CAN-SAR: A database of Canadian species at risk information
The CAN-SAR22 database was created to provide access to publicly available data on species at risk in Canada in a standardized format that can be used in a wide range of applied research contexts. The variables included in the database were chosen to provide a range of information available for species at risk with a particular focus on climate change to support the first publication using the database6. The database includes numerous data fields including extinction risk status, various biological and geographical attributes, threat assessments, date of listing, recovery actions, and a set of climate change impact and adaptation variables. CAN-SAR is a living database that can be updated as new information and reports become available, or as other targeted data extraction efforts become available23.In Canada, the listing process begins with an assessment of a wildlife species’ risk of extinction by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). A wildlife species can be either a species or a ‘designatable unit’, which includes subspecies, varieties, or other geographically or genetically distinct populations. Herein these are referred to collectively as ‘species’. COSEWIC is an independent body of experts who synthesize the best available information to date into a status report containing elements such as population size and trends, habitat availability, and threat assessments (Fig. 1)17. This report is then used as the basis for a status recommendation that is passed on to the Government of Canada, who makes the final decision on whether to legally list the species under Schedule 1 of SARA24. The species can be listed as ‘Special concern’, ‘Threatened’, ‘Endangered’, or ‘Extirpated’. If a species is listed as ‘Threatened’, ‘Endangered’ or ‘Extirpated’ then a recovery strategy is required, while for species listed as ‘Special concern’ a management plan must be created24. Recovery strategies must provide a description of the species’ needs, address identified threats, identify critical habitat (where applicable and to the extent possible), and include population and distribution objectives for the species’ recovery. Management plans include conservation measures for the species and its habitat24. Hereafter, we refer to recovery strategies and management plans collectively as ‘recovery documents’.Information included in the database was extracted from various sources and documents that are available from the online SAR Public Registry, including COSEWIC status reports and status appraisal summaries, and recovery documents (Fig. 1). A COSEWIC status appraisal summary is produced instead of a new status report when a species has been previously assessed and COSEWIC experts are confident that its status will not change (https://www.cosewic.ca/index.php/en-ca/assessment-process/status-appraisal-summary-process.html). It is considered an addendum to the existing status report; thus, we use ‘status report’ to refer to either a status report or a status appraisal summary and the previous status report. From the SAR Public Registry website we accessed information from 1146 documents for all 594 species listed under SARA Schedule 1 as of March 23, 2021, that were classified with the status of ‘Special concern’, ‘Threatened’, or ‘Endangered’. Some species have multiple documents of the same type because COSEWIC reassesses at risk species every 10 years or less and recovery strategies and management plans are reviewed every 5 years and updated as needed. As new documents have become available they have been added to the CAN-SAR database without overriding the previously existing document, which allows for tracking of changes in various data fields over time. Only documents between 2018 and 2021, inclusive, have an updated version due to our updating schedule.Data extractionVariables included in the CAN-SAR database were categorised as either directly transcribed or derived. Directly transcribed variables reflect information extracted from documents that require limited interpretation, such as scientific name or date of legal listing (Online-only Table 1). Derived variables reflect species’ attributes that required interpretation of text by data recorders (Online-only Table 1). The data dictionary (CAN-SAR_data_dictionary.xlsx) contains a description of each variable, including details of their extraction and synthesis22.Several derived variables were extracted from the status report technical summary section, including whether the species is endemic to Canada or North America, and whether the species’ range is continuous with the United States. Endemism was determined for each species at two spatial extents, Canada and North America, based on descriptions of their global distributions from status reports. Whether a Canadian species’ range is continuous with its conspecifics in the United States was interpreted from descriptions of geographic isolation in the distribution and rescue effect sections of the status reports.Variables related to species’ threats were derived from information in the status reports, recovery strategies and management plans. In 2012, COSEWIC initiated use of the IUCN threats classification system in status reports for some species; a ‘threats calculator’25. Threats calculators may also be included in recovery strategies and management plans. A threats calculator is a table included in the document that classifies threats into 11 general ‘level one’ classes and, more specific ‘level two’ subclasses (Table 1)26. Four variables (impact, severity, scope, and timing) for each level one and level two threats were scored independently and then combined into an overall impact score for each species. Impact is defined as the degree to which the species is threatened by the threat class; severity is the level of damage to the species from the threat class that is expected within ten years or three generations, whichever is longer; scope is the proportion of the species that is expected to be affected within ten years; and timing is the immediacy of the threat25. Threat-related variables were either transcribed directly from the threats calculator, or from the derived description of threats in the document if a threats calculator was not included.Table 1 Definitions of level one threat classes and names of level two threat classes following Version 1.1 of the IUCN threats classification system.Full size tableFor species where a threats calculator was included, we recorded whether each of the level one and level two threat classes were identified (i.e., considered a threat), and transcribed the scores for each of impact, scope, severity, and timing. Threat classes were considered identified if the impact was negligible, low, moderate, high, very high, unknown, or not calculated (outside assessment timeframe). Impact, scope, severity, and timing values were coded as ranked values of ‘0’: not a threat; ‘1’: neglible; ‘2’: low; ‘3’: moderate; ‘4’: high; ‘5’: very high; ‘-1’: unknown; ‘-2’: not calculated; or ‘NA’ where there were blank values. For exact ranking interpretations see CAN-SAR_data_dictionary22. For some species, the threats calculator was available from the COSEWIC Secretariat as a Microsoft Excel file, in which case threats information was extracted directly from the spreadsheet using R v 3.6.227. For species where a Microsoft Excel file was not available, threats calculator information was manually extracted from the status report.For species where a threats calculator was not included in the document, threats described in the text were classified into threat classes based on version 1.1 of the IUCN threats classification system (Table 1)26. Although a more recent version of the threats calculator exists, we applied version 1.1 classification to reflect the approach applied across the majority of species. Threats were considered identified if the threat was discussed as having any negative or potentially negative impact on the species. In cases where no threat calculator was available, the threat attributes of impact, scope, severity, and timing were scored as not applicable; ‘NA’.Several variables were derived to determine how climate change was addressed in status reports and recovery documents. Whether climate change was mentioned anywhere in the status report was determined by searching the document for the words climat*, warm, temperat*, and drought. If a document contained any of these search terms, we assessed the context for description of anthropogenic climate change impacts. In cases where the terms were not found, the threats section was checked for any other descriptions that were related to climate change; if none were found, climate change was recorded as not mentioned. When climate change was mentioned, we then determined if it was identified as a threat by interpreting whether it was described as having a negative or potentially negative impact on the species. If a threats calculator was included in the status report, climate change was considered a threat if the ‘Climate change and severe weather’ threat class had an impact that was more than negligible or if climate change was described outside the threats calculator as a threat or potential threat. We recorded whether the threat of climate change was unknown. This included instances where climate change was described as having unknown effects on the species, if ‘unknown’ was assigned to impact, scope, severity, or timing in the threats calculator, or if knowledge gaps related to climate change were identified. Finally, the impact of climate change relative to other threats was classified based on descriptions of threats in the status report. The relative impact of climate change was classified as ‘0’ if it was not a threat; ‘1’ if it was described as a minor, potential, possible, or other threat; ‘2’ if it was a significant threat but not the most important or if it was among the list of threats with no indication of relative importance; or ‘3’ if it was among the most important threats described.Additional derived variables extracted from recovery documents available on the SAR Public Registry included those related to critical habitat identification and recovery actions. For species with recovery strategies, we recorded whether critical habitat was described as identified, partially identified, or not identified. In cases where critical habitat was described as “identified to the extent possible”, it was marked as identified. We extracted information from recovery documents on what types of actions were recommended and whether the actions addressed the threat of climate change. Actions were categorized into four categories: outreach and stewardship, research and monitoring, habitat management, and population management (Table 2). Within each of the four categories, a set of 16 sub-types were recorded if any actions of that type were recommended or already completed. We also recorded action types and sub-types that specifically addressed climate change threats if climate change was listed as the threat addressed or the reason the action was necessary6.Table 2 Categories of actions specified in Recovery Strategies.Full size tableFive data recorders conducted the initial data extraction, synthesis, and interpretation. All recorders were trained on the definitions, interpretation, and general process of data extraction to ensure consistent extraction of all variables. Data extraction occurred in multiple stages and included an iterative set of verifications and assessments of the same species among recorders to ensure consistent and standardized interpretations. Once convergence of interpretations was achieved, each recorder was assigned a set of species/reports from which to extract information.Next stepsThe CAN-SAR database is intended to be a living database that can be updated by adding information from new documents or species as they become available, adding more historical documents, or extracting new information from all documents. The current set of species and associated information includes those listed on Schedule 1 of SARA (as of March 23rd 2021) as ‘Special concern’, ‘Threatened’, or ‘Endangered’. Examples of future data additions include integration of data from species assessed by COSEWIC that are not listed under Schedule 1 of SARA, adding fields that specify the criteria used to arrive at a risk status designation, and integration of data from action plans. We anticipate updating the database periodically, as time and resources allow, and we also encourage anyone interested in extending or expanding on the CAN-SAR database to communicate to discuss a collaboration. Integration of new datasets will require screening and validation to ensure adherence to data standards and consistent interpretations. In the longer term, we foresee the implementation of automatic updating of the CAN-SAR database for variables that do not require interpretation by using machine-readable formatted status and recovery documents.ApplicationsApplications of the CAN-SAR database reflect both opportunities to synthesise the data in novel ways and to expand the scope of the current database to include new data fields representing information contained in status assessments and recovery documents. The CAN-SAR database facilitates independent data analysis and synthesis efforts ranging from trend analysis of threats, identifying research and monitoring gaps, and assessing the effectiveness of recovery actions, which target various steps of the listing and recovery process. For example, the database provides a platform to extend existing climate change focused work6 to assess the prevalence of recommended climate change targeted recovery actions, such as translocations. With recent adoption of the ‘Pan-Canadian approach to transforming Species at Risk conservation in Canada’28, which emphasizes multi-species recovery planning approaches, there is an opportunity to assess patterns in key sectors, which include agriculture, forestry, and urban development, over time and by taxa and how they map to threats.With the integration of additional variables through future data extraction or integration efforts, the CAN-SAR database can be used to assess novel questions. For example, broadening recovery action categories to include those that reflect natural climate solutions can highlight where recovery efforts may provide co-benefits, thus achieving biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation goals29. Specifically, habitat restoration actions for a forest-dependent species primarily threatened by habitat loss may lead to improved recovery outcomes while also resulting in carbon sequestration and improved climate change mitigation efforts. Tracking these types of actions in CAN-SAR could highlight both opportunities and gaps for the integration of climate smart conservation principles30 into species at risk recovery planning and the adoption of climate change adaption measures for species directly considered climate change threatened and those that are not6. More
