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    Microbiota succession throughout life from the cradle to the grave

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    Mapping hydrologic alteration and ecological consequences in stream reaches of the conterminous United States

    Overview of hydrologic and ecological mapping protocolMapping hydrologic and ecological alteration at the stream reach level followed a 7-step process that builds upon several previously published methods (Fig. 1). The steps include: (1) compiling a nationwide dataset of streamflow gauges from the US Geological Survey (USGS) and distinguishing reference and non-reference gages and associated records21,22,23, (2) assembling stream flow records and calculating hydrologic indices23, (3) quantifying hydrologic alteration for stream gages22, (4) developing models to predict hydrologic alteration from human disturbance variables24, (5) using models to extrapolate hydrologic alteration to ungauged stream reaches24, (6) developing empirical models of fish species richness responses to hydrologic alteration17, and (7) mapping fish richness responses to ungauged stream reaches based on modeled estimates of hydrologic alteration. Methodological details are provided in each of the publications cited above; however, an overview of the steps is provided here. We elaborate more fully on the detailed methodology starting at step 3, as this reflects more of the focus of the technical validation of the dataset (Fig. 1).Fig. 1Overview of the 7-step approach used to map hydrologic alteration and ecological consequences in stream reaches of the conterminous US.Full size imageStep 1 – Compiling a nationwide streamflow datasetWe assembled streamflow information for 7,088 USGS stream gages with at least 15 years of daily discharge data as of 2010. We only included gages with at least 15 years of complete annual records (i.e., those with More

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    Modeling the spatial distribution of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of animal diseases in Ethiopia

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