea-turtle specialists and sifted through documents to derive an estimate that around 1.1 million sea turtles were illegally harvested between 1990 and 2020. Nearly 90% of them were funnelled into China and Japan. Of the species that could be identified, the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata; pictured), prized for its beautiful shell, was among the most frequently exploited.But the team also found that the illegal catch from 2010 to 2020 was nearly 30% lower than in the previous decade. “The silver lining is that, despite the seemingly large illegal take, exploitation is not having a negative impact on sea-turtle populations on a global scale,” says co-author Jesse Senko, a marine-conservation scientist at Arizona State University in Tempe. More

National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, 10617, TaiwanChun-Wei Chang & Chih-hao HsiehResearch Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, TaiwanChun-Wei Chang, Fuh-Kwo Shiah & Chih-hao HsiehFaculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, JapanTakeshi MikiInstitute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, TaiwanTakeshi Miki, Fuh-Kwo Shiah & Chih-hao HsiehCenter for Biodiversity Science, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, JapanTakeshi MikiHealth Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USAHao YeUniv. Lille, CNRS, Univ, Littoral Côte D’Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG— Laboratoire D’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F- 59000, Lille, FranceSami SouissiLeibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, 12587, Berlin, GermanyRita AdrianFreie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 14195, Berlin, GermanyRita AdrianNational Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), CARRTEL, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 74200, Thonon les Bains, FranceOrlane AnnevilleCentre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5D, 51014, Tartu, EstoniaHelen Agasild & Peeter NõgesDepartment of Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, 522-8533, Shiga, JapanSyuhei Ban & Xin LiuKinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, 14950, Migdal, IsraelYaron Be’eri-Shlevin, Gideon Gal & Tamar ZoharyBiodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, TaiwanYin-Ru Chiang & Jiunn-Tzong WuUK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4AP, UKHeidrun Feuchtmayr & Stephen J. ThackerayLake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, Otsu, 520-0022, JapanSatoshi Ichise & Michio KumagaiFaculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8502, Kanagawa, JapanMaiko KagamiDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, JapanMaiko KagamiResearch Center for Lake Biwa & Environmental Innovation, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-0058, Shiga, JapanMichio KumagaiBiodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, JapanShin-Ichiro S. MatsuzakiCNR Water Research Institute (IRSA), L.go Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Pallanza, ItalyMarina M. Manca, Roberta Piscia & Michela RogoraPlymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UKClaire E. WiddicombeInstitute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, TaiwanChih-hao Hsieh More

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