Scheffers, B. R. et al. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science 354, aaf7671 (2016).PubMed
Google Scholar
IPBES. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service. Debating Nature’s Value (IPBES, 2019).Harrison, S. Plant community diversity will decline more than increase under climatic warming. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 375, 20190106 (2020).
Google Scholar
Díaz, S. et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science (80-.). 1327, eaax3100 (2019).Chapin, F. S. et al. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405, 234–242 (2000).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Isbell, F. et al. Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales. Nature 546, 65–72 (2017).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Craven, D. et al. Multiple facets of biodiversity drive the diversity–stability relationship. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1579–1587 (2018).PubMed
Google Scholar
Hautier, Y. et al. Anthropogenic environmental changes affect ecosystem stability via biodiversity. Science (80-.). 348, 336–340 (2015).CAS
Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F. S. & Tilman, D. Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biol. 4, e277 (2006).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pennekamp, F. et al. Biodiversity increases and decreases ecosystem stability. Nature 563, 109–112 (2018).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valencia, E. et al. Synchrony matters more than species richness in plant community stability at a global scale. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 24345–24351 (2020).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al. Global evidence of positive biodiversity effects on spatial ecosystem stability in natural grasslands. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–9 (2019).
Google Scholar
Poorter, L. et al. Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 1314–1328 (2015).
Google Scholar
Schnabel, F. et al. Drivers of productivity and its temporal stability in a tropical tree diversity experiment. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25, 4257–4272 (2019).PubMed
Google Scholar
Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Mahecha, M. D., Kattge, J. & Baldocchi, D. D. Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 13697–13702 (2014).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mori, A. S. Advancing nature-based approaches to address the biodiversity and climate emergency. Ecol. Lett. 23, 1729–1732 (2020).PubMed
Google Scholar
Mazzochini, G. G. et al. Plant phylogenetic diversity stabilizes large-scale ecosystem productivity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28, 1430–1439 (2019).
Google Scholar
Manhães, A. P., Mazzochini, G. G., Oliveira-Filho, A. T., Ganade, G. & Carvalho, A. R. Spatial associations of ecosystem services and biodiversity as a baseline for systematic conservation planning. Divers. Distrib. 22, 932–943 (2016).
Google Scholar
García-Palacios, P., Gross, N., Gaitán, J. & Maestre, F. T. Climate mediates the biodiversity–ecosystem stability relationship globally. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 8400–8405 (2018).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
De Keersmaecker, W. et al. A model quantifying global vegetation resistance and resilience to short-term climate anomalies and their relationship with vegetation cover. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 539–548 (2015).
Google Scholar
Seddon, A. W. R., Macias-Fauria, M., Long, P. R., Benz, D. & Willis, K. J. Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability. Nature 531, 229–232 (2016).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linscheid, N. et al. Towards a global understanding of vegetation-climate dynamics at multiple timescales. Biogeosciences 17, 945–962 (2020).
Google Scholar
Nemani, R. R. et al. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science (80-.). 300, 1560–1563 (2003).CAS
Google Scholar
Quetin, G. R. & Swann, A. L. S. Empirically derived sensitivity of vegetation to climate across global gradients of temperature and precipitation. J. Clim. 30, 5835–5849 (2017).
Google Scholar
Cavender-bares, J. et al. The role of diversification in community assembly of the oaks (Quercus L.) across the continental U. S. Am. J. Bot. 105, 565–586 (2018).PubMed
Google Scholar
Woodward, F. I., Lomas, M. R. & Kelly, C. K. Global climate and the distribution of plant biomes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 359, 1465–1476 (2004).CAS
Google Scholar
Maurer, G. E., Hallmark, A. J., Brown, R. F., Sala, O. E. & Collins, S. L. Sensitivity of primary production to precipitation across the United States. Ecol. Lett. 23, 527–536 (2020).PubMed
Google Scholar
Cavender-Bares, J., Ackerly, D. D., Hobbie, S. E. & Townsend, P. A. Evolutionary legacy effects on ecosystems: biogeographic origins, plant traits, and implications for management in the era of global change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 47, 433–462 (2016).
Google Scholar
Harrison, S., Spasojevic, M. J. & Li, D. Climate and plant community diversity in space and time. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 4464–4470 (2020).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Šímová, I. et al. Spatial patterns and climate relationships of major plant traits in the New World differ between woody and herbaceous species. J. Biogeogr. 45, 895–916 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lamanna, C. et al. Functional trait space and the latitudinal diversity gradient. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 13745–13750 (2014).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Craven, D. et al. A cross-scale assessment of productivity–diversity relationships. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 1940–1955 (2020).
Google Scholar
White, H. J. et al. Ecosystem stability at the landscape scale is primarily associated with climatic history. Funct. Ecol. 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13957 (2021).Enquist, B. J. et al. Scaling from Traits to Ecosystems: Developing a General Trait Driver Theory via Integrating Trait-Based and Metabolic Scaling Theories. Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 52 (Elsevier Ltd., 2015).Gonzalez, A. et al. Scaling-up biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. Ecol. Lett. 23, 757–776 (2020).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barry, K. E. et al. A graphical null model for scaling biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. J. Ecol. 109, 1549–1560 (2021).
Google Scholar
Mori, A. S., Furukawa, T. & Sasaki, T. Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. Biol. Rev. 88, 349–364 (2013).PubMed
Google Scholar
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Knops, J. M. H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441, 629–632 (2006).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Isbell, F. et al. Quantifying effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning across times and places. Ecol. Lett. 21, 763–778 (2018).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bond, E. M. & Chase, J. M. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at local and regional spatial scales. Ecol. Lett. 5, 467–470 (2002).
Google Scholar
Delsol, R., Loreau, M. & Haegeman, B. The relationship between the spatial scaling of biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27, 439–449 (2018).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Price, G. R. The nature of selection. J. Theor. Biol. 175, 389-396 (1995).Fonseca, C. R. & Ganade, G. Species functional redundancy, random extinctions and the stability of ecosystems. J. Ecol. 89, 118–125 (2001).
Google Scholar
Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y. et al. Phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic richness have both positive and negative effects on ecosystem multifunctionality. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 8419–8424 (2019).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cadotte, M., Dinnage, R. & Tilman, D. Phylogenetic diversity promotes ecosytem stability. Ecology 93, S223–S233 (2012).
Google Scholar
Veron, S., Davies, T. J., Cadotte, M. W., Clergeau, P. & Pavoine, S. Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we? Biol. Rev. 92, 271–291 (2017).PubMed
Google Scholar
Tucker, C. M., Davies, T. J., Cadotte, M. W. & Pearse, W. D. On the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and trait diversity. Ecology 99, 1473–1479 (2018).PubMed
Google Scholar
Faith, D. P. Systematics and conservation: on predicting the feature diversity of subsets of taxa. Cladistics 8, 361–373 (1992).PubMed
Google Scholar
Hisano, M., Searle, E. B. & Chen, H. Y. H. Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biol. Rev. 93, 439–456 (2018).PubMed
Google Scholar
Flynn, D. F. B., Mirotchnick, N., Jain, M., Palmer, M. I. & Naeem, S. Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity–ecosystem-function relationships. Ecology 92, 1573–1581 (2011).PubMed
Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W., Cardinale, B. J. & Oakley, T. H. Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17012–17017 (2008).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Venail, P. et al. Species richness, but not phylogenetic diversity, influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re-examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies. Funct. Ecol. 29, 615–626 (2015).
Google Scholar
Enquist, B., Condit, R., Peet, R., Schildhauer, M. & Thiers, B. Cyberinfrastructure for an integrated botanical information network to investigate the ecological impacts of global climate change on plant biodiversity. PeerJ Prepr. 4, e2615v2 (2016).Maitner, B. S. et al. The bien R package: a tool to access the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) database. Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 373–379 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mori, A. S. Resilience in the studies of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 87–89 (2016).PubMed
Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4, 1–23 (1973).
Google Scholar
Oliver, T. H. et al. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 673–684 (2015).PubMed
Google Scholar
Huete, A., Chris, J. & Leeuwen, W. Van. MODIS vegetation index (MOD 13). Algorithm theoretical basis document vol. 3 https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/atbd/atbd_mod13.pdf (1999).Abatzoglou, J. T., Dobrowski, S. Z., Parks, S. A. & Hegewisch, K. C. TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015. Sci. Data 5, 170191 (2018).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
MacIas-Fauria, M., Forbes, B. C., Zetterberg, P. & Kumpula, T. Eurasian Arctic greening reveals teleconnections and the potential for structurally novel ecosystems. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 613–618 (2012).
Google Scholar
Garcia, R. A., Cabeza, M., Rahbek, C. & Araújo, M. B. Multiple dimensions of climate change and their implications for biodiversity. Science (80-.). 344, 1247579 (2014).Zhang, Y. et al. Precipitation and carbon-water coupling jointly control the interannual variability of global land gross primary production. Sci. Rep. 6, 39748 (2016).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poulter, B. et al. Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle. Nature 509, 600–603 (2014).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. Bioscience 51, 933 (2001).
Google Scholar
Srivastava, D. S. et al. Phylogenetic diversity and the functioning of ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 15, 637–648 (2012).PubMed
Google Scholar
Parker, I. M. et al. Phylogenetic structure and host abundance drive disease pressure in communities. Nature 520, 542–544 (2015).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Díaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature 529, 167–171 (2015).PubMed
Google Scholar
Brun, P. et al. Plant community impact on productivity: Trait diversity or key(stone) species effects? Ecol. Lett. 25, 913–925 (2022).PubMed
Google Scholar
Aubin, I. et al. Traits to stay, traits to move: a review of functional traits to assess sensitivity and adaptive capacity of temperate and boreal trees to climate change. Environ. Rev. 24, 164–186 (2016).
Google Scholar
Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Mahecha, M. D., Kattge, J. & Baldocchi, D. D. Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216065111 (2014).Díaz, S. & Cabido, M. Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 646–655 (2001).
Google Scholar
Poorter, L. et al. Biomass resilience of Neotropical secondary forests. Nature 530, 211–214 (2016).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ye, J. S., Pei, J. Y. & Fang, C. Under which climate and soil conditions the plant productivity–precipitation relationship is linear or nonlinear? Sci. Total Environ. 616–617, 1174–1180 (2018).PubMed
Google Scholar
Allan, E. et al. More diverse plant communities have higher functioning over time due to turnover in complementary dominant species. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108, 17034–17039 (2011).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hurlbert, A. H. & Jetz, W. Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 104, 13384–13389 (2007).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mori, A. S. et al. Biodiversity–productivity relationships are key to nature-based climate solutions. Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 543–550 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kattge, J. et al. TRY plant trait database–enhanced coverage and open access. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 119–188 (2020).PubMed
Google Scholar
Feeley, K. J., Bravo-Avila, C., Fadrique, B., Perez, T. M. & Zuleta, D. Climate-driven changes in the composition of New World plant communities. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, 965–970 (2020).CAS
Google Scholar
Li, D., Miller, J. E. D. & Harrison, S. Climate drives loss of phylogenetic diversity in a grassland community. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 19989–19994 (2019).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Madani, N. et al. Future global productivity will be affected by plant trait response to climate. Sci. Rep. 8, 2870 (2018).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Version 3.5.2. (R Core Team, 2018).Ammer, C. Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate. N. Phytol. 221, 50–66 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hooper, D. U. et al. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 486, 105–108 (2012).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larue, E. A., Hardiman, B. S., Elliott, J. M. & Fei, S. Structural diversity as a predictor of ecosystem function. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 114011 (2019).Phillips, S. J. & Dudìk, M. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography (Cop.). 31, 161–175 (2008).
Google Scholar
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).
Google Scholar
Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. & Bini, L. M. Modelling geographical patterns in species richness using eigenvector-based spatial filters. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 14, 177–185 (2005).
Google Scholar
Merow, C., Smith, M. J. & Silander, J. a. A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species’ distributions: what it does, and why inputs and settings matter. Ecography (Cop.). 36, 1058–1069 (2013).
Google Scholar
Merow, C. BIEN range methods description. http://bien.nceas.ucsb.edu/bien/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/BIEN3RangeMethodsSummary.pdf (2017).Schrodt, F. et al. BHPMF-a hierarchical Bayesian approach to gap-filling and trait prediction for macroecology and functional biogeography. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 1510–1521 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bruelheide, H. et al. Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1906–1917 (2018).PubMed
Google Scholar
Guo, W. Y. et al. Half of the world’s tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.052464 (2020).Guo, W., Serra-diaz, J. M., Schrodt, F. & Eiserhardt, W. L. Paleoclimate and current climate collectively shape the phylogenetic and functional diversity of trees worldwide. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.02.128975 (2020).Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. et al. On the selection of phylogenetic eigenvectors for ecological analyses. Ecography (Cop.). 35, 239–249 (2012).
Google Scholar
Penone, C. et al. Imputation of missing data in life-history trait datasets: which approach performs the best? Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 961–970 (2014).
Google Scholar
Santos, T. PVR: Phylogenetic eigenvectors regression and phylogentic signal-representation curve. R package version 0.3. Available at: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=PVR (2018).Brum, F. T. et al. Global priorities for conservation across multiple dimensions of mammalian diversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 7641–7646 (2017).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gerhold, P., Cahill, J. F., Winter, M., Bartish, I. V. & Prinzing, A. Phylogenetic patterns are not proxies of community assembly mechanisms (they are far better). Funct. Ecol. 29, 600–614 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kendall, M. & Stuart, A. The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Macmillan, 1983).Pavoine, S. & Bonsall, M. B. Measuring biodiversity to explain community assembly: a unified approach. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 86, 792–812 (2011).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tucker, C. M. et al. A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation, community ecology and macroecology. Biol. Rev. 92, 698–715 (2017).PubMed
Google Scholar
Schliep, K. P. phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27, 592–593 (2011).CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K., Schwilk, L. D. W. & Ackerly, D. D. A trait-based test for habitat filtering: convex hull volume. Ecology 87, 1465–1471 (2006).PubMed
Google Scholar
Villéger, S., Maire, E. & Leprieur, F. On the risks of using dendrograms to measure functional diversity and multidimensional spaces to measure phylogenetic diversity: a comment on Sobral et al. (2016). Ecol. Lett. 20, 554–557 (2017).PubMed
Google Scholar
Laliberté, E., Legendre, P. & Shipley, B. FD: measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, an other tools for functional ecology. R package version 1.0-12 (Comprehensive R Archive Network, Vienna, Austria, 2015).Podani, J. & Schmera, D. On dendrogram-based measures of functional diversity. Oikos 115, 179–185 (2006).
Google Scholar
Poos, M. S., Walker, S. C. & Jackson, D. A. Functional-diversity indices can be driven by methodological choices and species richness. Ecology 90, 341–347 (2009).PubMed
Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. & Graves, G. R. Null Models in Ecology (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996).Swenson, N. G. Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R. (Springer, 2014).Dormann, C. F. et al. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography (Cop.). 30, 609–628 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kissling, W. D. & Carl, G. Spatial autocorrelation and the selection of simultaneous autoregressive models. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 17, 59–71 (2008).
Google Scholar
Bivand, R. spatialreg: Spatial Regression Analysis (R package version 1.1-5, 2019). More