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Department of Animal Biology, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, PortugalCatarina Frazão SantosMARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Center / ARNET–Aquatic Research Network, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalCatarina Frazão Santos & Carina Vieira da SilvaEnvironmental Economics Knowledge Center, NOVA-SBE, Carcavelos, PortugalCatarina Frazão Santos & Carina Vieira da SilvaSound Seas, Bethesda, MD, USATundi AgardyWorldFish, Batu Maung, Penang, MalaysiaEdward H. AllisonThe Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, CanadaNathan J. BennettEqualSea Lab, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, SpainNathan J. Bennett & Sebastián VillasanteEnvironmental Sustainability Research Centre, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CanadaJessica L. BlytheMarine and Environmental Sciences Center, University of the Azores – FCT, Ponta Delgada, PortugalHelena CaladoHopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USALarry B. Crowder & Elena GissiARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, AustraliaJon C. DayQueen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UKWesley FlanneryNational Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Venice, ItalyElena GissiInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and World Commission on Protected Areas, Cambridge, MA, USAKristina M. GjerdeMiddlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, Monterey, MA, USAKristina M. GjerdeThe University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoJudith F. GobinPermanent Mission of the Federated States of Micronesia to the United Nations, New York, USAClement Yow MulalapDuke University Marine Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC, USAMichael OrbachCentre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, AustraliaGretta PeclInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, AustraliaGretta PeclFederal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, BrazilMarinez SchererCenter for Island Sustainability and Sea Grant, University of Guam, Mangilao, USAAustin J. SheltonSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKLisa Wedding More

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Short-term experimentsPotential toxic and cryoprotection effects of different CPA combinationsFocusing on toxicity bioassays (Figs. 1A, 2A), although there were certain CPA combinations that yielded significant abnormality percentages compared to controls, in general the CPA combinations did not yield any significant toxic effect. The use of Milli-Q Water instead of FSW did not enhance normal larval development after CPA exposure, neither did the addition of PVP at the concentrations tested, even in combination with trehalose (TRE) (p  > 0.05). In fact, the highest concentrations of PVP used in this experiment (9 and 12%) yielded significant abnormal development on exposed trochophores (Fig. 1A) (p  More