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Presence of mucin stabilizes survival of both the bacterium and the phage during 16 weeks of co-cultureAn overview of our main experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. To avoid population bottlenecks, our sampling was based on the weekly collecting 20% of the cultures and replacing with the same volume of fresh medium. Long term co-existence of both F. columnare B245 and its phage V156 was observed in all treatments. In lake water with (LW + M) or without mucin (LW), the closest approximations of natural conditions for F. columnare, the phage titers remained similar until week 9, after which LW + M showed a significant decline in phage numbers compared to LW (LM, t1,46 = −2.737, P = 0.0088) with roughly a ten-fold difference at week 16 (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Fig. 1a). Bacterial population densities in these treatments were opposite and more dramatic, with an average of 45-fold higher numbers in LW + M than in LM across all time points after an initial spike at week 1 (LM, t1,77 = 4.836, P  More

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