Philippa Kaur

Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USAJingjing Liang, Mo Zhou & Akane O. AbbasiForestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, ItalyJavier G. P. Gamarra & Antonello SalisGIP ECOFOR, Paris, FranceNicolas PicardDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USABryan Pijanowski, Douglass F. Jacobs & Minjee ParkInstitute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USAPeter B. ReichDepartment of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USAPeter B. ReichHawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, AustraliaPeter B. ReichCrowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandThomas W. CrowtherWageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsGert-Jan NabuursForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsGert-Jan Nabuurs, Frans Bongers, Mathieu Decuyper, Marc Parren, Lourens Poorter & Douglas SheilDepartment of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, SpainSergio de-MiguelJoint Research Unit CTFC—Agrotecnio—CERCA, Solsona, SpainSergio de-Miguel & Albert MoreraInstitute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Evironmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, ChinaJingyun FangNorthern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH, USAChristopher W. WoodallCenter for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DenmarkJens-Christian SvenningSection for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DenmarkJens-Christian SvenningSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKTommaso JuckerTERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, BelgiumJean-Francois BastinManaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New ZealandSusan K. WiserEnvironmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei DarussalamFerry SlikCentre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, FranceBruno HéraultINP-HB (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny), University of Montpellier, Yamoussoukro, Ivory CoastBruno HéraultDepartment of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, ItalyGiorgio AlbertiFaculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, ItalyGiorgio AlbertiInstitute of Bioeconomy, CNR, Sesto, ItalyGiorgio AlbertiNatural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaGunnar KeppelBiometris, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsGeerten M. HengeveldWageningen University & Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, NetherlandsGeerten M. HengeveldCentre for Econics and Ecosystem Management, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, GermanyPierre L. IbischSchool of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USACarlos A. Silva, Eben N. Broadbent & Carine KlaubergNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, NetherlandsHans ter SteegeInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Cruz, ArgentinaPablo L. PeriDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDavid A. CoomesFaculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaEric B. Searle & Han Y. H. ChenUniversity of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyKlaus von GadowBeijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaKlaus von GadowUniversity of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South AfricaKlaus von GadowBiałowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, PolandBogdan JaroszewiczSwiss National Forest Inventory/Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, SwitzerlandMeinrad AbeggUFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory CoastYves C. Adou Yao & Anny E. N’GuessanEnvironmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKJesús Aguirre-GutiérrezBiodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, NetherlandsJesús Aguirre-GutiérrezCenter for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USAAngelica M. Almeyda ZambranoInstitute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech RepublicJan Altman & Jiri DolezalFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech RepublicJan Altman & Miroslav SvobodaEscuela ECAPMA, National Open University and Distance (Colombia) | UNAD, Bogotá, ColombiaEsteban Alvarez-DávilaDepartamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, SpainJuan Gabriel Álvarez-GonzálezCenter for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USALuciana F. AlvesUniversité Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Ivory CoastBienvenu H. K. AmaniUniversité Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of CongoChristian A. AmaniSilviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, GermanyChristian Ammer & Peter SchallInstitut National pour l’Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of CongoBhely Angoboy IlondeaNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forestry and Forest Resources, Ås, NorwayClara Antón-FernándezEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, ItalyValerio AvitabileCompensation International Progress S.A., Bogotá, ColombiaGerardo A. AymardLaboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BeninAkomian F. AzihouScientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South AfricaJohan A. Baard & Graham P. DurrheimSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKTimothy R. Baker, Simon L. Lewis & Oliver L. PhillipsDepartment of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sekocin Stary, Raszyn, PolandRadomir Balazy & Krzysztof J. StereńczakProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USAMeredith L. BastianDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USAMeredith L. BastianDepartment of Environment, Universtité du Cinquantenaire de Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of CongoRodrigue BatumikeDepartment of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumMarijn BautersDepartment of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumMarijn Bauters & Pascal BoeckxService of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, BelgiumHans Beeckman, Thales de Haulleville & Wannes HubauBalai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Manokwari, IndonesiaNithanel Mikael Hendrik Benu & Relawan KuswandiInstitute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UgandaRobert BitarihoUniversité de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, BelgiumJan Bogaert & Thales de HaullevilleIntegrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, RomaniaOlivier BouriaudDepartment of Forestry Sciences, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, BrazilPedro H. S. Brancalion, Ricardo G. César & Vanessa S. MorenoBavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, GermanySusanne BrandlDepartment of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UKFrancis Q. Brearley, Giacomo Sellan & Martin J. P. SullivanFacultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, MexicoJaime Briseno-Reyes, José Javier Corral-Rivas & Daniel José Vega-NievaInstitute of Biology and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), GermanyHelge BruelheideGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyHelge BruelheideDevelopment Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NetherlandsErwin BulteRosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USAAnn Christine Catlin, Lev Gorenstein, Geoffrey Lentner & Xiao ZhuDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyRoberto Cazzolla GattiInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandChelsea ChisholmIFER – Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech RepublicEmil CiencialaGlobal Change Research Institute of the CAS, Brno, Czech RepublicEmil CiencialaPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas CEP, Biologia, BrazilGabriel D. CollettaDirección Nacional de Bosques (DNB), Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MAyDS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAnibal CuchiettiDepartment of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, NorwayAida Cuni-SanchezDepartment of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UKAida Cuni-SanchezDepartment of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur, IndiaJavid A. DarDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, IndiaJavid A. Dar & Subashree KothandaramanDepartment of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, IndiaJavid A. Dar, Subashree Kothandaraman, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy & Somaiah SundarapandianCentre for Structural and Functional Genomics & Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaSelvadurai DayanandanDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech RepublicSylvain Delabye, Stepan Janecek, Yannick Klomberg, Vincent Maicher & Robert TropekBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech RepublicSylvain Delabye, Tom M. Fayle, Vincent Maicher & Robert TropekCirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French GuianaGéraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain & Eric MarconDepartment of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaBen DeVriesNational Forest Authority, Kampala, UgandaJohn DiisiDepartment of Silviculture Foundation, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, VietnamTran Van DoDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Bohemia, Czech RepublicJiri DolezalIPHAMETRA, IRET, CENAREST, Libreville, GabonNestor Laurier Engone ObiangFaculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of CongoCorneille E. N. Ewango, Faustin M. Mbayu & Eric Katembo WasingyaQueensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, AustraliaTeresa J. Eyre, Victor J. Neldner & Michael R. NgugiSchool of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKTom M. FayleDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CameroonLethicia Flavine N. Feunang, Banoho L. P. R. Kabelong, Moses B. Libalah, Louis N. Nforbelie, Emile Narcisse N. Njila & Melanie C. NyakoNatural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, FinlandLeena FinérInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandMarkus FischerDepartment of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, SwedenJonas Fridman & Bertil WesterlundResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, ItalyLorenzo Frizzera, Damiano Gianelle & Mirco RodeghieroHerbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, BrazilAndré L. de GasperGlick Designs, LLC, Hadley, MA, USAHenry B. GlickCIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, MexicoMaria Socorro Gonzalez-ElizondoDépartement des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, BurundiRichard HabonayoFaculté des Sciences, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BelgiumOlivier J. HardyRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDavid J. Harris & Axel Dalberg PoulsenDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKAndrew HectorDepartment of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, GermanyAndreas HempHelmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Potsdam, GermanyMartin HeroldWild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Representation, Monrovia, LiberiaAnnika HillersCentre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UKAnnika HillersDepartment of Environment, Laboratory for Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumWannes HubauAMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceThomas IbanezDepartment of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, JapanNobuo ImaiBiology Department, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of CongoGerard ImaniInstitute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, PolandAndrzej M. Jagodzinski & Jacek OleksynPoznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan, PolandAndrzej M. JagodzinskiDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkVivian Kvist Johannsen & Sebastian Kepfer-RojasPlant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilCarlos A. JolyDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USABlaise JumbamInstitute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, CameroonBlaise JumbamDepartment of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkGoytom Abraha KahsayForestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, RussiaViktor Karminov & Olga MartynenkoIntegrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USAKuswata KartawinataLabo Botanique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory CoastJustin N. KassiComputational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumElizabeth Kearsley & Hans VerbeeckDepartment of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USADeborah K. KennardDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya (A Central University), Sagar, IndiaMohammed Latif KhanKenya Forestry Research Institute, Department of Forest Resource Assessment, Nairobi, KenyaJohn N. KigomoDepartment of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimInterdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimNational Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimResearch Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaHyun Seok KimInstitute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, EstoniaHenn Korjus & Mait LangInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, AustriaFlorian Kraxner, Dmitry Schepaschenko & Anatoly Z. ShvidenkoDepartment of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, IndiaAmit KumarTartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, EstoniaMait LangSchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaMichael J. LawesDepartment of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, BrazilRodrigo V. LeiteDepartment of Geography, University College London, London, UKSimon L. LewisPlant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Higher Teacher’s Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CameroonMoses B. LibalahLaboratoire d’Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Végétales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of CongoJanvier LisingoInstituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Durango, MexicoPablito Marcelo López-Serrano & Maria Guadalupe Nava-MirandaFaculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaHuicui LuCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS (CEPF RAS), Moscow, RussiaNatalia V. LukinaDepartment of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, DenmarkAnne Mette LykkeNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USAVincent Maicher & John R. PoulsenDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USABrian S. MaitnerAgroParisTech, UMR AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceEric MarconUniversity of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, AustraliaAndrew R. MarshallUniversity of York, York, UKAndrew R. MarshallFlamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UKAndrew R. MarshallDepartment of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, TanzaniaEmanuel H. MartinKenya Forestry Research Institute, Headquarters, Nairobi, KenyaMusingo T. E. MbuviDepartamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoJorge A. MeaveEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USACory MerowDepartment of Forest Management and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, PolandStanislaw MiscickiTropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, AustraliaSharif A. Mukul & Alain S. K. NguteFieldstation Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyJörg C. MüllerBavarian Forest Nationalpark, Grafenau, GermanyJörg C. MüllerFakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari Papua Barat, IndonesiaAgustinus MurdjokoLimbe Botanic Garden, Limbe, CameroonLitonga Elias NdiveInstitute of Forestry, Belgrade, SerbiaRadovan V. NevenicTropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, CameroonMichael L. Ngoh & Moses Nsanyi SaingeDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USAMichael L. NgohApplied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonAlain S. K. NguteDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USAThomas O. OchuodhoUQAM, Centre for Forest Research, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaAlain PaquetteV.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, RussiaElena I. Parfenova, Dmitry Schepaschenko & Nadja TchebakovaUrban Management and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, AustraliaSebastian PfautschInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia—INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, BrazilMaria T. F. Piedade, Jochen Schöngart & Natalia TarghettaCentro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, BrazilDaniel Piotto & Samir G. RolimDepartment of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, ItalyMartina Pollastrini & Federico SelviTechnical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Munich, GermanyHans PretzschCentro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, ItalyMirco RodeghieroDepartment of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, ItalyFrancesco RoveroMUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento, ItalyFrancesco RoveroInfoflora c/o Botanical Garden of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandErvan RutishauserAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, IranKhosro Sagheb-TalebiDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, IndiaPurabi SaikiaInstitute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF), One World Trade Center, New York, NY, USAMoses Nsanyi SaingeCentro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, ChileChristian Salas-EljatibVicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, ChileChristian Salas-EljatibDepartamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChileChristian Salas-EljatibРeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, RussiaDmitry SchepaschenkoUniversity of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, GermanyMichael Scherer-LorenzenInstitution with City, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandBernhard SchmidNational Forest Centre, Zvolen, Slovak RepublicVladimír ŠebeňCNRS-UMR LEEISA, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French GuianaGiacomo SellanUniversite de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, Nancy, FranceJosep M. Serra-DiazCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, IndonesiaDouglas SheilCirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FrancePlinio SistUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Natal, BrazilAlexandre F. SouzaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UKMike D. SwaineHerbarium Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, UKLiam A. TrethowanFaculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of CongoJohn Tshibamba MukendiYale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USAPeter Mbanda UmunayUral State Forest Engineering University, Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, RussiaVladimir A. UsoltsevDIBAF Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo, ItalyGaia Vaglio Laurin & Riccardo ValentiniLINCGlobal, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, SpainFernando ValladaresPlant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, NetherlandsFons van der PlasAgricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, PortugalHelder VianaCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, PortugalHelder VianaDepartment of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, BrazilAlexander C. VibransNucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, BrazilSimone A. VieiraInternational Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USAJason VleminckxForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, AustraliaCatherine E. WaiteSanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, ChinaHua-Feng Wang & Zhi-Xin ZhuKenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, KenyaChemuku WekesaDepartment of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Rastatt, GermanyFlorian WittmannDepartment of Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, SurinameVerginia WortelPolish State Forests-Coordination Centre for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, PolandTomasz Zawiła-NiedźwieckiResearch Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaChunyu Zhang & Xiuhai ZhaoDepartment of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USAJun ZhuInstitut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, DFR Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, BP, Yamoussoukro, Ivory CoastIrie C. Zo-BiCentre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South AfricaCang HuiAfrican Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South AfricaCang HuiConceptualization: J. Liang and C.H. Methodology: J. Liang, C.H., J.G.P.G. and N. Picard. Data coordination: J. Liang, M.Z., S.d.-M., T.W.C., G.-J.N., P.B.R., F. Slik, K.v.G., J.G.P.G. and N. Picard. Writing, revision and editing: all. More

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A white truffle (Tuber magnatum Pico) in the laboratory of Robin Pépinières, a nursery in Saint Laurent-du-Cros, France.Philippe Desmazes/AFP via Getty Images

On 10 October 2019, a dog began pawing excitedly at the ground beneath a young oak tree in western France. Its owner eased it out of the way and pulled an Italian white truffle (Tuber magnatum Pico) from the earth. Knobbly, covered in soil and about the size of a hen’s egg, it was not much to look at, but the fungal discovery nonetheless generated ripples of excitement among researchers, chefs and truffle growers worldwide.That’s not just because T. magnatum is the most expensive truffle species, for which wealthy gastronomes are willing to pay up to US$11,000 per kilogram. Although more than 90% of the also highly sought-after black Périgord truffles (Tuber melanosporum) served in restaurants today are farmed, previous attempts to cultivate their more elusive white counterparts had failed.That changed three years ago, when the Lagotto Romagnolo, the Italian dog breed commonly used as a truffle hunter, unearthed the first Italian white truffle confirmed to have been cultivated outside its natural range. The dog made the find at its owner’s plantation in the Nouvelle Aquitaine region of France, but the precise location is being kept secret to deter thieves.Scientists at a laboratory run jointly by France’s National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE) and the University of Lorraine in Nancy reported1 that since that first T. magnatum truffle was unearthed, two more were found at the site in 2019 and four in 2020. In an article published last month in Le Trufficulteur, the magazine of the French Federation of Truffle Growers, the researchers report the cultivation of 26 truffles last year2.“I was very happy to hear these results,” says Alessandra Zambonelli, a mycologist at the University of Bologna, Italy, who has studied Italian white truffles for more than 40 years, and whose own attempts to cultivate them in the 1980s failed. “I was sure it was possible to cultivate T. magnatum, but only now do we have the scientific proof.”The INRAE project is helping growers to better understand the optimal conditions for cultivating Italian white truffles. Some scientists think the breakthrough could help to reverse falls in harvests of wild truffles that have been linked to climate change. Researchers also hope the work will help them to answer outstanding questions about the life cycle of the species and understand why it is so much harder to farm than are other truffles.Farming failureTuber magnatum’s natural range is more limited than those of other sought-after truffles, growing as it does in parts of Italy, southeastern France, the Balkans and Switzerland. It is highly prized for its intense, some say intoxicating, aroma and flavour, variously described as reminiscent of garlic, fermented cheese and methanethiol — the additive that gives domestic gas its smell. Prices fluctuate in line with supply, which varies according to climatic conditions. These hit an all-time high in 2021, when US prices were more than triple what they were in 2019.Most land plants form symbiotic relationships with fungi to access extra water and mineral nutrients. In return, the plants provide their fungal partners, which grow around and into their root tips, with carbon-rich nutrients. These associations are known as mycorrhizae. What most people call truffles are, in fact, just the spore-containing fruiting bodies of the fungus.In the 1970s, French scientists successfully induced Périgord truffles to form mycorrhizal associations with tree seedlings by inoculating the seedlings with their spores. The same technique was used at the time to produce trees with T. magnatum mycorrhizae. More than 500,000 of these were planted in Italy. But when researchers later began using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to accurately identify truffle mycorrhizae, fruiting bodies and the root-like mycelia, it became clear that this species’ physical characteristics had been poorly described, and that, as a result, many of the trees had in fact partnered with less sought-after truffle species.Some sites in Italy did produce T. magnatum truffles 15–20 years after planting, but only in areas where the species occurs naturally. “It is likely that those found so long after being planted came from chance colonization of host plants by native T. magnatum strains in the environment,” says Claudia Riccioni, a plant and fungal biologist at Italy’s Institute of Biosciences and BioResources in Perugia.After the Italian white and Périgord truffles, the next most sought-after species is the summer truffle (Tuber aestivum), which grows in many European countries and sells for much less than its more highly regarded cousins. Plantations of T. aestivum have been established in France, Italy, Scandinavia, Germany and elsewhere.Buried treasuresIn 1999, INRAE researchers joined forces with Robin Pépinières, a nursery based in Saint-Laurent-du-Cros, southern France. Genetic analysis confirmed that the nursery had produced trees that partnered with T. magnatum, leading, from 2008, to the establishment of plantations in France1. In 2018, the INRAE group selected five of these, all outside the part of southeastern France where T. magnatum grows naturally, to see whether it had become established and to record the conditions under which any truffle fruiting bodies were produced.PCR tests confirmed the fungus’s mycelia were present in soil samples taken from near the trees at four of the locations. The first three truffles, found in Nouvelle Aquitaine, were discovered four-and-a-half years after the inoculated trees had been planted. Further PCR tests confirmed they were T. magnatum. The 26 truffles found in 2021 were unearthed beneath 11 different trees, with 5 under one of them. The largest weighed 150g.Mycologists Claude Murat and Cyrille Bach, both members of the INRAE–University of Lorraine lab, were present when one of the four fruiting bodies produced in 2020 was discovered. Asked how sure he was that the truffle grew in the plantation and hadn’t originated elsewhere, Murat said: “I’m 100% sure. We could see the soil had not been disturbed and that grasses were growing there.”Mycorrhizal mysteryPrevious attempts to cultivate Italian white truffles failed in part because their life cycle remains poorly understood. Twenty years ago, it was widely assumed that truffles, including T. magnatum, were self-fertile. However, research then showed they have one of two ‘mating type’ genes, and that the mycelia of individuals of different mating types must meet for reproduction to occur3.A remaining unresolved puzzle is why researchers have found T. magnatum mycorrhizae much harder to locate than those of other truffles. Mycologist Paul Thomas works to establish joint ventures with truffle growers through Mycorrhizal Systems, his UK-based company. He inoculated host trees with T. magnatum, and generated mycorrhizae at the company’s greenhouses in Preston, but these did not last long, so the trials were abandoned.“When you find fruiting bodies, you quite often can’t find mycorrhizae,” says Thomas, “and sometimes you get mycorrhizae but no fruiting bodies. Perhaps, in the case of T. magnatum we’ve become too focused on linking truffle production to mycorrhizae.”When Zambonelli’s group analysed soil from four Italian white-truffle sites over three years, they found a correlation between production of fruiting bodies and a location’s concentration of DNA from T. magnatum mycelia4. Some researchers began to suspect that the host–fungus relationship might not be as important as previously thought, and that T. magnatum might be saprotrophic, meaning that it digests dead or decaying organic matter.However, a 2018 comparison5 of the genomes of truffle species with those of several saprotrophic fungi showed this to be unlikely. “T. magnatum has very few plant-wall-degrading enzymes, which does not support the saprotrophic hypothesis,” says Riccioni, one of the study’s authors. Other researchers have tried to explain the elusiveness of T. magnatum mycorrhizae by pointing out that other truffles can form endophytic relationships with plants in which they which live throughout them, not just at their roots.Murat wonders whether he and others have just been looking in the wrong place. “We look on the roots down to 20 centimetres, never looked at 50 centimetres, even though we know other mycorrhizae can be found at those depths,” he says. “Or perhaps they produce mycorrhizae just for a very short time; we just don’t know.”A growing body of research shows that microorganisms have important roles in truffle life cycles. A 2015 review found that bacteria in T. magnatum fruiting bodies help to create the truffles’ odours6. Zambonelli and her colleagues found that bacteria in T. magnatum fruiting bodies can fix nitrogen for nutritional purposes7. Another Italian team found that microbes commonly associated with white truffles are involved in fruiting-body maturation8. “Some bacteria could also help T. magnatum become established at tree roots and fruiting-body formation,” says Zambonelli.A changing climateGathering accurate statistics on truffle yields before cultivation is difficult, although it is widely accepted that these fell significantly during the twentieth century. One study reports that Périgord truffle harvests in France collapsed from 500–1,000 tonnes annually in the 1900s to 10–50 tonnes by the 2000s. Yields in Italy declined, too, but not by as much, and mostly in the first half of the twentieth century9.The reasons for falls in truffle harvests are complex and vary by location, but researchers have blamed depopulation, loss of knowledge about truffle hunting and deforestation. Some of the older men who featured in the highly rated 2020 documentary The Truffle Hunters, set in Piedmont, northern Italy, say they will take what they know about truffles to the grave rather than pass it on to younger generations because of the greed they see in the industry.

A canine forager and his owner who feature in the 2020 documentary The Truffle Hunters, set in northern Italy.BFA/Alamy

More recently, some researchers have highlighted climate change as another cause of declining yields. Truffle gastronomy and tourism are economically and culturally important in places where truffles occur naturally. That’s certainly true in parts of Croatia, where, from 2003 to 2013, reported annual harvests were 1–3 tonnes for Italian white truffles and 1–6 tonnes for Périgords, except for the years 2009, 2010 and 2013, when they fell to 0.1–0.5 tonnes.Field mycologist Željko Žgrablić at the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb says truffles have become harder to find on the Istria peninsula, where he grew up, in part because of increasingly frequent and severe droughts. Yields have also been affected by big increases in wild-boar populations as a result of warmer winters. The animals forage for the truffles and reduce human harvests, and, according to Žgrablić, also damage the fungus’s mycelia. “The climate has become unpredictable, with more extremes,” says Žgrablić. “It’s hard to prove it, but I think we have fewer white truffles as a result.”In a 2019 study, Thomas analysed annual Périgord truffle yields in the Mediterranean region over a 36-year period10. He concluded that decreased summer rain and increased summer temperatures significantly reduced subsequent winter harvests. He forecast declines of 78–100% in harvests between 2071 and 2100 as a result of further predicted warming. “White truffles need relatively moist soil, so in its natural range it might be okay in mountainous areas but particularly vulnerable in areas where falls in rainfall are predicted,” says Thomas.Future farmingBeyond producing the first confirmed cultivated white truffles, the INRAE project is also generating data on the optimal conditions for production. The soil temperature at the site that yielded the truffles was around 20 °C in the summer, and Murat says that the team’s tests suggest white truffles need more water than do Périgords.So could the increasing knowledge of how best to get Italian white truffles to grow be adopted more widely to help reverse declining yields? Fruiting bodies have been confirmed at only one site, so other growers are waiting to see whether this success will be repeated elsewhere. Murat is in the process of trying to confirm recent claims from two other owners that they, too, have cultivated T. magnatum truffles.Thomas is downbeat about the future of Italian white-truffle cultivation. “In parts of Spain, more and more orchards can no longer irrigate because of water shortages. Already, in France, it is hard to get permission to extract water from rivers for irrigation, and that’s only going to get worse.”Oak trees inoculated with Périgord- and summer-truffle spores are due to be planted later this year in Croatia as part of a collaboration run by the state-owned Croatian Forests. If successful, the group could try white truffles. Žgrablić, who is part of the project, is also advising an enthusiast who planted 650 seedlings inoculated with T. magnatum, also in Croatia, earlier this year. “We’re seeing increasing interest from private investors in cultivating Italian white truffles,” he says. “There is certainly a lot of potential, but what the results will be, I can’t tell.”Alongside his research work, Murat acts as a scientific consultant for WeTruf, a company he co-founded in Nancy that provides advice and monitoring services for truffle farmers. He is cautious about the potential for white-truffle cultivation, if optimistically so. “We are careful when people tell us they want to start big white-truffle plantations,” says Murat. “I tell them ‘we are only at the beginning, we don’t know if it will succeed or not’. But I think there will be more and more plantations, and, if they apply good management practices, I hope, more and more truffles.” More

Effects of aqueous plant extracts on germination and early growth of B. bipinnata by in vitro bioassaysSeed germination and seedling growth of B. bipinnata were investigated after treatment with DT, RC, PT, and JG aqueous extracts to explore the allelopathic effects of these plant species. The pH of the aqueous extracts corresponded to 6.62 for DL, 5.59 for RC, 7.20 for PT, and 7.42 for JG, with no significant difference in pH values between DL and RC extracts or between PT and JG extracts; however, the pH of DL and RC extracts differed significantly (p  1000 cm−1 were attributed to the C − H out-of-plane bending vibration of aliphatic alkenes and aromatic benzene rings49,50.The range between 1800 and 600 cm−1 of the infrared spectra was selected for the PCA, as it is the most representative region of the differences present in the spectra. In the PC1 versus PC2 score plot (Fig. 6), representing 85.78% of the total variance, it is possible to observe the separation of the samples into three distinct groups. The samples of DL and RC extracts formed two distinct groups, since they showed a significant separation in the PC1 axis, with positive and negative scores for PC1, respectively. The samples of JG and PT extracts formed a single group, remaining superimposed and located close to the zero value of PC1, indicating intermediate spectral characteristics in relation to the DL and RC extracts. These results may be correlated with the allelopathic activity of these extracts, since the RC extract showed better performance, followed by the JG and PT extracts, with intermediate performance, and the DL extract showed lower activity compared to the others.Figure 6PCA score plot (PC1 × PC2) of D. lacunifera (DL), R. communis (RC), P. tuberculatum (PT), and J. gossypiifolia (JG) extracts.Full size imageThe PC1 loading plot (Fig. S1) has as main contributors the negative bands associated with signals at approximately 1732, 1595, 1404, 1200–1025, 1049, and 780–600 cm−1, which significantly contributed to the separation of RC extract samples that presented greater intensity than in DL extract samples. On the other hand, the positive bands in PC1 in the region of 780–970 cm−1 were more intense in DL extracts. When evaluating the negative region of the PC1 loading plot, it is possible to observe that the functional groups responsible for the discrimination are probably those present in flavonoids and phenolic acids, corroborating the data in the literature that demonstrate the identification of these compound classes in RC leaves, such as gallic acid, quercetin, gentisic acid, rutin, epicatechin, ellagic acid, etc.51,52,53.The presence of flavonoids can be observed due to the stretching of C=O at approximately 1732 cm−1, C=C of aromatics at 1600 cm−1, C–O at 1200–1000 cm−1, and O–H at 3284–3174 cm−1. Phenolic acids can be verified due to stretching of the O–H of carboxylic acid, C=O and aromatic ring, as well as the C − H out-of-plane bending vibration of aromatic benzene ring at  More