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Sea anemones turn oxybenzone into a light-activated agent that can bleach and kill corals.Credit: Georgette Douwma/Getty

A common but controversial sunscreen ingredient that is thought to harm corals might do so because of a chemical reaction that causes it to damage cells in the presence of ultraviolet light. Researchers have discovered that sea anemones, which are similar to corals, make the molecule oxybenzone water-soluble by tacking a sugar onto it. This inadvertently turns oxybenzone into a molecule that — instead of blocking UV light — is activated by sunlight to produce free radicals that can bleach and kill corals. “This metabolic pathway that is meant to detoxify is actually making a toxin,” says Djordje Vuckovic, an environmental engineer at Stanford University in California, who was part of the research team. The animals “convert a sunscreen into something that’s essentially the opposite of a sunscreen”.Oxybenzone is the sun-blocking agent in many suncreams. Its chemical structure causes it to absorb UV rays, preventing damage to skin cells. But it has attracted controversy in recent years after studies reported that it can damage coral DNA, interfere with their endocrine systems and cause deformities in their larvae2. These concerns have led to some beaches in Hawaii, Palau and the US Virgin Islands, banning oxybenzone-containing sunscreens. Last year, the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a committee to review the science on sunscreen chemicals in aquatic ecosystems; its report is expected in the next few months.The latest study, published on 5 May in Science1, highlights that there has been little research into the potentially toxic effects of the by-products of some substances in sunscreens, says Brett Sallach, an environmental scientist at the University of York, UK. “It’s important to track not just the parent compound, but these transformed compounds that can be toxic,” he says. “From a regulatory standpoint, we have very little understanding of what transformed products are out there and their effects on the environment.”But other factors also threaten the health of coral reefs; these include climate change, ocean acidification, coastal pollution and overfishing that depletes key members of reef ecosystems. The study does not show where oxybenzone ranks in the list.Simulated seaTo understand oxybenzone’s effects, Vuckovic, environmental engineer William Mitch at Stanford and their colleagues turned to sea anemones, which are closely related to corals, and similarly harbour symbiotic algae that give them colour.The researchers exposed anemones with and without the algae to oxybenzone in artificial seawater, and illuminated them with light — including the UV spectrum — that mimicked the 24-hour sunlight cycle. All the animals exposed to both the chemical and sunlight died within 17 days. But those exposed to sunlight without oxybenzone or to oxybenzone without UV light lived.Oxybenzone alone did not produce dangerous reactive molecules when exposed to sunlight, as had been expected, so the researchers thought that the molecule might be metabolized in some way. When they analysed anemone tissues, they found that the chemical bound to sugars accumulated in them, where it triggered the formation of oxygen-based free radicals that are lethal to corals. “Understanding this mechanism could help identify sunscreen molecules without this effect,” Mitch says.The sugar-bound form of oxybenzone amassed at higher levels in the symbiotic algae than in the anemones’ own cells. Sea anemones lacking algae died around a week after exposure to oxybenzone and sunlight, compared with 17 days for those with algae. That suggests the algae protected the animals from oxybenzone’s harmful effects.Corals that have been subject to environmental stressors such as changing temperatures often become bleached, losing their symbiotic algae. “If they’re weaker in this state, rising sea water temperature or ocean acidification might make them more susceptible to these local, anthropogenic contaminants,” Mitch says.Greater dangerIt’s not clear how closely these laboratory-based studies mimic the reality of reef ecosystems. The concentration of oxybenzone at a coral reef can vary widely, depending on factors such as tourist activity and water conditions. Sallach points out that the concentrations used in the study are more like “worst-case exposure” than normal environmental conditions.The study lacks “ecological realism”, agrees Terry Hughes, a marine biologist at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia. Coral-bleaching events on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, for example, have been linked more closely to trends in water temperature than to shifts in tourist activity. “Mass bleaching happens regardless of where the tourists are,” Hughes says. “Even the most remote, most pristine reefs are bleaching because water temperatures are killing them.”Hughes emphasizes that the greatest threats to reefs remain rising temperatures, coastal pollution and overfishing. Changing sunscreens might not do much to protect coral reefs, Hughes says. “It’s ironic that people will change their sunscreens and fly from New York to Miami to go to the beach,” he says. “Most tourists are happy to use a different brand of sunscreen, but not to fly less and reduce carbon emissions.” More

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RBD severity in different rice ecosystems of KarnatakaBased on the observations made during the exploratory surveys of 2018 and 2019 (Table 1 and Fig. 1), it was found that RBD severity significantly varied across studied areas and districts (Fig. 2). The disease severity was highest in Chikmagalur, followed by Kodagu, Shivamogga, Mysore, and Mandya districts which belong to Hilly and Kaveri ecosystems. At the same time, the lowest severity was documented in Udupi, Gulbarga, Gadag, Dakshin Kannad, Raichur, and Bellary districts of coastal, UKP, and TBP ecosystems (Fig. 3A).Table 1 Details of diverse rice-growing ecosystems selected for the study.Full size tableFigure 1Featured map of South-East Asia (A), India (B), and Karnataka (C). A total of 18 administrative districts of Karnataka were considered to gather data on rice blast disease. The area of different districts under study is shown (D). The maps were created using R software (version R-4.0.3).Full size imageFigure 2Distribution map indicating the sampling sites and the severity of rice blast disease in different rice ecosystems of Karnataka during 2018 and 2019. The maps were created using R software (version R-4.0.3).Full size imageFigure 3(A) Bar graph repressing the severity of rice blast disease (RBD) in different districts of Karnataka during 2018 and 2019. (B) Clustering of districts based on the severity of RBD in different districts of Karnataka by hclust method.Full size imageHierarchical cluster analysis using the average linkage method for RBD severity among the 18 administrative districts of diverse rice ecosystems of Karnataka identified two main clusters, namely, cluster I and cluster II (Fig. 3B). Cluster I consist of two subclusters, cluster IA and IB. Subcluster IA consists of Mandya, Dharwad, Mysore, Hassan, Shivamogga, Haveri, and Belgaum; While, Kodagu, and Chikmagalur districts were clustered in IB. Similarly, Cluster II was divided into cluster IIA and cluster IIB. Subcluster IIA comprises Udupi, Gulbarga, Gadag, Raichur, Dakshin Kannad, Uttar Kannad, Koppal and Bellary, and Davanagere district was grouped under cluster IIB.Spatial point pattern analysis of RBDThe cluster and outlier analysis was done using Local Moran’s I and p-values. The analyses have identified RBD cluster patterns at the district level during 2018 and 2019, representing dispersed and aggregated clusters of severity (Fig. 4). Based on positive I value, most of the districts were clustered together (at I  > 0), except the coastal districts such as Uttar Kannad, Udupi, Dakshin Kannad, and interior districts such as Dharwad, Davanagere, and Chikmagalur, which exhibited negative I value (at I  More