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Diverse oviposition rates of Drosophila females after long exposure to waspsTo investigate whether D. melanogaster change oviposition behavior when they cohabit with Lb female wasps, we designed an experimental procedure and monitored egg laying for a much longer time than in previous experiments – approximately 20 days. Specifically, twenty 3-day-old female and five 3-day-old male D. melanogaster adults were placed in standard fly bottles containing fly food dishes. Flies were housed with twenty 2-day-old Lb female wasps (exposed) or without any female wasps (unexposed). The fly food dishes were replaced daily, and fly eggs were counted daily (Fig. 1a). Consistent with previous observations24, the exposed Drosophila females had significantly reduced oviposition numbers compared to the unexposed flies (Fig. 1b). This response lasted approximately 6 days in the presence of Lb females. After that, we surprisingly found that the number of eggs laid by the exposed flies did not differ from the numbers laid by the unexposed controls (Fig. 1b). This variation led us to speculate that this decreased oviposition may have been induced by the diverse life-threatening pressure when D. melanogaster females encounter different aged wasps, as old ones present less danger to their offspring28,29, or simply indicate that the flies become habituated to the constant presence of wasps.Fig. 1: D. melanogaster oviposition rates are altered in the presence of young Lb females.a Standard oviposition assay design. Each bottle contained twenty Canton-S (CS) female flies and five CS male flies, either with twenty female Lb wasps (exposed) or with no wasps (unexposed). Flies aged 3 days post-eclosion and wasps aged 2 days post-emergence were used. The food dishes were replaced daily, and the eggs laid each day were counted. b The daily number of eggs laid by the unexposed and exposed CS flies. Flies were exposed to wasps for 20 days. The experiment was performed eighteen times. Data represent the mean ± SEM. Significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, p values are indicated in Source Data file (***p  More

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In this picture, I’m face to face with an anaesthetized 250-kilogram male grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), which was caught near Sparwood and Elkford in Canada. With help from conservation inspector Joe Caravetta, who is sitting next to me, and my field technician Laura Smit, I’m putting a GPS-enabled collar on the bear so that we can track his movements.The first time I worked with a bear this size, it was absolutely exhilarating, a real adrenaline rush. I thought, “My whole head could fit inside this animal’s jaws.” Over time, it has become fairly routine. I learnt to trust the anaesthetic — a mix of drugs given using an air-powered dart gun — and we constantly monitor the bears’ vital signs.While I’m attaching the collar, Laura collects hair samples for genetic studies. We measure the bear’s temperature and oxygen levels, and take hair samples to get an idea of his diet. We weigh him, which is quite a challenge: we use a custom-made tarpaulin with handles to wrap him up like a bear taco. We attach the handles to a hanging scale and, with a rope over a tree branch, winch him up. This particular bear is eight years old and has 29% body fat, which is very healthy for spring.Ultimately, the collars will help us to reduce conflict between bears and the people who live in the area — I’ve seen bears rip shed doors off to get to livestock, and peel open an outdoor freezer like a can of sardines.At times, it’s chaos for both humans and bears, and people react by shooting the bear — the most common cause of death for younger ones. Tracking bears with collars will help us to find solutions.From tracking the bears, we’ve learnt that they are adapting their habits to avoid people, and they become more nocturnal as they get older. We’ve helped local communities to adapt, too: we’ve launched cost-share initiatives for electrical fencing, which is a really effective bear deterrent. More

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