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Short-term experimentsPotential toxic and cryoprotection effects of different CPA combinationsFocusing on toxicity bioassays (Figs. 1A, 2A), although there were certain CPA combinations that yielded significant abnormality percentages compared to controls, in general the CPA combinations did not yield any significant toxic effect. The use of Milli-Q Water instead of FSW did not enhance normal larval development after CPA exposure, neither did the addition of PVP at the concentrations tested, even in combination with trehalose (TRE) (p  > 0.05). In fact, the highest concentrations of PVP used in this experiment (9 and 12%) yielded significant abnormal development on exposed trochophores (Fig. 1A) (p  More

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyStephanie D. Jurburg, Nico Eisenhauer, François Buscot, Antonis Chatzinotas, Narendrakumar M. Chaudhari, Anna Heintz-Buschart, Kirsten Küsel & Rine C. ReubenInstitute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyStephanie D. Jurburg, Nico Eisenhauer, Antonis Chatzinotas & Rine C. ReubenDepartment of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, GermanyStephanie D. Jurburg, Antonis Chatzinotas, Rene Kallies, Susann Müller & Ulisses Nunes da RochaDepartment of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Halle, GermanyFrançois Buscot & Anna Heintz-BuschartAquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, GermanyNarendrakumar M. Chaudhari & Kirsten KüselSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsAnna Heintz-BuschartKellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USAElena LitchmanEcology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USAElena LitchmanDepartment of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USAElena LitchmanHawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, AustraliaCatriona A. Macdonald & Brajesh K. SinghLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, GermanyGianni PanagiotouThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaGianni PanagiotouDepartment of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaGianni PanagiotouInstitut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyMatthias C. RilligBerlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, GermanyMatthias C. RilligGlobal Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, AustraliaBrajesh K. SinghB.K.S. conceived the idea in consultation with N.E. and S.J., and led the discussion which was attended by all authors. S.J. and B.K.S. wrote the manuscript and all contributed to refine it. More

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