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The copy numbers for 16S and ITS1 rRNA, and the sequencing depth for all samples are presented in Supplementary File 3 (qPCR data, Sequencing Rarefaction Curves). An average of 14,265.25 reads per housefly sample for the V4 16SrRNA and 16,149.4 reads per housefly sample for the ITS1 were retained after quality filtering. After quality filtering of the egg-laying substrate samples, an average of 10,371.75 reads were retained per sample for the V4 16SrRNA, and an average of 25,479.75 reads were retained per sample for the ITS1 region. The extracted DNA from newly emerged adult houseflies of the Spanish laboratory strain (12 samples in total, newly emerged adults, three replicates from four generations, strain SP100) returned a low copy number for the fungal ITS1 (qPCR data, Supplementary File 3) and a low number of acquired sequencing reads; they were therefore omitted from any further analysis of the fungal microbiota. In addition, the mitochondrial COI phylogeny showed that the Dutch wild-caught strain and the Dutch laboratory strain, which were sampled from the same locality at different times, are in close proximity and form a separate clade from the Spanish lab strain phylotypes (Supplementary File 2).The housefly microbiota alpha-diversity is determined by sampling environmentAbsolute richness (number of ASVs), Shannon index, and Phylogenetic diversity for all housefly strains and developmental stages are shown in Fig. 1. The highest bacterial alpha diversity was observed for the wild-caught housefly population GK0. Strain was an important factor for separating Shannon biodiversity levels both for newly emerged (F = 4.37, P  More

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT
01 July 2022

Rock doves on some Scottish islands show almost no sign of having interbred with domestic pigeons.

The relatively long, slender bill of this rock dove from the Outer Hebridean islands of Scotland are characteristic of feral pigeons’ ancestors. Credit: W. J. Smith et al./iScience

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Charles Darwin developed his theory of natural selection in part by studying a form of artificial selection: the nineteenth-century rage for pigeon breeding, which created a wealth of fantastical varieties of pigeon (Columba livia). So widespread was pigeon fancying that it seeded the world with escaped domestic birds and their feral descendants, which then hybridized with their wild ancestors, the rock doves.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01780-2

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