Philippa Kaur

Reichstein, M. et al. Climate extremes and the carbon cycle. Nature 500, 287–295 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
IPCC, 2018. Summary for Policymakers. in Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (eds. Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 32 (World Meteorological Organization, 2018).Kozlowski, T. Carbohydrate sources and sinks in woody plants. Bot. Rev. 58, 107–222 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hartmann, H., Bahn, M., Carbone, M. & Richardson, A. D. Plant carbon allocation in a changing world–challenges and progress: Introduction to a Virtual Issue on carbon allocation. New Phytol. 227, 981–988 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shahzad, T. et al. Contribution of exudates, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and litter depositions to the rhizosphere priming effect induced by grassland species. Soil Biol. Biochem. 80, 146–155 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Williams, A. & de Vries, F. T. Plant root exudation under drought: implications for ecosystem functioning. New Phytol. 225, 1899–1905 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dijkstra, F. A., Zhu, B. & Cheng, W. Root effects on soil organic carbon: a double-edged sword. New Phytol. 230, 60–65 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bakker, P. A. H. M., Pieterse, C. M. J., de Jonge, R. & Berendsen, R. L. The soil-borne legacy. Cell 172, 1178–1180 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mendes, R., Garbeva, P. & Raaijmakers, J. M. The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37, 634–663 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Roberson, E. B. & Firestone, M. K. Relationship between desiccation and exopolysaccharide production in a soil Pseudomonas sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1284–1291 (1992).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Preece, C. & Peñuelas, J. Rhizodeposition under drought and consequences for soil communities and ecosystem resilience. Plant Soil 409, 1–17 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ulrich, D. E. M. et al. Plant-microbe interactions before drought influence plant physiological responses to subsequent severe drought. Sci. Rep. 9, 249 (2019).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Oleghe, E., Naveed, M., Baggs, E. M. & Hallett, P. D. Plant exudates improve the mechanical conditions for root penetration through compacted soils. Plant Soil 421, 19–30 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Clarholm, M., Skyllberg, U. & Rosling, A. Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter—The unbutton model. Soil Biol. Biochem. 84, 168–176 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, W., Xu, G., Bai, J. & Duan, B. Effects of warming and oxalic acid addition on plant–microbial competition in Picea brachytyla. Can. J. For. Res. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0019 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Keiluweit, M. et al. Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 588–595 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhalnina, K. et al. Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate preferences drive patterns in rhizosphere microbial community assembly. Nat. Microbiol. 1, 470–480 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Canarini, A., Kaiser, C., Merchant, A., Richter, A. & Wanek, W. Root exudation of primary metabolites: Mechanisms and their roles in plant responses to environmental stimuli. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 157 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Worchel, E. R., Giauque, H. E. & Kivlin, S. N. Fungal symbionts alter plant drought response. Microb. Ecol. 65, 671–678 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sasse, J., Martinoia, E. & Northen, T. Feed your friends: Do plant exudates shape the root microbiome?. Trends Plant Sci. 23, 25–41 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shade, A. & Stopnisek, N. Abundance-occupancy distributions to prioritize plant core microbiome membership. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 49, 50–58 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhu, B. et al. Rhizosphere priming effects on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 76, 183–192 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X., Tang, C., Severi, J., Butterly, C. R. & Baldock, J. A. Rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation. New Phytol. 211, 864–873 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Henry, A., Doucette, W., Norton, J. & Bugbee, B. Changes in crested wheatgrass root exudation caused by flood, drought, and nutrient stress. J. Environ. Qual. 36, 904–912 (2007).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Calvo, O. C. et al. Atmospheric CO2 enrichment and drought stress modify root exudation of barley. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 1292–1304 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bais, H. P., Weir, T. L., Perry, L. G., Gilroy, S. & Vivanco, J. M. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57, 233–266 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Naylor, D. & Coleman-Derr, D. Drought stress and root-associated bacterial communities. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 2223 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Karst, J., Gaster, J., Wiley, E. & Landhäusser, S. M. Stress differentially causes roots of tree seedlings to exude carbon. Tree Physiol. 37, 154–164 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Preece, C., Farré-Armengol, G., Llusià, J. & Peñuelas, J. Thirsty tree roots exude more carbon. Tree Physiol. 38, 690–695 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brunner, I., Herzog, C., Dawes, M. A., Arend, M. & Sperisen, C. How tree roots respond to drought. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 547 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gargallo-Garriga, A. et al. Root exudate metabolomes change under drought and show limited capacity for recovery. Sci. Rep. 8, 12696 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Muller, B. et al. Water deficits uncouple growth from photosynthesis, increase C content, and modify the relationships between C and growth in sink organs. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 1715–1729 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dong, X., Patton, J., Wang, G., Nyren, P. & Peterson, P. Effect of drought on biomass allocation in two invasive and two native grass species dominating the mixed-grass prairie. Grass Forage Sci. 69, 160–166 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sevanto, S. & Dickman, L. T. Where does the carbon go?—Plant carbon allocation under climate change. Tree Physiol. 35, 581–584 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Qi, Y., Wei, W., Chen, C. & Chen, L. Plant root-shoot biomass allocation over diverse biomes: A global synthesis. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00606 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ruehr, N. K., Grote, R., Mayr, S. & Arneth, A. Beyond the extreme: Recovery of carbon and water relations in woody plants following heat and drought stress. Tree Physiol. 39, 1285–1299 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Farrar, J. & Jones, D. The control of carbon acquisition by roots. New Phytol. 147, 43–53 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Prescott, C. E. et al. Surplus carbon drives allocation and plant-soil interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35, 1110–1118 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Costello, D. Important species of the major forage types in Colorado and Wyoming. Ecol. Monogr. 14, 107–134 (1944).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hunt, H. W. et al. Simulation model for the effects of climate change on temperate grassland ecosystems. Ecol. Model. 53, 205–246 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Follett, R. F., Stewart, C. E., Pruessner, E. G. & Kimble, J. M. Effects of climate change on soil carbon and nitrogen storage in the US Great Plains. J. Soil Water Conserv. 67, 331–342 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Belovsky, G. E. & Slade, J. B. Climate change and primary production: Forty years in a bunchgrass prairie. PLoS ONE 15, e0243496 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuzyakov, Y. & Domanski, G. Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163, 421–431 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Knapp, A. K. & Smith, M. D. Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production. Science 291, 481–484 (2001).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peng, J., Dong, W., Yuan, W. & Zhang, Y. Responses of grassland and forest to temperature and precipitation changes in Northeast China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1063–1077 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Porras-Alfaro, A., Herrera, J., Natvig, D. O. & Sinsabaugh, R. L. Effect of long-term nitrogen fertilization on mycorrhizal fungi associated with a dominant grass in a semiarid grassland. Plant Soil 296, 65–75 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bokhari, U. G., Coleman, D. C. & Rubink, A. Chemistry of root exudates and rhizosphere soils of prairie plants. Can. J. Bot. 57, 1473–1477 (1979).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dormaar, J. F., Tovell, B. C. & Willms, W. D. Fingerprint composition of seedling root exudates of selected grasses. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. J. Range Manag. Arch. 55, 420–423 (2002).
Google Scholar 
Harris, S. A. Grasses (Reaktion Books, 2014).
Google Scholar 
Hoffman, A. M., Bushey, J. A., Ocheltree, T. W. & Smith, M. D. Genetic and functional variation across regional and local scales is associated with climate in a foundational prairie grass. New Phytol. 227, 352–364 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gould, F. W. Grasses of the southwestern United States. (1951).Smith, S. E., Haferkamp, M. R. & Voigt, P. W. Gramas. in Warm-Season (C4) Grasses 975–1002 (Wiley, 2004). https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr45.c30.Jackson, R. D., Paine, L. K. & Woodis, J. E. Persistence of native C4 grasses under high-intensity, short-duration summer bison grazing in the eastern tallgrass prairie. Restor. Ecol. 18, 65–73 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kim, S., Williams, A., Kiniry, J. R. & Hawkes, C. V. Simulating diverse native C4 perennial grasses with varying rainfall. J. Arid Environ. 134, 97–103 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sala, A., Fouts, W. & Hoch, G. Carbon storage in trees: Does relative carbon supply decrease with tree size? In Size-and age-related changes in tree structure and function 287–306 (Springer, 2011).Badri, D. V. & Vivanco, J. M. Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell Environ. 32, 666–681 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yin, H. et al. Enhanced root exudation stimulates soil nitrogen transformations in a subalpine coniferous forest under experimental warming. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 2158–2167 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Drigo, B. et al. Shifting carbon flow from roots into associated microbial communities in response to elevated atmospheric CO2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 10938–10942 (2010).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Eisenhauer, N. et al. Root biomass and exudates link plant diversity with soil bacterial and fungal biomass. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–8 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Karlowsky, S. et al. Drought-induced accumulation of root exudates supports post-drought recovery of microbes in mountain grassland. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1593 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zwetsloot, M. J., Kessler, A. & Bauerle, T. L. Phenolic root exudate and tissue compounds vary widely among temperate forest tree species and have contrasting effects on soil microbial respiration. New Phytol. 218, 530–541 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhen, W. & Schellenberg, M. P. Drought and N addition in the greenhouse experiment: blue grama and western wheatgrass. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. B 2, 29–37 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Bahn, M. et al. Responses of belowground carbon allocation dynamics to extended shading in mountain grassland. New Phytol. 198, 116–126 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Allen, M. F., Smith, W. K., Moore, T. S. & Christensen, M. Comparative water relations and photosynthesis of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal bouteloua gracilis hbk lag ex steud. New Phytol. 88, 683–693 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
Weaver, J. E. Summary and interpretation of underground development in natural grassland communities. Ecol. Monogr. 28, 55–78 (1958).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carvalhais, L. C. et al. Linking plant nutritional status to plant-microbe interactions. PLoS ONE 8, e68555 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dignac, M.-F. & Rumpel, C. Organic matter stabilization and ecosystem functions: proceedings of the fourth conference on the mechanisms of organic matter stabilization and destabilization (SOM-2010, Presqu’île de Giens, France). Biogeochemistry 112, 1–6 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Slama, I., Abdelly, C., Bouchereau, A., Flowers, T. & Savouré, A. Diversity, distribution and roles of osmoprotective compounds accumulated in halophytes under abiotic stress. Ann. Bot. 115, 433–447 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Khaleghi, A. et al. Morphological, physiochemical and antioxidant responses of Maclura pomifera to drought stress. Sci. Rep. 9, 19250 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
de Werra, P., Péchy-Tarr, M., Keel, C. & Maurhofer, M. Role of gluconic acid production in the regulation of biocontrol traits of pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 4162–4174 (2009).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Vyas, P. & Gulati, A. Organic acid production in vitro and plant growth promotion in maize under controlled environment by phosphate-solubilizing fluorescent Pseudomonas. BMC Microbiol. 9, 174 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pang, Z. et al. Differential response to warming of the uptake of nitrogen by plant species in non-degraded and degraded alpine grasslands. J. Soils Sediments 19, 2212–2221 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Blum, A. & Ebercon, A. Genotypic responses in sorghum to drought stress. III. Free proline accumulation and drought resistance1. Crop Sci. 16, 428–431 (1976).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Verbruggen, N. & Hermans, C. Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 35, 753–759 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chun, S. C., Paramasivan, M. & Chandrasekaran, M. Proline accumulation influenced by osmotic stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic plants. Front. Microbiol. 9, 2525 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fu, Y., Ma, H., Chen, S., Gu, T. & Gong, J. Control of proline accumulation under drought via a novel pathway comprising the histone methylase CAU1 and the transcription factor ANAC055. J. Exp. Bot. 69, 579–588 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dien, D. C., Mochizuki, T. & Yamakawa, T. Effect of various drought stresses and subsequent recovery on proline, total soluble sugar and starch metabolisms in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Plant Prod. Sci. 22, 530–545 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Traoré, O., Groleau-Renaud, V., Plantureux, S., Tubeileh, A. & Boeuf-Tremblay, V. Effect of root mucilage and modelled root exudates on soil structure. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 51, 575–581 (2000).
Google Scholar 
Harun, S., Abdullah-Zawawi, M.-R., A-Rahman, M. R. A., Muhammad, N. A. N. & Mohamed-Hussein, Z.-A. SuCComBase: A manually curated repository of plant sulfur-containing compounds. Database J. Biol. Databases Curation 219, 21 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Steinauer, K., Chatzinotas, A. & Eisenhauer, N. Root exudate cocktails: the link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms?. Ecol. Evol. 6, 7387–7396 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kraus, T. E. C., Dahlgren, R. A. & Zasoski, R. J. Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems—A review. Plant Soil 256, 41–66 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Madritch, M., Cavender-Bares, J., Hobbie, S. E. & Townsend, P. A. Linking foliar traits to belowground processes. In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity (eds Cavender-Bares, J. et al.) 173–197 (Springer, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_8.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Shaw, L. J., Morris, P. & Hooker, J. E. Perception and modification of plant flavonoid signals by rhizosphere microorganisms. Environ. Microbiol. 8, 1867–1880 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ray, S. et al. Modulation in phenolic root exudate profile of Abelmoschus esculentus expressing activation of defense pathway. Microbiol. Res. 207, 100–107 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Walker, T. S., Bais, H. P., Grotewold, E. & Vivanco, J. M. Root exudation and rhizosphere biology. Plant Physiol. 132, 44–51 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Popa, V. I., Dumitru, M., Volf, I. & Anghel, N. Lignin and polyphenols as allelochemicals. Ind. Crops Prod. 27, 144–149 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Badri, D. V., Chaparro, J. M., Zhang, R., Shen, Q. & Vivanco, J. M. Application of natural blends of phytochemicals derived from the root exudates of Arabidopsis to the soil reveal that phenolic-related compounds predominantly modulate the soil microbiome. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 4502–4512 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
el Haichar, F. Z., Santaella, C., Heulin, T. & Achouak, W. Root exudates mediated interactions belowground. Soil Biol. Biochem. 77, 69–80 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Northup, R. R., Yu, Z., Dahlgren, R. A. & Vogt, K. A. Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter. Nature 377, 227 (1995).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schmidt-Rohr, K., Mao, J.-D. & Olk, D. Nitrogen-bonded aromatics in soil organic matter and their implications for a yield decline in intensive rice cropping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 6351–6354 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Salminen, J. & Karonen, M. Chemical ecology of tannins and other phenolics: We need a change in approach. Funct. Ecol. 25, 325–338 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ghanbary, E. et al. Drought and pathogen effects on survival, leaf physiology, oxidative damage, and defense in two middle eastern oak species. Forests 12, 247 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Baetz, U. & Martinoia, E. Root exudates: the hidden part of plant defense. Trends Plant Sci. 19, 90–98 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fan, T.W.-M., Lane, A. N., Pedler, J., Crowley, D. & Higashi, R. M. Comprehensive analysis of organic ligands in whole root exudates using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 251, 57–68 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Qiao, M. et al. Analysis of the phenolic compounds in root exudates produced by a subalpine coniferous species as responses to experimental warming and nitrogen fertilisation. Chem. Ecol. 30, 555–565 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hussein, R. A. & El-Anssary, A. A. Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants. Herbal Medicine (IntechOpen, 2018). https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76139.Oburger, E. & Jones, D. L. Sampling root exudates–mission impossible?. Rhizosphere 6, 116–133 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vives-Peris, V., de Ollas, C., Gómez-Cadenas, A. & Pérez-Clemente, R. M. Root exudates: From plant to rhizosphere and beyond. Plant Cell Rep. 39, 3–17 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chaparro, J. M., Badri, D. V. & Vivanco, J. M. Rhizosphere microbiome assemblage is affected by plant development. ISME J. 8, 790–803 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mönchgesang, S. et al. Natural variation of root exudates in Arabidopsis thaliana-linking metabolomic and genomic data. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–1 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sandnes, A., Eldhuset, T. D. & Wollebæk, G. Organic acids in root exudates and soil solution of Norway spruce and silver birch. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 259–269 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Prescott, C. E. & Grayston, S. J. Tree species influence on microbial communities in litter and soil: Current knowledge and research needs. For. Ecol. Manag. 309, 19–27 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miao, Y., Lv, J., Huang, H., Cao, D. & Zhang, S. Molecular characterization of root exudates using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J. Environ. Sci. 98, 22–30 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grayston, S. J., Vaughan, D. & Jones, D. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: The importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Appl. Soil Ecol. 5, 29–56 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Phillips, R. P., Erlitz, Y., Bier, R. & Bernhardt, E. S. New approach for capturing soluble root exudates in forest soils. Funct. Ecol. 22, 990–999 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ulrich, D. E. M., Sevanto, S., Peterson, S., Ryan, M. & Dunbar, J. Effects of soil microbes on functional traits of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedling families from contrasting climates. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1643 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Preece, C., Farré-Armengol, G., Llusià, J. & Peñuelas, J. Thirsty tree roots exude more carbon. Tree Physiol https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx163 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Nguyen, C. Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: Mechanisms and controls. Agronomie 23, 375–396 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Viant, M. R. & Sommer, U. Mass spectrometry based environmental metabolomics: A primer and review. Metabolomics 9, 144–158 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fiehn, O. Metabolomics by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Combined targeted and untargeted profiling. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 114, 30.4.1-30.4.32 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hiller, K. et al. MetaboliteDetector: comprehensive analysis tool for targeted and nontargeted GC/MS based metabolome analysis. Anal. Chem. 81, 3429–3439 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kind, T. et al. FiehnLib: Mass spectral and retention index libraries for metabolomics based on quadrupole and time-of-flight gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 81, 10038–10048 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Delaglio, F. et al. NMRPipe: A multidimensional spectral processing system based on UNIX pipes. J. Biomol. NMR 6, 277–293 (1995).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ulrich, E. L. et al. BioMagResBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D402–D408 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dittmar, T., Koch, B., Hertkorn, N. & Kattner, G. A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 6, 230–235 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tfaily, M. M., Hodgkins, S., Podgorski, D. C., Chanton, J. P. & Cooper, W. T. Comparison of dialysis and solid-phase extraction for isolation and concentration of dissolved organic matter prior to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 404, 447–457 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tolić, N. et al. Formularity: Software for automated formula assignment of natural and other organic matter from ultrahigh-resolution mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 89, 12659–12665 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. & Westfall, P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom. J. 50, 346–363 (2008).MathSciNet 
PubMed 
MATH 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pang, Z. et al. MetaboAnalyst 5.0: Narrowing the gap between raw spectra and functional insights. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, W388–W396 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tfaily, M. M. et al. Vertical stratification of peat pore water dissolved organic matter composition in a peat bog in Northern Minnesota. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 123, 479–494 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Krevelen, D. Graphical-statistical method for the study of structure and reaction processes of coal. Fuel 29, 269–284 (1950).
Google Scholar 
Pett-Ridge, J. et al. Rhizosphere carbon turnover from cradle to grave: The role of microbe–plant interactions. in Rhizosphere Biology: Interactions Between Microbes and Plants 51–73 (Springer, 2021).Kuo, Y.-H., Lambein, F., Ikegami, F. & Parijs, R. V. Isoxazolin-5-ones and amino acids in root exudates of pea and sweet pea seedlings. Plant Physiol. 70, 1283–1289 (1982).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yoon, M.-Y. et al. Antifungal activity of benzoic acid from bacillus subtilis GDYA-1 against fungal phytopathogens. Res. Plant Dis. 18, 109–116 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Neumann, G. et al. Root exudation and root development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Tizian) as affected by different soils. Front. Microbiol. 5, 2 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Servillo, L. et al. Betaines and related ammonium compounds in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). Food Chem. 196, 1301–1309 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Guo, J. The influence of tall fescue cultivar and endophyte status on root exudate chemistry and rhizosphere processes. (2014).Loewus, F. A. & Murthy, P. P. N. myo-Inositol metabolism in plants. Plant Sci. 150, 1–19 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Valluru, R. & Van den Ende, W. Myo-inositol and beyond—Emerging networks under stress. Plant Sci. 181, 387–400 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Allard-Massicotte, R. et al. Bacillus subtilis early colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots involves multiple chemotaxis receptors. MBio 7, e01664-16 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Muthuramalingam, P. et al. Global analysis of threonine metabolism genes unravel key players in rice to improve the abiotic stress tolerance. Sci. Rep. 8, 9270 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chahed, A. et al. The rare sugar tagatose differentially inhibits the growth of Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora cinnamomi by interfering with mitochondrial processes. Front. Microbiol. 11, 128 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mochizuki, S. et al. The rare sugar d-tagatose protects plants from downy mildews and is a safe fungicidal agrochemical. Commun. Biol. 3, 1–15 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chapin III, F. S. The cost of tundra plant structures: evaluation of concepts and currencies. The American Naturalist, 133(1), 1–19 (1989). More

Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative More

Snyder-Mackler, N. et al. Science 368, eaax9553 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wrzus, C., Hänel, M., Wagner, J. & Neyer, F. J. Psychol. Bull. 139, 53–80 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. & Wardle, J. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 5797–5801 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Almeling, L., Hammerschmidt, K., Sennhenn-Reulen, H., Freund, A. M. & Fischer, J. Curr. Biol. 26, 1744–1749 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosati, A. G. et al. Science 370, 473–476 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schino, G. & Pinzaglia, M. Am. J. Primatol. 80, e22746–e22747 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Machanda, Z. P. & Rosati, A. G. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 375, 20190620 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kroeger, S. B., Blumstein, D. T. & Martin, J. G. A. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 376, 20190745 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Weiss, M. N. et al. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 288, 20210617 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Albery, G. F. et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01817-9 (2022).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Siracusa, E. R., Higham, J. P., Snyder-Mackler, N. & Brent, L. J. N. Biol. Lett. 18, 20210643 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nussey, D. H., Coulson, T., Festa-Bianchet, M. & Gaillard, J. M. Funct. Ecol. 22, 393–406 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nussey, D. H., Froy, H., Lemaître, J.-F., Gaillard, J.-M. & Austad, S. N. Ageing Res. Rev. 12, 214–225 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Wanger, T. C. et al. Integrating agroecological production in a robust post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1150–1152 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Newbold, T. et al. Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520, 45–50 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Amundson, R. et al. Soil and human security in the 21st century. Science 348, 1261071 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Robertson, G. P. & Vitousek, P. M. Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the cost of an essential resource. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34, 97–125 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Campbell, B. M. et al. Agriculture production as a major driver of the Earth system exceeding planetary boundaries. Ecol. Soc. 22, 8 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kremen, C. & Merenlender, A. M. Landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Science 362, eaau6020 (2018).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Krebs, A. V. The Corporate Reapers: The Book of Agribusiness (Essential Books, 1992).Mortensen, D. A. & Smith, R. G. Confronting barriers to cropping system diversification. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 4, 564197 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
2017 Census of Agriculture – 2019 Organic Survey (USDA NASS, 2020); https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/index.phpFarms and Land in Farms 2019 Summary (USDA NASS, 2020); https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/5712m6524Reganold, J. P. & Wachter, J. M. Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nat. Plants 2, 15221 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Muller, A. et al. Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nat. Commun. 8, 1290 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lori, M., Symnaczik, S., Mäder, P., De Deyn, G. & Gattinger, A. Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity—a meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS ONE 12, e0180442 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Seufert, V. & Ramankutty, N. Many shades of gray—the context-dependent performance of organic agriculture. Sci. Adv. 3, e1602638 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
USDA AMS. National Organic Program; Final Rule, 7 CFR Part 205. Fed. Regist. 65, 80547–80684 (2000).
Google Scholar 
Wezel, A. et al. Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 29, 503–515 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tamburini, G. et al. Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba1715 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kleijn, D. et al. Ecological intensification: bridging the gap between science and practice. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 154–166 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D. & Potts, S. G. Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 230–238 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kremen, C. & Miles, A. Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems: benefits, externalities, and trade-offs. Ecol. Soc. 17, 40 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Bowles, T. M. et al. Long-term evidence shows that crop-rotation diversification increases agricultural resilience to adverse growing conditions in North America. One Earth 2, 284–293 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wood, S. A. et al. Functional traits in agriculture: agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 531–539 (2015).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Faucon, M.-P., Houben, D. & Lambers, H. Plant functional traits: soil and ecosystem services. Trends Plant Sci. 22, 385–394 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
D’Hose, T. et al. The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: a case study on the effect of farm compost application. Appl. Soil Ecol. 75, 189–198 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fließbach, A., Oberholzer, H.-R., Gunst, L. & Mäder, P. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 118, 273–284 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Francioli, D. et al. Mineral vs. organic amendments: microbial community structure, activity and abundance of agriculturally relevant microbes are driven by long-term fertilization strategies. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1446 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nunes, M. R., Karlen, D. L., Veum, K. S., Moorman, T. B. & Cambardella, C. A. Biological soil health indicators respond to tillage intensity: a US meta-analysis. Geoderma 369, 114335 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Blanco-Canqui, H. & Ruis, S. J. No-tillage and soil physical environment. Geoderma 326, 164–200 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Willekens, K., Vandecasteele, B., Buchan, D. & De Neve, S. Soil quality is positively affected by reduced tillage and compost in an intensive vegetable cropping system. Appl. Soil Ecol. 82, 61–71 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dainese, M. et al. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax0121 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Albrecht, M. et al. The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis. Ecol. Lett. 23, 1488–1498 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chaplin-Kramer, R., de Valpine, P., Mills, N. J. & Kremen, C. Detecting pest control services across spatial and temporal scales. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 181, 206–212 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Martin, E. A. et al. The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe. Ecol. Lett. 22, 1083–1094 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Karp, D. S. et al. Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape composition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E7863–E7870 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, X., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Dahlgren, R. A. & Eitzel, M. A review of vegetated buffers and a meta-analysis of their mitigation efficacy in reducing nonpoint source pollution. J. Environ. Qual. 39, 76–84 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Eyhorn, F. et al. Sustainability in global agriculture driven by organic farming. Nat. Sustain. 2, 253–255 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Buck, D., Getz, C. & Guthman, J. From farm to table: the organic vegetable commodity chain of northern California. Sociol. Rural. 37, 3–20 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guthman, J. Raising organic: an agro-ecological assessment of grower practices in California. Agric. Hum. Values 17, 257–266 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guthman, J. The trouble with ‘organic lite’ in California: a rejoinder to the ‘conventionalisation’ debate. Sociol. Rural. 44, 301–316 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Darnhofer, I., Lindenthal, T., Bartel-Kratochvil, R. & Zollitsch, W. Conventionalisation of organic farming practices: from structural criteria towards an assessment based on organic principles. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30, 67–81 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Constance, D. H., Choi, J. Y. & Lyke-Ho-Gland, H. Conventionalization, bifurcation, and quality of life: certified and non-certified organic farmers in Texas. J. Rural Soc. Sci. 23, 208–234 (2008).
Google Scholar 
2017 Census of Agriculture – United States Summary and State Data (USDA NASS, 2019); https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/index.php2017 Census of Agriculture: Characteristics of All Farms and Farms with Organic Sales (USDA NASS, 2019); https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/index.phpPonisio, L. C. et al. Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20141396 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wezel, A. et al. Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34, 1–20 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gomiero, T., Pimentel, D. & Paoletti, M. G. Environmental impact of different agricultural management practices: conventional vs. organic agriculture. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 30, 95–124 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tittonell, P. et al. Agroecology in large scale farming—a research agenda. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 4, 584605 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Haan, N. L., Zhang, Y. & Landis, D. A. Predicting landscape configuration effects on agricultural pest suppression. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35, 175–186 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Martin, E. A., Seo, B., Park, C.-R., Reineking, B. & Steffan-Dewenter, I. Scale-dependent effects of landscape composition and configuration on natural enemy diversity, crop herbivory, and yields. Ecol. Appl. 26, 448–462 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tscharntke, T. et al. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes – eight hypotheses. Biol. Rev. 87, 661–685 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Olimpi, E. M. et al. Evolving food safety pressures in California’s central coast region. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 3, 102 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Karp, D. S. et al. The unintended ecological and social impacts of food safety regulations in California’s central coast region. BioScience 65, 1173–1183 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bovay, J., Ferrier, P. & Zhen, C. Estimated Costs for Fruit and Vegetable Producers To Comply With the Food Safety Modernization Act’s Produce Rule, EIB-195 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2018).Coombes, B. & Campbell, H. Dependent reproduction of alternative modes of agriculture: organic farming in New Zealand. Sociol. Rural. 38, 127–145 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hughner, R. S., McDonagh, P., Prothero, A., Shultz, C. J. & Stanton, J. Who are organic food consumers? A compilation and review of why people purchase organic food. J. Consum. Behav. 6, 94–110 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, E. & Marsden, T. Exploring the ‘limits to growth’ in UK organics: beyond the statistical image. J. Rural Stud. 20, 345–357 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Howard, P. H. Concentration and Power in the Food System: Who Controls What We Eat? (Bloomsbury, 2016).Arcuri, A. The transformation of organic regulation: the ambiguous effects of publicization. Regul. Gov. 9, 144–159 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N. & Mayerhofer, T. What is this thing called organic? – How organic farming is codified in regulations. Food Policy 68, 10–20 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guthman, J. in Alternative Food Politics: From the Margins to the Mainstream (eds. Phillipov, M. & Kirkwood, K.) 23–36 (Routledge, 2019).Jaffee, D. & Howard, P. H. Corporate cooptation of organic and fair trade standards. Agric. Hum. Values 27, 387–399 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Campbell, H. & Rosin, C. After the ‘organic industrial complex’: an ontological expedition through commercial organic agriculture in New Zealand. J. Rural Stud. 27, 350–361 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lockie, S. & Halpin, D. The ‘conventionalisation’ thesis reconsidered: structural and ideological transformation of Australian organic agriculture. Sociol. Rural. 45, 284–307 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Prokopy, L. S. et al. Adoption of agricultural conservation practices in the United States: evidence from 35 years of quantitative literature. J. Soil Water Conserv. 74, 520–534 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pretty, J. et al. Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nat. Sustain. 1, 441–446 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gliessman, S. Transforming food systems with agroecology. Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst. 40, 187–189 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hill, S. B. Redesigning the food system for sustainability. Alternatives 12, 32–36 (1985).
Google Scholar 
Padel, S., Levidow, L. & Pearce, B. UK farmers’ transition pathways towards agroecological farm redesign: evaluating explanatory models. Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst. 44, 139–163 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Esquivel, K. E. et al. The ‘sweet spot’ in the middle: why do mid-scale farms adopt diversification practices at higher rates? Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 5, 734088 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brislen, L. Meeting in the middle: scaling-up and scaling-over in alternative food networks. Cult. Agric. Food Environ. 40, 105–113 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
De Master, K. New inquiries into the agri-cultures of the middle. Cult. Agric. Food Environ. 40, 130–135 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021).Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lenth, R. V. emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.7.4-1 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans (2021).Wasserstein, R. L. & Lazar, N. A. The ASA statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose. Am. Stat. 70, 129–133 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krueger, J. I. & Heck, P. R. Putting the P-value in its place. Am. Stat. 73, 122–128 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wasserstein, R. L., Schirm, A. L. & Lazar, N. A. Moving to a world beyond ‘p < 0.05’. Am. Stat. 73(Suppl. 1), 1–19 (2019).Article  Google Scholar  Agresti, A. Categorical Data Analysis (Wiley, 2013). More

Our long-term surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Austria demonstrated that WBE alone yields a time-resolved map of the genetic dynamics during a pandemic. Yet one task of pathogenomic surveillance is to link genetic pathogen information with clinical manifestation and the immunological status of patients. WBE is limited in that regard since the available data are anonymized to start with. Nonetheless, WBE provides invaluable population-level guidance on epidemiological developments, which complements case-based surveillance and provides information for optimal resource allocation. This notion can also be transferred to a global perspective. WBE provides a tool to shed light on blind spots of pathogen surveillance in places and communities with poor healthcare accessibility. If carefully set up and used in respectful and coequal terms, WBE of infectious diseases could make an important contribution to global safety.To this end, several challenges must be overcome. Current WBE methods need to be expanded to other pathogens beyond SARS-CoV-2 and validated with case-based epidemiological data. Furthermore, current methods must be adapted and optimized to be applicable in locations without a centralized sewer infrastructure5. Finally, international sharing of wastewater-based pathogen sequencing data will be needed to unleash the full potential of WBE for global pathogen surveillance.We are confident that our study will support initiatives already working in these directions, as well as encouraging intensified efforts to exploit such population-level surveillance approaches in the global fight against infectious diseases.
Fabian Amman
1
& Andreas Bergthaler
2

1
CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

2
Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria More

Field-data collectionFieldwork was conducted in DRC between January 2018 and March 2020. Ten transects (4–11 km long) were installed, identical to the approach in ref. 9, in locations that were highly likely to be peatland. These were selected to help test hypotheses about the role of vegetation, surface wetness, nutrient status and topography in peat accumulation (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Table 1). A further eight transects (0.5–3 km long) were installed to assess our peat mapping capabilities (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Table 1).Every 250 m along each transect, land cover was classified as one of six classes: water, savannah, terra firme forest, non-peat-forming seasonally inundated forest, hardwood-dominated peat swamp forest or palm-dominated peat swamp forest. Peat swamp forest was classified as palm dominated when >50% of the canopy, estimated by eye, was palms (commonly Raphia laurentii or Raphia sese). In addition, several ground-truth points were collected at locations in the vicinity of each transect from the clearly identifiable land-cover classes water, savannah and terra firme forest.Peat presence/absence was recorded every 250 m along all transects, and peat thickness (if present) was measured by inserting metal poles into the ground until the poles were prevented from going any further by the underlying mineral layer, identical to the pole method of ref. 9. In addition, a core of the full peat profile was extracted every kilometre along the ten hypothesis-testing transects, if peat was present, with a Russian-type corer (52 mm stainless steel Eijkelkamp model); these 63 cores were sealed in plastic for laboratory analysis.Peat-thickness laboratory measurementsPeat was defined as having an organic matter (OM) content of ≥65% and a thickness of ≥0.3 m (sensu ref. 9). Therefore, down-core OM content of all 63 cores was analysed to measure peat thickness. The organic matter content of each 0.1-m-thick peat sample was estimated via loss on ignition (LOI), whereby samples were heated at 550 °C for 4 h. The mass fraction lost after heating was used as an estimate of total OM content (% of mass). Peat thickness was defined as the deepest 0.1 m with OM ≥ 65%, after which there is a transition to mineral soil. Samples below this depth were excluded from further analysis. Rare mineral intrusions into the peat layer above this depth, where OM 4× the mean Cook’s distance were excluded as influential outliers. Mean pole-method offset was significantly higher along the DRC transects (0.94 m) than along those in ROC (0.48 m; P  More

Ioannidis, J. P. A., Fanelli, D., Dunne, D. D. & Goodman, S. N. Meta-research: evaluation and improvement of research methods and practices. PLoS Biol. 13, e1002264 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hampton, S. E. et al. The Tao of open science for ecology. Ecosphere 6, art120 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rothstein, H. R., Sutton, A. J. & Borenstein, M. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments (John Wiley & Sons, 2005).Sutton, A. J. in The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (eds Cooper, H. et al.) 435–452 (Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).Nakagawa, S., Koricheva, J., Macleod, M. & Viechtbauer, W. Introducing our series: research synthesis and meta-research in biology. BMC Biol. 18, 20 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nakagawa, S. et al. A new ecosystem for evidence synthesis. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 498–501 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Coolidge, H. J. & Lord, R. H. in Archibald Cary Coolidge: Life and Letters 308 (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1932).Nickerson, R. S. Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2, 175–220 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Touchon, J. C. & McCoy, M. W. The mismatch between current statistical practice and doctoral training in ecology. Ecosphere 7, e01394 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Begley, C. G. & Ellis, L. M. Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature 483, 531–533 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Aarts, A. A. et al. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science 349, aac4716 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Camerer, C. F. et al. Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 637–644 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fraser, H., Parker, T., Nakagawa, S., Barnett, A. & Fidler, F. Questionable research practices in ecology and evolution. PLoS ONE 13, e0200303 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Culina, A., van den Berg, I., Evans, S. & Sánchez-Tójar, A. Low availability of code in ecology: a call for urgent action. PLoS Biol. 18, e3000763 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jennions, M. D. & Møller, A. P. Publication bias in ecology and evolution: an empirical assessment using the ‘trim and fill’ method. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 77, 211–222 (2002).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jennions, M. D. & Møller, A. P. A survey of the statistical power of research in behavioral ecology and animal behavior. Behav. Ecol. 14, 438–445 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cassey, P., Ewen, J. G., Blackburn, T. M. & Møller, A. P. A survey of publication bias within evolutionary ecology. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S451–S454 (2004).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kardish, M. R. et al. Blind trust in unblinded observation in ecology, evolution, and behavior. Front. Ecol. Evol. 3, 51 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jennions, M. D. & Møller, A. P. Relationships fade with time: a meta-analysis of temporal trends in publication in ecology and evolution. Proc. Biol. Sci. 269, 43–48 (2002).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Baker, M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Nature 533, 452–454 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chalmers, I. & Glasziou, P. Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence. Lancet 374, 86–89 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Altman, D. G. The scandal of poor medical research. BMJ 308, 283–284 (1994).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Glasziou, P. & Chalmers, I. Is 85% of health research really ‘wasted’? BMJ Opinion (14 January 2016).Glasziou, P. & Chalmers, I. Research waste is still a scandal. BMJ 363, k4645 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chalmers, I. et al. How to increase value and reduce waste when research priorities are set. Lancet 383, 156–165 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kunin, W. E. Robust evidence of declines in insect abundance and biodiversity. Nature 574, 641–642 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Christie, A. P. et al. Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences. Nat. Commun. 11, 6377 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Campbell, H. A. et al. Finding our way: on the sharing and reuse of animal telemetry data in Australasia. Sci. Total Environ. 534, 79–84 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koricheva, J. Non-significant results in ecology: a burden or a blessing in disguise? Oikos 102, 397–401 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, L. T. & Adams, M. A. Assessment of ecological effects due to forest harvesting: approaches and statistical issues. J. Appl. Ecol. 41, 585–598 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. A nonparametric ‘trim and fill’ method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 95, 89–98 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Brlík, V. et al. Weak effects of geolocators on small birds: a meta-analysis controlled for phylogeny and publication bias. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 207–220 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hurlbert, S. H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54, 187–211 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jennions, M. D. & Møller, A. P. A survey of the statistical power of research in behavioral ecology and animal behaviour. Behav. Ecol. 14, 438–445 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Culina, A., Purgar, M. & Klanjscek, T. Datasets and codes for Purgar et al. 2022: quantifying research waste in ecology. Zenodo https://zenodo.org/record/6566100#.YrLWB-zMIqs (2022).Ferguson, C. et al. Europe PMC in 2020. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, D1507–D1514 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Huang, C.-K. et al. Meta-Research: Evaluating the impact of open access policies on research institutions. eLife 9, e57067 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ross-Hellauer, T. Open science, done wrong, will compound inequities. Nature 603, 363 (2022).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, A. C. et al. Assessing the effect of article processing charges on the geographic diversity of authors using Elsevier’s ‘Mirror journal’ system. Quant. Sci. Stud. 2, 1123–1143 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Christie, A. P. et al. Reducing publication delay to improve the efficiency and impact of conservation science. PeerJ 9, e12245 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Desjardins-Proulx, P. et al. The case for open preprints in biology. PLoS Biol. 11, e1001563 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Munafò, M. R. et al. A manifesto for reproducible science. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1, 0021 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
O’Dea, R. E. et al. Towards open, reliable, and transparent ecology and evolutionary biology. BMC Biol. 19, 68 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Culina, A. et al. Navigating the unfolding open data landscape in ecology and evolution. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 420–426 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Culina, A., Crowther, T. W., Ramakers, J. J. C., Gienapp, P. & Visser, M. E. How to do meta-analysis of open datasets. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1053–1056 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Roche, D. G., Kruuk, L. E. B., Lanfear, R. & Binning, S. A. Public data archiving in ecology and evolution: how well are we doing? PLoS Biol. 13, e1002295 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Grainger, M. J., Bolam, F. C., Stewart, G. B. & Nilsen, E. B. Evidence synthesis for tackling research waste. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 495–497 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nørgaard, B. et al. Systematic reviews are rarely used to inform study design—a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 145, 1–13 (2022).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Webb, J. A. et al. Weaving common threads in environmental causal assessment methods: toward an ideal method for rapid evidence synthesis. Freshw. Sci. 36, 250–256 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Collins, A., Coughlin, D., Miller, J. & Kirk, S. The Production of Quick Scoping Reviews and Rapid Evidence Assessments: A How to Guide (Joint Water Evidence Group, 2015).Carrick, J. et al. Is planting trees the solution to reducing flood risks? J. Flood Risk Manag. 12, e12484 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nuñez, M. A. & Amano, T. Monolingual searches can limit and bias results in global literature reviews. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 264 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Morrison, A. et al. The effect of English-language restriction on systematic review-based meta-analyses: a systematic review of empirical studies. Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care 28, 138–144 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wu, T., Li, Y., Bian, Z., Liu, G. & Moher, D. Randomized trials published in some Chinese journals: how many are randomized? Trials 10, 46 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vorobeichik, E. L. & Kozlov, M. V. Impact of point polluters on terrestrial ecosystems: methodology of research, experimental design, and typical errors. Russ. J. Ecol. 43, 89–96 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D. & Simonsohn, U. False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychol. Sci. 22, 1359–1366 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015).MacCoun, R. & Perlmutter, S. Blind analysis: hide results to seek the truth. Nature 526, 187–189 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Parker, T. H. et al. Transparency in ecology and evolution: real problems, real solutions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 711–719 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Announcement: reducing our irreproducibility. Nature 496, 398 (2013).Moher, D. et al. Increasing value and reducing waste in biomedical research: who’s listening? Lancet 387, 1573–1586 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Smaldino, P. E. & McElreath, R. The natural selection of bad science. R. Soc. Open Sci. 3, 160384 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vrieze, J. Landmark research integrity survey finds questionable practices are surprisingly common. ScienceInsider https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/landmark-research-integrity-survey-finds-questionable-practices-are-surprisingly-common (2021).Woolston, C. Impact factor abandoned by Dutch university in hiring and promotion decisions. Nature 595, 462 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission). Towards a Reform of the Research Assessment System. Scoping Report (Publications Office, 2021).Athena Research & Innovation Center, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission), PPMI, UNU-MERIT. Monitoring the Open Access Policy of Horizon 2020. Final report (European Commission, 2021).Kwon, D. University of California and Elsevier forge open-access deal. TheScientist https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/university-of-california-and-elsevier-forge-open-access-deal–68557 (2021).Vines, T. H. et al. Mandated data archiving greatly improves access to research data. FASEB J. 27, 1304–1308 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
NPQIP Collaborative Group. Did a change in Nature journals’ editorial policy for life sciences research improve reporting? BMJ Open Sci. 3, e000035 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Glasziou, P. et al. Reducing waste from incomplete or unusable reports of biomedical research. Lancet 383, 267–276 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fecher, B. & Friesike, S. in Opening Science: the Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing (eds Bartling, S. & Friesike, S.) 17–47 (Springer International Publishing, 2014).Hardwicke, T. E. et al. Calibrating the scientific ecosystem through meta-research. Annu. Rev. Stat. Appl. 7, 11–37 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
McKiernan, E. C. et al. How open science helps researchers succeed. eLife 5, e16800 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fidler, F. et al. Metaresearch for evaluating reproducibility in ecology and evolution. Bioscience 67, 282–289 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Cornwall, C. E. & Hurd, C. L. Experimental design in ocean acidification research: problems and solutions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73, 572–581 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fidler, F., Burgman, M. A., Cumming, G., Buttrose, R. & Thomason, N. Impact of criticism of null-hypothesis significance testing on statistical reporting practices in conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 20, 1539–1544 (2006).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Forstmeier, W. & Schielzeth, H. Cryptic multiple hypotheses testing in linear models: overestimated effect sizes and the winner’s curse. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 47–55 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gillespie, B. R., Desmet, S., Kay, P., Tillotson, M. R. & Brown, L. E. A critical analysis of regulated river ecosystem responses to managed environmental flows from reservoirs. Freshw. Biol. 60, 410–425 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Haddaway, N. R., Styles, D. & Pullin, A. S. Evidence on the environmental impacts of farm land abandonment in high altitude/mountain regions: a systematic map. Environ. Evid. 3, 17 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Heffner, R. A., Butler, M. J. & Reilly, C. K. Pseudoreplication revisited. Ecology 77, 2558–2562 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Holman, L., Head, M. L., Lanfear, R. & Jennions, M. D. Evidence of experimental bias in the life sciences: why we need blind data recording. PLoS Biol. 13, e1002190 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hurlbert, S. H. & White, M. D. Experiments with freshwater invertebrate zooplanktivores: quality of statistical analyses. Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 128–153 (1993).
Google Scholar 
Johnson, W. T.3rd & Freeberg, T. M. Pseudoreplication in use of predator stimuli in experiments on antipredator responses. Anim. Behav. 119, 161–164 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kozlov, M. V. Pseudoreplication in ecological research: the problem overlooked by Russian scientists. Zh. Obshch. Biol. 64, 292–307 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kozlov, M. V. Plant studies on fluctuating asymmetry in Russia: mythology and methodology. Russ. J. Ecol. 48, 1–9 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
McDonald, S., Cresswell, T., Hassell, K. & Keough, M. Experimental design and statistical analysis in aquatic live animal radiotracing studies: a systematic review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 2772–2801 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Møller, A. P., Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S. W. Direct and indirect tests for publication bias: asymmetry and sexual selection. Anim. Behav. 70, 497–506 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mrosovsky, N. & Godfrey, M. H. The path from grey literature to Red Lists. Endang. Species Res. 6, 185–191 (2008).
Google Scholar 
O’Brien, C., van Riper, C.3rd & Myers, D. E. Making reliable decisions in the study of wildlife diseases: using hypothesis tests, statistical power, and observed effects. J. Wildl. Dis. 45, 700–712 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Parker, T. H. What do we really know about the signalling role of plumage colour in blue tits? A case study of impediments to progress in evolutionary biology. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 88, 511–536 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ramage, B. S. et al. Pseudoreplication in tropical forests and the resulting effects on biodiversity conservation. Conserv. Biol. 27, 364–372 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sallabanks, R., Arnett, E. B. & Marzluff, J. M. An evaluation of research on the effects of timber harvest on bird populations. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 28, 1144–1155 (2000).
Google Scholar 
Sánchez-Tójar, A. et al. Meta-analysis challenges a textbook example of status signalling and demonstrates publication bias. eLife 7, e37385 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Waller, B., Warmelink, L., Liebal, K., Micheletta, J. & Slocombe, K. Pseudoreplication: a widespread problem in primate communication research. Anim. Behav. 86, 483–488 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Wilgenburg, E. & Elgar, M. A. Confirmation bias in studies of nestmate recognition: a cautionary note for research into the behaviour of animals. PLoS ONE 8, e53548 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yoccoz, N. G. Use, overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 72, 106–111 (1991).
Google Scholar 
Zaitsev, A. S., Gongalsky, K. B., Malmström, A., Persson, T. & Bengtsson, J. Why are forest fires generally neglected in soil fauna research? A mini-review. Appl. Soil Ecol. 98, 261–271 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zvereva, E. L. & Kozlov, M. V. Biases in studies of spatial patterns in insect herbivory. Ecol. Monogr. 89, e01361 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R (RStudio, 2020).Viechtbauer, W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J. Stat. Softw. 36, 1–48 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Rockström, J. et al. Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecol. Soc. 461, 472–475 (2009).Steffen, W. et al. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347, 1259855 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pimm, S. L. et al. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344, 1246752 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wake, D. B. & Vredenburg, V. T. Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11466–11473 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sweet, M., Burian, A. & Bulling, M. Corals as canaries in the coalmine: towards the incorporation of marine ecosystems into the ‘One Health’ concept. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 186, 107538 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Flandroy, L. et al. The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 627, 1018–1038 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cardinale, B. J. et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486, 59–67 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Oliver, T. H. et al. Declining resilience of ecosystem functions under biodiversity loss. Nat. Commun. 6, 10122 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Loreau, M. & de Mazancourt, C. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability: a synthesis of underlying mechanisms. Ecol. Lett. 16, 106–115 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Doering, T. et al. Towards enhancing coral heat tolerance: a ‘microbiome transplantation’ treatment using inoculations of homogenized coral tissues. Microbiome 9, 102 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosado, P. M. et al. Marine probiotics: increasing coral resistance to bleaching through microbiome manipulation. ISME J. 13, 921–936 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Santos, H. F. et al. Impact of oil spills on coral reefs can be reduced by bioremediation using probiotic microbiota. Sci. Rep. 5, 18268 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Santoro, E. P. et al. Coral microbiome manipulation elicits metabolic and genetic restructuring to mitigate heat stress and evade mortality. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg3088 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Silva, D. P. et al. Multi-domain probiotic consortium as an alternative to chemical remediation of oil spills at coral reefs and adjacent sites. Microbiome 9, 118 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoyt, J. R. et al. Field trial of a probiotic bacteria to protect bats from white-nose syndrome. Sci. Rep. 9, 9158 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bletz, M. C. et al. Mitigating amphibian chytridiomycosis with bioaugmentation: characteristics of effective probiotics and strategies for their selection and use. Ecol. Lett. 16, 807–820 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Daisley, B. A. et al. Lactobacillus spp. attenuate antibiotic-induced immune and microbiota dysregulation in honey bees. Commun. Biol. 3, 534 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Powell, J. E., Carver, Z., Leonard, S. P. & Moran, N. A. Field-realistic tylosin exposure impacts honey bee microbiota and pathogen susceptibility, which is ameliorated by native gut probiotics. Microbiol. Spectr. 9, e0010321 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Borges, D., Guzman-Novoa, E. & Goodwin, P. H. Effects of prebiotics and probiotics on honey bees (Apis mellifera) infected with the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae. Microorganisms 9, 481 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Daisley, B. A. et al. Novel probiotic approach to counter Paenibacillus larvae infection in honey bees. ISME J. 14, 476–491 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Trinder, M. et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces organophosphate pesticide absorption and toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82, 6204–6213 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Enquist, B. J., Abraham, A. J., Harfoot, M. B. J., Malhi, Y. & Doughty, C. E. The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning. Nat. Commun. 11, 699 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Knowlton, N. et al. Rebuilding Coral Reefs: A Decadal Grand Challenge. (International Coral Reef Society, Future Earth Coasts, 2021).Cavicchioli, R. et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 569–586 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jaspers, C. et al. Resolving structure and function of metaorganisms through a holistic framework combining reductionist and integrative approaches. Zoology 133, 81–87 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bosch, T. C. G. & McFall-Ngai, M. J. Metaorganisms as the new frontier. Zoology 114, 185–190 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wilkins, L. G. E. et al. Host-associated microbiomes and their roles in marine ecosystem functions. PLoS Biol. 17, e3000533 (2019).Humphreys, C. P. et al. Mutualistic mycorrhiza-like symbiosis in the most ancient group of land plants. Nat. Commun. 1, 103 (2010).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Koskella, B. & Bergelson, J. The study of host-microbiome (co)evolution across levels of selection. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 375, 20190604 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Keller-Costa, T. et al. Metagenomic insights into the taxonomy, function, and dysbiosis of prokaryotic communities in octocorals. Microbiome 9, 72 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Guerra, C. A. et al. Global projections of the soil microbiome in the Anthropocene. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 30, 987–999 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Weinbauer, M. G. & Rassoulzadegan, F. Extinction of microbes: evidence and potential consequences. Endanger. Species Res. 3, 205–215 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Petersen, C. & Round, J. L. Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease. Cell. Microbiol. 16, 1024–1033 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hanski, I. et al. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 8334–8339 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Blaser, M. J. The theory of disappearing microbiota and the epidemics of chronic diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 461–463 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Balbín-Suárez, A. et al. Root exposure to apple replant disease soil triggers local defense response and rhizoplane microbiome dysbiosis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 97, fiab031 (2021).Erlacher, A., Cardinale, M., Grosch, R., Grube, M. & Berg, G. The impact of the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and its beneficial counterpart Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the indigenous lettuce microbiome. Front. Microbiol. 5, 175 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Shahi, F., Redeker, K. & Chong, J. Rethinking antimicrobial stewardship paradigms in the context of the gut microbiome. JAC Antimicrob. Resist. 1, dlz015 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Voolstra, C. R. & Ziegler, M. Adapting with microbial help: microbiome flexibility facilitates rapid responses to environmental change. Bioessays 42, e2000004 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
McBurney, M. I. et al. Establishing what constitutes a healthy human gut microbiome: state of the science, regulatory considerations, and future directions. J. Nutr. 149, 1882–1895 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Voolstra, C. R. et al. Extending the natural adaptive capacity of coral holobionts. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2, 747–762 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Woodhams, D. C. et al. Prodigiosin, violacein, and volatile organic compounds produced by widespread cutaneous bacteria of amphibians can inhibit two Batrachochytrium fungal pathogens. Microb. Ecol. 75, 1049–1062 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Voyles, J. et al. Shifts in disease dynamics in a tropical amphibian assemblage are not due to pathogen attenuation. Science 359, 1517–1519 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Harris, R. N. et al. Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus. ISME J. 3, 818–824 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peixoto, R. S., Harkins, D. M. & Nelson, K. E. Advances in microbiome research for animal health. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 9, 289–311 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Blanck, H. & Wängberg, S.-Å. Induced community tolerance in marine periphyton established under arsenate stress. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45, 1816–1819 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
French, E., Kaplan, I., Iyer-Pascuzzi, A., Nakatsu, C. H. & Enders, L. Emerging strategies for precision microbiome management in diverse agroecosystems. Nat. Plants 7, 256–267 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Borges, N. et al. Bacteriome structure, function, and probiotics in fish larviculture: the good, the bad, and the gaps. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 9, 423–452 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
De Schryver, P. & Vadstein, O. Ecological theory as a foundation to control pathogenic invasion in aquaculture. ISME J. 8, 2360–2368 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sonnenschein, E. C., Jimenez, G., Castex, M. & Gram, L. The Roseobacter-group bacterium Phaeobacter as a safe probiotic solution for aquaculture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 87, e0258120 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Berg, G. et al. Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome 8, 103 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peixoto, R. S., Sweet, M. & Bourne, D. G. Customized medicine for corals. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 686 (2019).Quraishi, M. N. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 479–493 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Henrick, B. M. et al. Bifidobacteria-mediated immune system imprinting early in life. Cell 184, 3884–3898.e11 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Freedman, S. B. et al. Multicenter trial of a combination probiotic for children with gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 2015–2026 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cabana, M. D. et al. Early probiotic supplementation for eczema and asthma prevention: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 140, e20163000 (2017).Matsumoto, H. et al. Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice. Nat. Plants 7, 60–72 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
D’Alvise, P. W. et al. Phaeobacter gallaeciensis reduces Vibrio anguillarum in cultures of microalgae and rotifers, and prevents vibriosis in cod larvae. PLoS ONE 7, e43996 (2012).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dittmann, K. K. et al. Changes in the microbiome of mariculture feed organisms after treatment with a potentially probiotic strain of Phaeobacter inhibens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86, e00499-20 (2020).Metchnikoff, E. The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies (Heinemann, 1907).Khanna, S., Jones, C., Jones, L., Bushman, F. & Bailey, A. Increased microbial diversity found in successful versus unsuccessful recipients of a next-generation FMT for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Open Forum Infect. Dis 5, 304–309(2015).Kachrimanidou, M. & Tsintarakis, E. Insights into the role of human gut microbiota in Clostridioides difficile infection. Microorganisms 8, 200 (2020).Aggarwala, V. et al. Precise quantification of bacterial strains after fecal microbiota transplantation delineates long-term engraftment and explains outcomes. Nat. Microbiol. 6, 1309–1318 (2021).Zachow, C., Müller, H., Tilcher, R., Donat, C. & Berg, G. Catch the best: novel screening strategy to select stress protecting agents for crop plants. Agronomy 3, 794–815 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Berg, G., Kusstatscher, P., Abdelfattah, A., Cernava, T. & Smalla, K. Microbiome modulation-toward a better understanding of plant microbiome response to microbial inoculants. Front. Microbiol. 12, 650610 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ehlers, R.-U. in Regulation of Biological Control Agents (ed. Ehlers, R.-U.) 3–23 (Springer Netherlands, 2011).CDC. V-Safe After Vaccination Health Checker https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/vsafe.html (2022).Bok, K., Sitar, S., Graham, B. S. & Mascola, J. R. Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects. Immunity 54, 1636–1651 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vestal, R. Fecal microbiota transplant. Hosp. Med. Clin. 5, 58–70 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jansen, J. W. Fecal microbiota transplant vs oral vancomycin taper: important undiscussed limitations. Clin. Infect. Dis. 64, 1292–1293 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Basson, A. R., Zhou, Y., Seo, B., Rodriguez-Palacios, A. & Cominelli, F. Autologous fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Transl. Res. 226, 1–11 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
DeFilipp, Z. et al. Drug-resistant E. coli bacteremia transmitted by fecal microbiota transplant. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 2043–2050 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Slatko, B. E., Luck, A. N., Dobson, S. L. & Foster, J. M. Wolbachia endosymbionts and human disease control. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 195, 88–95 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ahantarig, A. & Kittayapong, P. Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria as biological control tools of disease vectors and pests. J. Appl. Entomol. 135, 479–486 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Turner, J. et al. Extreme temperatures in the Antarctic. J. Clim. 34, 2653–2668 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schoennagel, T. et al. Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 4582–4590 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Di Virgilio, G. et al. Climate change increases the potential for extreme wildfires. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 8517–8526 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, Y., Stanturf, J. & Goodrick, S. Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate. Ecol. Manage. 259, 685–697 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, J. et al. Stochasticity, succession, and environmental perturbations in a fluidic ecosystem. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, E836–E845 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wittebole, X., De Roock, S. & Opal, S. M. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence 5, 226–235 (2014).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sieiro, C. et al. A hundred years of bacteriophages: can phages replace antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture? Antibiotics 9, 493 (2020).Rulkens, W. Increasing the environmental sustainability of sewage treatment by mitigating pollutant pathways. Environ. Eng. Sci. 23, 650–665 (2006).Obotey Ezugbe, E. & Rathilal, S. Membrane technologies in wastewater treatment: a review. Membranes 10, 89 (2020).Lee, C. S., Robinson, J. & Chong, M. F. A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 92, 489–508 (2014).Guo, W.-Q., Yang, S.-S., Xiang, W.-S., Wang, X.-J. & Ren, N.-Q. Minimization of excess sludge production by in-situ activated sludge treatment processes–a comprehensive review. Biotechnol. Adv. 31, 1386–1396 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Alvarez-Filip, L., Estrada-Saldívar, N., Pérez-Cervantes, E., Molina-Hernández, A. & González-Barrios, F. J. A rapid spread of the stony coral tissue loss disease outbreak in the Mexican Caribbean. PeerJ 7, e8069 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Meiling, S. S. et al. Variable species responses to experimental stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) exposure. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 670829 (2021).Hunt, P. R. The C. elegans model in toxicity testing. J. Appl. Toxicol. 37, 50–59 (2017).Tkaczyk, A., Bownik, A., Dudka, J., Kowal, K. & Ślaska, B. Daphnia magna model in the toxicity assessment of pharmaceuticals: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 763, 143038 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Microbiota Vault. A Vault for Humanity https://www.microbiotavault.org/ (2021).Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria (FAO, WHO, 2001).Sanders, M. E., Merenstein, D. J., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R. & Rastall, R. A. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 605–616 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gibson, G. R. et al. Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 491–502 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Salminen, S. et al. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 649–667 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, A. et al. Adjunctive probiotics alleviates asthmatic symptoms via modulating the gut microbiome and serum metabolome. Microbiol. Spectr. 9, e0085921 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bagga, D. et al. Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures. Gut Microbes 9, 486–496 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Patel, R. M. & Underwood, M. A. Probiotics and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 27, 39–46 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tobias, J. et al. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis EVC001 administration is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. J. Pediatr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.070 (2022).Koziol, L. et al. The plant microbiome and native plant restoration: the example of native mycorrhizal fungi. Bioscience 68, 996–1006 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cabello, F. C. et al. Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health. Environ. Microbiol. 15, 1917–1942 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Evensen, Ø. & Leong, J.-A. C. DNA vaccines against viral diseases of farmed fish. Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 35, 1751–1758 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Burridge, L., Weis, J. S., Cabello, F., Pizarro, J. & Bostick, K. Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: a review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture 306, 7–23 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M. J. & Gibson, L. Probiotics in aquaculture: the need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture 274, 1–14 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Irianto, A. & Austin, B. Probiotics in aquaculture. J. Fish. Dis. 25, 633–642 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Assefa, A. & Abunna, F. Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish. Vet. Med. Int. 2018, 5432497 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hoseinifar, S. H., Sun, Y.-Z., Wang, A. & Zhou, Z. Probiotics as means of diseases control in aquaculture, a review of current knowledge and future perspectives. Front. Microbiol. 9, 2429 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Castex, M., Leclercq, E., Lemaire, P. & Chim, L. Dietary probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M improves the growth, feed performance and antioxidant status of penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris: a growth-ration-size approach. Animals 11, 3451 (2021).Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botías, C. & Rotheray, E. L. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 347, 1255957 (2015).Daisley, B. A., Chmiel, J. A., Pitek, A. P., Thompson, G. J. & Reid, G. Missing microbes in bees: how systematic depletion of key symbionts erodes immunity. Trends Microbiol. 28, 1010–1021 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chmiel, J. A., Daisley, B. A., Burton, J. P. & Reid, G. Deleterious effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on Drosophila melanogaster immune pathways. Mbio 10, e01395-19 (2019).Daisley, B. A. et al. Microbiota-mediated modulation of organophosphate insecticide toxicity by species-dependent interactions with lactobacilli in a Drosophila melanogaster insect model. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 84, e02820-17 (2018).Duarte, G. A. S. et al. Heat waves are a major threat to turbid coral reefs in Brazil. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 179 (2020).Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming impairs stock-recruitment dynamics of corals. Nature 568, 387–390 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hughes, T. P. et al. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546, 82–90 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Barno, A. R., Villela, H. D. M., Aranda, M., Thomas, T. & Peixoto, R. S. Host under epigenetic control: a novel perspective on the interaction between microorganisms and corals. Bioessays 43, e2100068 (2021).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Welsh, R. M. et al. Alien vs. predator: bacterial challenge alters coral microbiomes unless controlled by Halobacteriovorax predators. PeerJ 5, e3315 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Peixoto, R. S. et al. Coral probiotics: premise, promise, prospects. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 9, 265–288 (2021).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Peixoto, R. S. et al. Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMC): proposed mechanisms for coral health and resilience. Front. Microbiol. 8, 341 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Morgans, C. A., Hung, J. Y. & Bourne, D. G. Symbiodiniaceae probiotics for use in bleaching recovery. Restoration 28, 282–288 (2020).Zhang, Y. et al. Shifting the microbiome of a coral holobiont and improving host physiology by inoculation with a potentially beneficial bacterial consortium. BMC Microbiol. 21, 130 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Assis, J. M. et al. Delivering beneficial microorganisms for corals: rotifers as carriers of probiotic bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 11, 608506 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhou, G. et al. Changes in microbial communities, photosynthesis and calcification of the coral Acropora gemmifera in response to ocean acidification. Sci. Rep. 6, 35971 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
VanCompernolle, S. E. et al. Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection and transfer of virus from dendritic cells to T cells. J. Virol. 79, 11598–11606 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Scheele, B. C. et al. Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. Science 363, 1459–1463 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Harris, R. N., Lauer, A., Simon, M. A., Banning, J. L. & Alford, R. A. Addition of antifungal skin bacteria to salamanders ameliorates the effects of chytridiomycosis. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 83, 11–16 (2009).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Loudon, A. H. et al. Interactions between amphibians’ symbiotic bacteria cause the production of emergent anti-fungal metabolites. Front. Microbiol. 5, 441 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Muletz-Wolz, C. R. et al. Inhibition of fungal pathogens across genotypes and temperatures by amphibian skin bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 8, 1551 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jin Song, S. et al. Engineering the microbiome for animal health and conservation. Exp. Biol. Med. 244, 494–504 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Küng, D. et al. Stability of microbiota facilitated by host immune regulation: informing probiotic strategies to manage amphibian disease. PLoS ONE 9, e87101 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Micalizzi, E. W. & Smith, M. L. Volatile organic compounds kill the white-nose syndrome fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, in hibernaculum sediment. Can. J. Microbiol. 66, 593–599 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gabriel, K. T., Joseph Sexton, D. & Cornelison, C. T. Biomimicry of volatile-based microbial control for managing emerging fungal pathogens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 124, 1024–1031 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Woodhams, D. C., Bletz, M., Kueneman, J. & McKenzie, V. Managing amphibian disease with skin microbiota. Trends Microbiol. 24, 161–164 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar  More