Philippa Kaur

Simpson, S. J. & Raubenheimer, D. The Nature of Nutrition: A Unifying Framework from Animal Adaptation to Human Obesity (Princeton University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar 
Le Couteur, D. G. et al. The impact of low-protein high-carbohydrate diets on aging and lifespan. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 1237–1252 (2016).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Levin, E., Mitra, C. & Davidowitz, G. Fed males increase oviposition in female hawkmoths via non-nutritive direct benefits. Anim. Behav. 112, 111–118 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Baker, H. G. & Baker, I. Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature 241, 543–545 (1973).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nepi, M. et al. Amino acids and protein profile in floral nectar: Much more than a simple reward. Flora Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants 207, 475–481 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Nepi, M. Beyond nectar sweetness: The hidden ecological role of non-protein amino acids in nectar. J. Ecol. 102, 108–115 (2014).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gardener, M. C. & Gillman, M. P. Analyzing variability in nectar amino acids: Composition is less variable than concentration. J. Chem. Ecol. 27, 2545–2558 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Baker, H. G. Non-sugar chemical constituents of nectar. Apidologie 8, 349–356 (1977).
Google Scholar 
Stevenson, P. C., Nicolson, S. W. & Wright, G. A. Plant secondary metabolites in nectar: Impacts on pollinators and ecological functions. Funct. Ecol. 31, 65–75 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Alm, J., Ohnmeiss, T. E., Lanza, J. & Vriesenga, L. Preference of cabbage white butterflies and honey bees for nectar that contains amino acids. Oecologia 84, 53–57 (1990).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Petanidou, T., Laere, A. V., Ellis, W. N. & Smets, E. What shapes amino acid and sugar composition in Mediterranean floral nectars?. Oikos 115, 155–169 (2006).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Stabler, D., Paoli, P. P., Nicolson, S. W. & Wright, G. A. Nutrient balancing of the adult worker bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) depends on the dietary source of essential amino acids. J. Exp. Biol. 218, 793–802 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Arganda, S. et al. Parsing the life-shortening effects of dietary protein: Effects of individual amino acids. Proc. R. Soc. B 284, 20162052 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Vrzal, E. M., Allan, S. A. & Hahn, D. A. Amino acids in nectar enhance longevity of female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. J. Insect Physiol. 56, 1659–1664 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mustard, J. A. Neuroactive nectar: Compounds in nectar that interact with neurons. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 14, 151–159 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Smith-Pardo, A. H., Carpenter, J. M. & Kimsey, L. The diversity of hornets in the genus Vespa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Vespinae), their importance and interceptions in the United States. Insect Syst. Divers. 4, 2 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Cott, H. B. The edibility of birds. Nature 156, 736–737 (1945).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ishay, J. & Ikan, R. Food exchange between adults and larvae in Vespa orientalis F. Anim. Behav. 16, 298–303 (1968).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Takashi, A., Yoshiya, T., Hiromitsu, M. & Yasuko, Y. K. Comparative study of the composition of hornet larval saliva, its effect on behaviour and role of trophallaxis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Comp. Pharmacol. 99, 79–84 (1991).
Google Scholar 
Hunt, J. H. Nourishment and the evolution of the social Vespidae. Soc. Biol. Wasps 426, 450 (1991).
Google Scholar 
Ishay, J. Comb bulding by the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Anim. Behav. 24, 72–83 (1976).
Google Scholar 
Ganor, E. & Ishay, J. The cement in hornet combs. J. Ethol. 10, 31–39 (1992).
Google Scholar 
Brull, L. Project ISIAH—Experiment on the effects of micro-gravity on hornets’ nest building and activity. Isr. Space Res. Technol. Inf. Bull. 9, 2–21 (1992).
Google Scholar 
Ishay, J. et al. Exposure to an additional alternating magnetic field affects comb building by worker hornets. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 39, 83–88 (2007).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kisliuk, M. & Ishay, J. Influence of the earth’s magnetic field on the comb building orientation of hornets. Experientia 35, 1041–1042 (1979).
Google Scholar 
Nepi, M. et al. Nectar and pollination drops: How different are they?. Ann. Bot. 104, 205–219 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wyatt, G. R. The biochemistry of insect hemolymph. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 6, 75–102 (1961).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jeong, H. et al. Nutritional value of the larvae of the alien invasive wasp Vespa velutina nigrithorax and amino acid composition of the larval saliva. Foods 9, 885 (2020).CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hermosín, I., Chicón, R. M. & DoloresCabezudo, M. Free amino acid composition and botanical origin of honey. Food Chem. 83, 263–268 (2003).
Google Scholar 
Baquet, A., Lavoinne, A. & Hue, L. Comparison of the effects of various amino acids on glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis and ketogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 273, 57–62 (1991).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Teulier, L., Weber, J.-M., Crevier, J. & Darveau, C.-A. Proline as a fuel for insect flight: Enhancing carbohydrate oxidation in hymenopterans. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283, 20160333 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Li, Y. et al. Shifts in metabolomic profiles of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis associated with elevated cold tolerance induced by the parasitoid’s diapause, host diapause and host diet augmented with proline. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 63, 34–46 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Koštál, V., Korbelová, J., Poupardin, R., Moos, M. & Šimek, P. Arginine and proline applied as food additives stimulate high freeze tolerance in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 219, 2358–2367 (2016).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hrassnigg, N., Leonhard, B. & Crailsheim, K. Free amino acids in the haemolymph of honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.). Amino Acids 24, 205–212 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Carter, C., Shafir, S., Yehonatan, L., Palmer, R. G. & Thornburg, R. A novel role for proline in plant floral nectars. Naturwissenschaften 93, 72–79 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Inouye, D. W. & Waller, G. D. Responses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to amino acid solutions mimicking floral nectars. Ecology 65, 618–625 (1984).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bogo, G. et al. Effects of non-protein amino acids in nectar on bee survival and behavior. J. Chem. Ecol. 45, 278–285 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Felicioli, A. et al. Effects of nonprotein amino acids on survival and locomotion of Osmia bicornis. Insect Mol. Biol. 27, 556–563 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mevi-Schütz, J. & Erhardt, A. Amino acids in nectar enhance butterfly fecundity: A long-awaited link. Am. Nat. 165, 411–419 (2005).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ramputh, A. I. & Bown, A. W. Rapid [gamma]-aminobutyric acid synthesis and the inhibition of the growth and development of oblique-banded leaf-roller larvae. Plant Physiol. 111, 1349–1352 (1996).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
ffrench-Constant, R. H., Williamson, M. S., Davies, T. G. E. & Bass, C. Ion channels as insecticide targets. J. Neurogenet. 30, 163–177 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Scholz, S. S., Reichelt, M., Mekonnen, D. W., Ludewig, F. & Mithöfer, A. Insect herbivory-elicited GABA accumulation in plants is a wound-induced, direct, systemic, and jasmonate-independent defense response. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 1128 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Csata, E. & Dussutour, A. Nutrient regulation in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A review. Myrmecol. News 29, 111–124 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Altaye, S. Z., Pirk, C. W. W., Crewe, R. M. & Nicolson, S. W. Convergence of carbohydrate-biased intake targets in caged worker honeybees fed different protein sources. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 3311–3318 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Pirk, C. W. W., Boodhoo, C., Human, H. & Nicolson, S. W. The importance of protein type and protein to carbohydrate ratio for survival and ovarian activation of caged honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata). Apidologie 41, 62–72 (2010).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Archer, C. R., Pirk, C. W. W., Wright, G. A. & Nicolson, S. W. Nutrition affects survival in African honeybees exposed to interacting stressors. Funct. Ecol. 28, 913–923 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Mustard, J. A., Jones, L. & Wright, G. A. GABA signaling affects motor function in the honey bee. J. Insect Physiol. 120, 103989 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Gottesmann, C. GABA mechanisms and sleep. Neuroscience 111, 231–239 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Biswas, B. & Carlsson, A. Effect of intraperitoneally administered GABA on the locomotor activity of mice. Psychopharmacology 59, 91–94 (1978).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Śmiałowski, A., Śmiałowska, M., Reichenberg, K., Byrska, B. & Vetulani, J. Motor depression and head twitches induced by IP injection of GABA. Psychopharmacology 69, 295–298 (1980).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tomonaga, S. et al. Effect of central administration of carnosine and its constituents on behaviors in chicks. Brain Res. Bull. 63, 75–82 (2004).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mena Gomez, M. A., Carlsson, A. & Garcia de Yebenes, J. The effect of β-alanine on motor behaviour, body temperature and cerebral monoamine metabolism in rat. J. Neural Transm. 43, 1–9 (1978).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hamasu, K. et al. l-Proline is a sedative regulator of acute stress in the brain of neonatal chicks. Amino Acids 37, 377–382 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Barton-Browne, L. B. Water regulation in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 9, 63–82 (1964).
Google Scholar 
Borycz, J., Borycz, J. A., Edwards, T. N., Boulianne, G. L. & Meinertzhagen, I. A. The metabolism of histamine in the Drosophila optic lobe involves an ommatidial pathway: β-alanine recycles through the retina. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 1399–1411 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Culbertson, J. Y., Kreider, R. B., Greenwood, M. & Cooke, M. Effects of beta-alanine on muscle carnosine and exercise performance: A review of the current literature. Nutrients 2, 75–98 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Arrese, E. L. & Soulages, J. L. Insect Fat Body: Energy, metabolism, and regulation. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55, 207–225 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Adams, E. & Frank, L. Metabolism of proline and the hydroxyprolines. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 1005–1061 (1980).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wu, G. et al. Proline and hydroxyproline metabolism: Implications for animal and human nutrition. Amino Acids 40, 1053–1063 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Boonstra, E. et al. Neurotransmitters as food supplements: The effects of GABA on brain and behavior. Front. Psychol. 6, 1520 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Harris, R. C. et al. The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 30, 279–289 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hoffman, J. R. et al. β-Alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content and combat specific performance in soldiers. Amino Acids 47, 627–636 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Levin, E., McCue, M. D. & Davidowitz, G. More than just sugar: allocation of nectar amino acids and fatty acids in a Lepidopteran. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 284, 20162126 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/ (2017). More

Garfinkel, Y., Ben-Shlomo, D. & Kuperman, T. Large-scale storage of grain surplus in the sixth millennium BC: The silos of Tel Tsaf. Antiquity 83, 309–325 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosenberg, D., Garfinkel, Y. & Klimscha, F. Large-scale storage and storage symbolism in the Ancient Near East—a unique clay model of a silo from Tel Tsaf, Israel. Antiquity 91, 885–900 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ben-Shlomo, D., Hill, A. C. & Garfinkel, Y. Feasting between the revolutions: Evidence from chalcolithic Tel Tsaf, Israel. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 22, 129–150 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Garfinkel, Y., Ben-Shlomo, D., Freikman, M. & Vered, A. Tel Tsaf: The 2004–2006 excavation seasons. Isr. Explor. J. 57, 1–33 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Freikman, M. & Garfinkel, Y. Sealings before cities: New evidence on the beginnings of administration in the Ancient Near East. Levant 49, 1–22 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Freikman, M., Ben-Shlomo, D. & Garfinkel, Y. A. Stamped sealing from Middle Chalcolithic Tel Tsaf: Implications for the rise of administrative practices in the Levant. Levant 53, 1–12 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garfinkel, Y., Klimscha, F., Shalev, S. & Rosenberg, D. The beginning of metallurgy in the Southern Levant: A late 6th millennium calBC copper awl from Tel Tsaf, Israel. PLoS One 9, 1–6 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Graham, P. Archaeobotanical remains from late 6th/early 5th millennium BC Tel Tsaf, Israel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 43, 105–110 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuijt, I. & Finlayson, B. Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley. PNAS 106, 10966–10970 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Colledge, S., Conolly, J., Finlayson, B. & Kuijt, I. New insights on plant domestication, production intensification, and food storage: The archaeobotanical evidence from PPNA Dhra. Levant 50, 14–31 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Willcox, G., Fornite, S. & Herveux, L. Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in northern Syria. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 17, 313–325 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Palmisano, A. et al. Holocene landscape dynamics and long-term population trends in the Levant. Holocene 29, 708–727 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gophna, R. & Kislev, M. Finds at Tel-Saf (1977–1978). Rev. Bib. 86, 112–114 (1979).
Google Scholar 
Rosenberg, D. et al. Back to Tel Tsaf: A preliminary report on the 2013 season of the renewed project. J. Isr. Prehist. Soc. 44, 148–179 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Lipshchitz, N. Analysis of the botanical remains from Tel Tsaf. Tel Aviv 15, 52–54 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vita-Finzi, C. et al. Prehistoric economy in the Mount Carmel area of Palestine: Site catchment analysis. In Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, Vol. 36 (Cambridge University Press, 1970) pp. 1–37.Prior, J. & Price-Williams, D. An investigation of climate change in the Holocene Epoch using archaeological charcoal from Swaziland, South Africa. J. Archaeol. Sci. 12, 457–475 (1985).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shackleton, C. M. & Prins, F. Charcoal analysis and the “Principle of Least Effort”—a conceptual model. J. Archaeol. Sci. 19, 631–637 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Asouti, E. & Austin, P. Reconstructing woodland vegetation and its exploitation by past societies, based on the analysis and interpretation of archaeological wood charcoal macro-remains. Environ. Archaeol. 10, 11–18 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Deckers, K. et al. Characteristics and changes in archaeology-related environmental data during the Third Millennium BC in Upper Mesopotamia. Collective comments to the data discussed during the Symposium. Publ. Inst. Français Études Anatoliennes 19, 573–580 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Marston, J. M. Modeling wood acquisition strategies from archaeological charcoal remains. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 2192–2200 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lev-Yadun, S. Wood remains from archaeological excavations: A review with a Near Eastern perspective. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 56, 139–162 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Liphschitz, N. Timber in Ancient Israel Dendroarchaeology and Dendrochronology. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 26 (Tel Aviv, 2007).Sitry, I. & Langgut, D. Wooden objects from the colt collection—Shivta. Michmanim 28, 31–46 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Srebro, H. & Soffer, T. The New Atlas of Israel: The National Atlas (Survey of Israel; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2011).
Google Scholar 
Gophna, R. & Sadeh, S. Excavations at Tel Tsaf: An early Chalcolithic site in the Jordan Valley. Tel Aviv. 15–16, 3–36 (1988–89).Garfinkel, Y., Ben-Shlomo, D. & Freikman, M. Excavations at Tel Tsaf 2004–2007: Final Report, Volume 1 (Ariel University Press, 2020).
Google Scholar 
Rosenberg, D., Pinsky, S. & Klimscha, F. “The renewed research project at Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley—2013–2019” in Hadashot Arkeologiyot—Excavations and Surveys in Israel, p. 133 (2021).Gopher, A. The Pottery Neolithic in the southern Levant—a second Neolithic revolution. In Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel (ed. Gopher, A.) 1525–1611 (Tel Aviv University, 2012).
Google Scholar 
Streit, K. & Garfinkel, Y. Tel Tsaf and the impact of the Ubaid Culture on the Southern Levant: Interpreting the radiocarbon evidence. Radiocarbon 57, 865–880 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Streit, K. & Garfinkel, Y. A specialized ceramic assemblage for water pulling: The Middle Chalcolithic well of Tel Tsaf, Israel. BASOR 374, 61–73 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Garfinkel, Y. Proto-historic courtyard buildings in the southern Levant. In Neolithic and Chalcolithic Archaeology in Eurasia: Building Techniques and Spatial Organization (ed. Gheorghiu, D.) 35–41 (BAR International Series, 2010).
Google Scholar 
Zohary, M. Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East (Gustav Gischer Verlag, 1973).
Google Scholar 
Bar-Matthews, M. & Ayalon, A. Mid-Holocene climate variations revealed by high-resolution speleothem records from Soreq Cave, Israel and their correlation with cultural changes. Holocene 21, 163–171 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fahn, A., Werker, E. & Baas, P. Wood Anatomy and Identification of Trees and Shrubs from Israel and Adjacent Regions (The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1986).
Google Scholar 
Schweingruber, F. H. Anatomy of European Woods (Verlag Paul Haupt, 1990).
Google Scholar 
Bronk Ramsey, C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337–360 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reimer, P. et al. The IntCal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725–757 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zohary, M. Plant Life of Palestine: Israel and Jordan (Ronald Press Co, 1962).
Google Scholar 
Asouti, E. & Hather, J. Charcoal analysis and the reconstruction of ancient woodland vegetation in the Konya Basin, south-central Anatolia, Turkey: Results from the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük East. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 10, 23–32 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thery-Parisot, I., Chabal, L. & Chrzavzez, J. Anthracology and taphonomy, from wood gathering to charcoal analysis: A review of the taphonomic processes modifying charcoal assemblages, in archaeological contexts. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 291, 142–153 (2010).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Langgut, D. et al. The earliest near-eastern wooden spinning implements. Antiquity 90, 973–990 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langgut, D., Tepper, Y., Benzaquen, M., Erickson-Gini, T. & Bar-Oz, G. Environment and horticulture in the Byzantine Negev Desert, Israel: Sustainability, prosperity and enigmatic decline. Quat. Int. 593, 160–177 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zohary, D. & Spiegel-Roy, P. Beginnings of fruit growing in the Old World. Science 187, 319–327 (1975).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zohary, D., Hopf, M. & Weiss, E. Domestication of Plants in the Old World 4th edn. (Oxford University Press, 2012).Book 

Google Scholar 
Weiss, E. Beginnings of fruit growing in the Old World two generations later. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 62, 75–85 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Benzaquen, M., Finkelstein, I. & Langgut, D. Vegetation history and human Impact on the environs of Tel Megiddo in the Bronze and Iron Ages (ca 3,500–500 BCE): A dendroarchaeological analysis. Tel Aviv. 49, 1–23 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Carrión, Y., Ntinou, M. & Bada, E. Olea europaea L. in the north Mediterranean Basin during the Pleniglacial and the Early-Middle Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29, 952–968 (2010).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lavee, S. & Zohary, D. The potential of genetic diversity and the effect of geographically isolated resources in olive breeding. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 59, 3–13 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langgut, D. et al. The origin and spread of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean Basin: The fossil pollen evidence. Holocene 29, 602–922 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Neef, R. Introduction, development and environmental implications of olive culture: The evidence from Jordan. In Man’s Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape (eds Bottema, S. et al.) 295–306 (Rotterdam, 1990).
Google Scholar 
Meadows, J. Olive domestication at Teleilat Ghassul. In Archaeology of the Near East: An Australian Perspective (eds Hopkins, L. & Parker, A.) 13–18 (University of Sydney, 2001).
Google Scholar 
Dighton, A., Fairbairn, A., Bourke, S., Faith, J. T. & Habgood, P. Bronze Age olive domestication in the north Jordan valley: New morphological evidence for regional complexity in early arboricultural practice from Pella in Jordan. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 26, 403–413 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galili, E., Stanley, D. J., Sharvit, J. & Weinstein-Evron, M. Evidence for earliest olive-oil production in submerged settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 24, 1141–1150 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galili, E. et al. Coastal paleoenvironments and prehistory of the Submerged Pottery Neolithic Settlement of Kfar Samir (Israel). Paléorient 44, 113–132 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Namdar, D., Amrani, A., Getzov, N. & Milevski, I. Olive oil storage during the fifth and sixth millennia BC at Ein Zippori, northern Israel. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 62, 65–74 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galili, E. et al. Early production of Table Olives at a mid-7th millennium BP submerged site off the Carmel Coast (Israel). Sci. Rep. 11, 1–15 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Epstein, C. Oil production in the Golan Heights during the Chalcolithic period. Tel Aviv. 20, 133–146 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Eitam, D. Between the [olive] rows, oil will be produced, presses will be trod…. (Job 24, 11). In La Production du Vin et l’Huile en Mediterranée:[Actes du Symposium International, (Aix-en-Provence et Toulon, 20-22 Novembre 1991 (Bulletin de correspondence hellénique, Supplementary 26) (eds Amouretti, M. C. & Brun, J. P.) 65–90 (Ecole Francaise d’Athènes, 1993).
Google Scholar 
Schiebel, V. Vegetation and Climate History of the Southern Levant During the Last 30000 Years Based on Palynological Investigation (University of Bonn, 2013) PhD Dissertation.Litt, T., Ohlwein, C., Neumann, F. H., Hense, A. & Stein, M. Holocene climate variability in the Levant from the Dead Sea pollen record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 49, 95–105 (2012).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Zeist, W., Baruch, U. & Bottema, S. Holocene palaeoecology of the Hula area, Northeastern Israel. In A Timeless Vale, Archaeological and Related Essays on the Jordan Valley (eds Kaptijn, K. & Petit, L. P.) 29–64 (Leiden University Press, 2009).
Google Scholar 
Neumann, F., Schölzel, C., Litt, T., Hense, A. & Stein, M. Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Golan heights (Near East). Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 16, 329–346 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kaniewski, D. et al. Primary domestication and early uses of the emblematic olive tree: Palaeobotanical, historical and molecular evidence from the Middle East. Biol. Rev. 87, 885–899 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Moriondo, M. et al. Olive trees as bio-indicators of climate evolution in the Mediterranean Basin. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 22, 818–833 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langgut, D., Cheddadi, R. & Sharon, G. Climate and environmental reconstruction of the Epipaleolithic Mediterranean Levant (22.0-11.9 ka cal. BP). Quat. Sci. Rev. 270, 107170 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zinger, A. Olive Cultivation 145th edn. (Israel Ministry of Agriculture, 1995) (in Hebrew).
Google Scholar 
Miller, N. F. Sweeter than wine? The use of the grape in early western Asia. Antiquity 82, 937–946 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fuller, D. Q. & Stevens, C. J. Between domestication and civilization: The role of agriculture and arboriculture in the emergence of the first urban societies. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 28, 263–282 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lev-Yadun, S. The common fig (Ficus carica) remains in the archaeological record and its domestication processes. In The Fig: Advances in Research and Sustainable Production (eds Flaishman, M. A. & Aksoy, U.) 11–25 (CABI, 2022).
Google Scholar 
Flaishman, M., Rodov, V. & Stover, E. The fig: Botany, horticulture and breeding. Hortic. Rev. 34, 113–196 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Langgut, D., Lev-Yadun, S. & Finkelstein, I. The Impact of olive orchard abandonment and rehabilitation on pollen signature: An experimental approach to evaluating fossil pollen data. Ethnoarchaeology 6, 121–135 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hobbs, J. J. Bedouin Life in the Egyptian Wilderness (University of Texas Press, 1989).
Google Scholar 
Andersen, G. L. et al. Traditional nomadic tending of trees in the Red Sea Hills. J. Arid Environ. 106, 36–44 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mor, E. Reconstructing Tel Bet Yerah’s Natural and Anthropogenic Environment During the Early Bronze Age Through Wood Remains (Tel Aviv University, 2022) MA Thesis, in Hebrew with English abstract.Kislev, M. E., Hartman, A. & Bar-Yosef, O. Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Velley. Science 312, 1372–1374 (2006).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lev-Yadun, S., Neeman, G., Abbo, S. & Flaishman, M. A. Comment on “Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley”.. Science 314, 1683a (2006).ADS 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Denham, T. Early fig domestication, or gathering of wild parthenocarpic figs?. Antiquity 81, 457–461 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Abbo, S., Gopher, A. & Lev-Yadun, S. Fruit domestication in the near east. Plant Breed. Rev. 39, 325–377 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Gopher, A., Lev-Yadun, S. & Abbo, S. Breaking Ground. Plant Domestication in the Neolithic Levant: The “Core-Area—One-Event” Model Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology (Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, The Institute of Archaeology, 2021).
Google Scholar 
Shennan, S. Property and wealth inequality as cultural niche construction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 366, 918–926 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Twiss, K. The archaeology of food and social diversity. J. Archaeol. Res. 20, 357–395 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bowles, S. & Choi, J. K. Coevolution of farming and private property during the early Holocene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 8830–8835 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zeder, M. A. Domestication as a model system for niche construction theory. Evol. Ecol. 30, 325–348 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Khalil, E. L. Symbolic products: Prestige, pride and identity goods. Theory Decis. 49, 53–77 (2000).MATH 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nelissen, R. M. & Meijers, M. H. Social benefits of luxury brands as costly signals of wealth and status. Evol. Hum. Behav. 32, 343–355 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Plourde, A. M. The origins of prestige goods as honest signals of skill and knowledge. Hum. Nat. 19, 374–388 (2008).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hayden, B. The proof is in the pudding: Feasting and the origins of domestication. Curr. Anthropolac. 50, 597–601 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yahalom-Mack, N. et al. The earliest lead object in the levant. PLoS One 10, e0142948 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mayshar, J., Moav, M., Neeman, Z. & Pascali, L. The origin of the state: Land productivity or appropriability. J. Polit. Econ. 130, 1091–1144 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langgut, D. & Sasi, A. The emergence of fruit tree horticulture in Chalcolithic southern Levant. In (Ben-Yosef, E., Jones, I. Eds) And in Length of Days Understanding” (Job 12:12)—Essays on Archaeology in the 21st Century in Honor of Thomas E. Levy (In Press). More

Sea anemones turn oxybenzone into a light-activated agent that can bleach and kill corals.Credit: Georgette Douwma/Getty

A common but controversial sunscreen ingredient that is thought to harm corals might do so because of a chemical reaction that causes it to damage cells in the presence of ultraviolet light. Researchers have discovered that sea anemones, which are similar to corals, make the molecule oxybenzone water-soluble by tacking a sugar onto it. This inadvertently turns oxybenzone into a molecule that — instead of blocking UV light — is activated by sunlight to produce free radicals that can bleach and kill corals. “This metabolic pathway that is meant to detoxify is actually making a toxin,” says Djordje Vuckovic, an environmental engineer at Stanford University in California, who was part of the research team. The animals “convert a sunscreen into something that’s essentially the opposite of a sunscreen”.Oxybenzone is the sun-blocking agent in many suncreams. Its chemical structure causes it to absorb UV rays, preventing damage to skin cells. But it has attracted controversy in recent years after studies reported that it can damage coral DNA, interfere with their endocrine systems and cause deformities in their larvae2. These concerns have led to some beaches in Hawaii, Palau and the US Virgin Islands, banning oxybenzone-containing sunscreens. Last year, the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a committee to review the science on sunscreen chemicals in aquatic ecosystems; its report is expected in the next few months.The latest study, published on 5 May in Science1, highlights that there has been little research into the potentially toxic effects of the by-products of some substances in sunscreens, says Brett Sallach, an environmental scientist at the University of York, UK. “It’s important to track not just the parent compound, but these transformed compounds that can be toxic,” he says. “From a regulatory standpoint, we have very little understanding of what transformed products are out there and their effects on the environment.”But other factors also threaten the health of coral reefs; these include climate change, ocean acidification, coastal pollution and overfishing that depletes key members of reef ecosystems. The study does not show where oxybenzone ranks in the list.Simulated seaTo understand oxybenzone’s effects, Vuckovic, environmental engineer William Mitch at Stanford and their colleagues turned to sea anemones, which are closely related to corals, and similarly harbour symbiotic algae that give them colour.The researchers exposed anemones with and without the algae to oxybenzone in artificial seawater, and illuminated them with light — including the UV spectrum — that mimicked the 24-hour sunlight cycle. All the animals exposed to both the chemical and sunlight died within 17 days. But those exposed to sunlight without oxybenzone or to oxybenzone without UV light lived.Oxybenzone alone did not produce dangerous reactive molecules when exposed to sunlight, as had been expected, so the researchers thought that the molecule might be metabolized in some way. When they analysed anemone tissues, they found that the chemical bound to sugars accumulated in them, where it triggered the formation of oxygen-based free radicals that are lethal to corals. “Understanding this mechanism could help identify sunscreen molecules without this effect,” Mitch says.The sugar-bound form of oxybenzone amassed at higher levels in the symbiotic algae than in the anemones’ own cells. Sea anemones lacking algae died around a week after exposure to oxybenzone and sunlight, compared with 17 days for those with algae. That suggests the algae protected the animals from oxybenzone’s harmful effects.Corals that have been subject to environmental stressors such as changing temperatures often become bleached, losing their symbiotic algae. “If they’re weaker in this state, rising sea water temperature or ocean acidification might make them more susceptible to these local, anthropogenic contaminants,” Mitch says.Greater dangerIt’s not clear how closely these laboratory-based studies mimic the reality of reef ecosystems. The concentration of oxybenzone at a coral reef can vary widely, depending on factors such as tourist activity and water conditions. Sallach points out that the concentrations used in the study are more like “worst-case exposure” than normal environmental conditions.The study lacks “ecological realism”, agrees Terry Hughes, a marine biologist at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia. Coral-bleaching events on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, for example, have been linked more closely to trends in water temperature than to shifts in tourist activity. “Mass bleaching happens regardless of where the tourists are,” Hughes says. “Even the most remote, most pristine reefs are bleaching because water temperatures are killing them.”Hughes emphasizes that the greatest threats to reefs remain rising temperatures, coastal pollution and overfishing. Changing sunscreens might not do much to protect coral reefs, Hughes says. “It’s ironic that people will change their sunscreens and fly from New York to Miami to go to the beach,” he says. “Most tourists are happy to use a different brand of sunscreen, but not to fly less and reduce carbon emissions.” More

RBD severity in different rice ecosystems of KarnatakaBased on the observations made during the exploratory surveys of 2018 and 2019 (Table 1 and Fig. 1), it was found that RBD severity significantly varied across studied areas and districts (Fig. 2). The disease severity was highest in Chikmagalur, followed by Kodagu, Shivamogga, Mysore, and Mandya districts which belong to Hilly and Kaveri ecosystems. At the same time, the lowest severity was documented in Udupi, Gulbarga, Gadag, Dakshin Kannad, Raichur, and Bellary districts of coastal, UKP, and TBP ecosystems (Fig. 3A).Table 1 Details of diverse rice-growing ecosystems selected for the study.Full size tableFigure 1Featured map of South-East Asia (A), India (B), and Karnataka (C). A total of 18 administrative districts of Karnataka were considered to gather data on rice blast disease. The area of different districts under study is shown (D). The maps were created using R software (version R-4.0.3).Full size imageFigure 2Distribution map indicating the sampling sites and the severity of rice blast disease in different rice ecosystems of Karnataka during 2018 and 2019. The maps were created using R software (version R-4.0.3).Full size imageFigure 3(A) Bar graph repressing the severity of rice blast disease (RBD) in different districts of Karnataka during 2018 and 2019. (B) Clustering of districts based on the severity of RBD in different districts of Karnataka by hclust method.Full size imageHierarchical cluster analysis using the average linkage method for RBD severity among the 18 administrative districts of diverse rice ecosystems of Karnataka identified two main clusters, namely, cluster I and cluster II (Fig. 3B). Cluster I consist of two subclusters, cluster IA and IB. Subcluster IA consists of Mandya, Dharwad, Mysore, Hassan, Shivamogga, Haveri, and Belgaum; While, Kodagu, and Chikmagalur districts were clustered in IB. Similarly, Cluster II was divided into cluster IIA and cluster IIB. Subcluster IIA comprises Udupi, Gulbarga, Gadag, Raichur, Dakshin Kannad, Uttar Kannad, Koppal and Bellary, and Davanagere district was grouped under cluster IIB.Spatial point pattern analysis of RBDThe cluster and outlier analysis was done using Local Moran’s I and p-values. The analyses have identified RBD cluster patterns at the district level during 2018 and 2019, representing dispersed and aggregated clusters of severity (Fig. 4). Based on positive I value, most of the districts were clustered together (at I  > 0), except the coastal districts such as Uttar Kannad, Udupi, Dakshin Kannad, and interior districts such as Dharwad, Davanagere, and Chikmagalur, which exhibited negative I value (at I  More

Kalbitz, K. & Kaiser, K. Contribution of dissolved organic matter to carbon storage in forest mineral soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 52–60 (2008).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Michalzik, B. et al. Modelling the production and transport of dissolved organic carbon in forest soils. Biogeochemistry 66, 241–264 (2003).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sokol, N. W., Sanderman, J. & Bradford, M. A. Pathways of mineral-associated soil organic matter formation: Integrating the role of plant carbon source, chemistry, and point of entry. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 12–24 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Roth, V.-N. et al. Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soil. Nat. Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0417-4 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jones, O. A. H. et al. Metabolomics and its use in ecology: Metabolomics in ecology. Austral Ecol. 38, 713–720 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Gołębiewski, M. et al. Rapid microbial community changes during initial stages of pine litter decomposition. Microb. Ecol. 77, 56–75 (2019).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chomel, M. et al. Plant secondary metabolites: A key driver of litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. J. Ecol. 104, 1527–1541 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Purahong, W., Wubet, T., Krüger, D. & Buscot, F. Molecular evidence strongly supports deadwood-inhabiting fungi exhibiting unexpected tree species preferences in temperate forests. ISME J. 12, 289–295 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Djukic, I. et al. Early stage litter decomposition across biomes. Sci. Total Environ. 628–629, 1369–1394 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Rousk, J. et al. Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. ISME J. 4, 1340–1351 (2010).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wu, Y., Zeng, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, Z. & Lin, X. pH is the primary determinant of the bacterial community structure in agricultural soils impacted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution. Sci. Rep. 7, 40093 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Griffiths, R. I. et al. The bacterial biogeography of British soils: Mapping soil bacteria. Environ. Microbiol. 13, 1642–1654 (2011).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bahram, M. et al. Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome. Nature 560, 233–237 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Büttner, H. et al. Bacterial endosymbionts protect beneficial soil fungus from nematode attack. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2110669118 (2021).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Lucas, J. M., Gora, E., Salzberg, A. & Kaspari, M. Antibiotics as chemical warfare across multiple taxonomic domains and trophic levels in brown food webs. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20191536 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Goldbeck, O. et al. Establishing recombinant production of pediocin PA-1 in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab. Eng. 68, 34–45 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wu, X. et al. Microbial interactions with dissolved organic matter drive carbon dynamics and community succession. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1234 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
D’Andrilli, J., Junker, J. R., Smith, H. J., Scholl, E. A. & Foreman, C. M. DOM composition alters ecosystem function during microbial processing of isolated sources. Biogeochemistry 142, 281–298 (2019).
Google Scholar 
Benk, S. A. et al. Fueling diversity in the subsurface: Composition and age of dissolved organic matter in the critical zone. Front. Earth Sci. 7, 296 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Marschner, P., Umar, S. & Baumann, K. The microbial community composition changes rapidly in the early stages of decomposition of wheat residue. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43, 445–451 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Badri, D. V., Zolla, G., Bakker, M. G., Manter, D. K. & Vivanco, J. M. Potential impact of soil microbiomes on the leaf metabolome and on herbivore feeding behavior. New Phytol. 198, 264–273 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kohlhepp, B. et al. Pedological and hydrogeological setting and subsurface flow structure of the carbonate-rock CZE Hainich in western Thuringia, Germany. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-374 (2016).Dittmar, T., Koch, B. P., Hertkorn, N. & Kattner, G. A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 6, 230–235 (2008).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Simon, C., Roth, V.-N., Dittmar, T. & Gleixner, G. Molecular signals of heterogeneous terrestrial environments identified in dissolved organic matter: A comparative analysis of orbitrap and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. Front. Earth Sci. 6, 138 (2018).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27–30 (2000).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Herlemann, D. P. et al. Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. ISME J. 5, 1571–1579 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Kumar, S. et al. Thiosulfate- and hydrogen-driven autotrophic denitrification by a microbial consortium enriched from groundwater of an oligotrophic limestone aquifer. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 94, 10 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Kozich, J. J., Westcott, S. L., Baxter, N. T., Highlander, S. K. & Schloss, P. D. Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the miseq illumina sequencing platform. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79, 5112–5120 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Taubert, M. et al. Tracking active groundwater microbes with D 2 O labelling to understand their ecosystem function: Tracking active groundwater microbes. Environ. Microbiol. 20, 369–384 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Schloss, P. D. et al. Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 7537–7541 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D590-596 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lohmann, P. et al. Function is what counts: How microbial community complexity affects species, proteome and pathway coverage in metaproteomics. Expert Rev. Proteomics 17, 163–173 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Starke, R. et al. Candidate brocadiales dominates C, N and S cycling in anoxic groundwater of a pristine limestone-fracture aquifer. J. Proteomics 152, 153–160 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package (Springer, 2018).
Google Scholar 
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, 2016).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Zoppi, J., Guillaume, J.-F., Neunlist, M. & Chaffron, S. MiBiOmics: an interactive web application for multi-omics data exploration and integration. BMC Bioinform. 22, 6 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Adler, D. & Murdoch, D. rgl: 3D Visualization Using OpenGL (Springer, 2019).
Google Scholar 
Aßhauer, K. P., Wemheuer, B., Daniel, R. & Meinicke, P. Tax4Fun: Predicting functional profiles from metagenomic 16S rRNA data: Fig. 1. Bioinformatics 31, 2882–2884 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Fath, M. J. & Kolter, R. ABC transporters: Bacterial exporters. Microbiol. Rev. 57, 995 (1993).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Waters, C. M. & Bassler, B. L. Quorum sensing: Cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 21, 319–346 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Deutscher, J., Francke, C. & Postma, P. W. How phosphotransferase system-related protein phosphorylation regulates carbohydrate metabolism in bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70, 939–1031 (2006).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Vogt, T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol. Plant 3, 2–20 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Polturak, G. et al. Engineered gray mold resistance, antioxidant capacity, and pigmentation in betalain-producing crops and ornamentals. PNAS 114, 9062–9067 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Mille-Lindblom, C. & Tranvik, L. J. Antagonism between bacteria and fungi on decomposing aquatic plant litter. Microb. Ecol. 45, 173–182 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chopra, I. & Roberts, M. Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65, 232–260 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Schiessl, K. T. et al. Phenazine production promotes antibiotic tolerance and metabolic heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Nat. Commun. 10, 762 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Reading, C. & Cole, M. Clavulanic acid: A beta-lactamase-inhiting beta-lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11, 852–857 (1977).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Šnajdr, J. et al. Transformation of Quercus petraea litter: Successive changes in litter chemistry are reflected in differential enzyme activity and changes in the microbial community composition: Transformation of Quercus petraea litter. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 75, 291–303 (2011).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Voříšková, J. & Baldrian, P. Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. ISME J. 7, 477–486 (2013).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Buresova, A. et al. Succession of microbial decomposers is determined by litter type, but site conditions drive decomposition rates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 85, e01760-19 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hopwood, D. A. Streptomyces in Nature and Medicine: The Antibiotic Makers (Oxford University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar 
Anaya-López, J. L., López-Meza, J. E. & Ochoa-Zarzosa, A. Bacterial resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 39, 180–195 (2013).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lindner, K. R., Bonner, D. P. & Koster, W. H. Monobactams. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (Wiley, 2000). https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1315141512091404.a01.Book 

Google Scholar 
Eustáquio, A. S. et al. Novobiocin biosynthesis: Inactivation of the putative regulatory gene novE and heterologous expression of genes involved in aminocoumarin ring formation. Arch. Microbiol. 180, 25–32 (2003).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Banerjee, S. et al. Network analysis reveals functional redundancy and keystone taxa amongst bacterial and fungal communities during organic matter decomposition in an arable soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 97, 188–198 (2016).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Taubert, M., Stähly, J., Kolb, S. & Küsel, K. Divergent microbial communities in groundwater and overlying soils exhibit functional redundancy for plant-polysaccharide degradation. PLoS ONE 14, e0212937 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wallenstein, M. D., Hess, A. M., Lewis, M. R., Steltzer, H. & Ayres, E. Decomposition of aspen leaf litter results in unique metabolomes when decomposed under different tree species. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 484–490 (2010).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Backlund, I. et al. Extractive profiles of different lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) fractions grown under a direct seeding-based silvicultural regime. Ind. Crops Prod. 58, 220–229 (2014).CAS 

Google Scholar  More

Mackintosh NA. The southern stocks of whalebone whales 1942.Perrin, W. F. & Wursig, B. Thewissen JGM “Hans” (Academic Press, 2009).
Google Scholar 
Rizzo, L. Y. & Schulte, D. A review of humpback whales’ migration patterns worldwide and their consequences to gene flow. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 89, 995–1002. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409000332 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Baker, C. S. et al. Strong maternal fidelity and natal philopatry shape genetic structure in North Pacific humpback whales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 494, 291–306. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10508 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Clapham, P. J. et al. Seasonal occurrence and annual return of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the southern Gulf of Maine. Can J Zool 71, 440–443. https://doi.org/10.1139/z93-063 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dawbin, W. H. The seasonal migratory cycle of humpback whales. Whales Dolphins Porpoises 4, 145–70 (1966).Article 

Google Scholar 
Horton, T. W., Zerbini, A. N., Andriolo, A., Danilewicz, D. & Sucunza, F. Multi-decadal humpback whale migratory route fidelity despite oceanographic and geomagnetic change. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00414 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Larsen, A. H., Sigurjónsson, J., Oien, N., Vikingsson, G. & Palsbøll, P. Populations genetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial loci in skin biopsies collected from central and northeastern North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): Population identity and migratory destinations. Proc. Biol. Sci. 263, 1611–1618. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0236 (1996).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Palsbøll, P. J. et al. Genetic tagging of humpback whales. Nature 388, 767–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/42005 (1997).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Barendse, J. et al. Migration redefined? Seasonality, movements and group composition of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae off the west coast of South Africa. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 32, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142321003714203 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Best, B. P., Sekiguchi, K. & Findlay, P. K. A suspended migration of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae on the west coast of South Africa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 118, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps118001 (1995).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, M. R., Corkeron, P. J., Hale, P. T., Schultz, K. W. & Bryden, M. M. Evidence for a sex-segregated migration in the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 259, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1995.0034 (1995).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Christensen, I., Haug, T. & Øien, N. Seasonal distribution, exploitation and present abundance of stocks of large baleen whales (Mysticeti) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Norwegian and adjacent waters. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 49, 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/49.3.341 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Corkeron, P. J. & Connor, R. C. Why do baleen whales migrate?1. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15, 1228–1245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00887.x (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pomilla, C. & Rosenbaum, H. C. Against the current: An inter-oceanic whale migration event. Biol. Lett. 1, 476–479. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0351 (2005).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Druskat, A., Ghosh, R., Castrillon, J. & Bengtson Nash, S. M. Sex ratios of migrating southern hemisphere humpback whales: A new sentinel parameter of ecosystem health. Mar. Environ. Res. 151, 104749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104749 (2019).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Atkinson, A. et al. Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E. & Rothery, P. Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432, 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02996 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Flores, H. et al. Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 458, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09831 (2012).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Andrews-Goff, V. et al. Humpback whale migrations to Antarctic summer foraging grounds through the southwest Pacific Ocean. Sci. Rep. 8, 12333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30748-4 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Garrigue, C., Clapham, P. J., Geyer, Y., Kennedy, A. S. & Zerbini, A. N. Satellite tracking reveals novel migratory patterns and the importance of seamounts for endangered South Pacific humpback whales. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2, 150489. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150489 (2015).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Riekkola, L., Andrews-Goff, V., Friedlaender, A., Constantine, R. & Zerbini, A. N. Environmental drivers of humpback whale foraging behavior in the remote Southern Ocean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 517, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2019.05.008 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fleming, A. H., Clark, C. T., Calambokidis, J. & Barlow, J. Humpback whale diets respond to variance in ocean climate and ecosystem conditions in the California Current. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 1214–1224. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13171 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nash, S. M. B. et al. Signals from the south; humpback whales carry messages of Antarctic sea-ice ecosystem variability. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 1500–1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14035 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cartwright, R. et al. Fluctuating reproductive rates in Hawaii’s humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, reflect recent climate anomalies in the North Pacific. R. Soc. Open Sci. 6, 181463. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181463 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Tulloch, V. J. D., Plagányi, É. E., Matear, R., Brown, C. J. & Richardson, A. J. Ecosystem modelling to quantify the impact of historical whaling on Southern Hemisphere baleen whales. Fish Fish. 19, 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12241 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jonsen, I. D., Flemming, J. M. & Myers, R. A. Robust state–space modeling of animal movement data. Ecology 86, 2874–2880. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1852 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Morales, J. M., Haydon, D. T., Frair, J., Holsinger, K. E. & Fryxell, J. M. Extracting more out of relocation data: Building movement models as mixtures of random walks. Ecology 85, 2436–2445. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0269 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Patterson, T. A., Thomas, L., Wilcox, C., Ovaskainen, O. & Matthiopoulos, J. State–space models of individual animal movement. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.009 (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jonsen, I. Joint estimation over multiple individuals improves behavioural state inference from animal movement data. Sci. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20625 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Mills Flemming, J., Jonsen, I. D., Myers, R. A. & Field, C. A. Hierarchical state-space estimation of leatherback turtle navigation ability. PLoS ONE 5, e14245. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014245 (2010).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Andriolo, A., Kinas, P. G., Engel, M. H., Martins, C. C. A. & Rufino, A. M. Humpback whales within the Brazilian breeding ground: Distribution and population size estimate. Endanger. Species Res. 11, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00282 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ward, E., Zerbini, A. N., Kinas, P. G., Engel, M. H. & Andriolo, A. Estimates of population growth rates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the wintering grounds off the coast of Brazil (Breeding Stock A). J Cetacean Res. Manag. 3, 145–149 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Zerbini, A. N. et al. Assessing the recovery of an Antarctic predator from historical exploitation. R. Soc. Open Sci. 6, 190368. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190368 (2019).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Bortolotto, G. A., Danilewicz, D., Hammond, P. S., Thomas, L. & Zerbini, A. N. Whale distribution in a breeding area: Spatial models of habitat use and abundance of western South Atlantic humpback whales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 585, 213–227. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12393 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Martins, C. C. A., Andriolo, A., Engel, M. H., Kinas, P. G. & Saito, C. H. Identifying priority areas for humpback whale conservation at Eastern Brazilian Coast. Ocean Coast. Manag. 75, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.02.006 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Albertson, G. R. et al. Temporal stability and mixed-stock analyses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the nearshore waters of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol. 41, 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2193-1 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Engel, M. & Martin, A. Feeding grounds of the western South Atlantic humpback whale population. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 25, 964–969 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Engel, M. H. et al. Mitochondrial DNA diversity of the Southwestern Atlantic humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding area off Brazil, and the potential connections to Antarctic feeding areas. Conserv. Genet. 5, 1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9453-5 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stevick, P., De Godoy, L. P., McOsker, M., Engel, M. & Allen, J. A note on the movement of a humpback whale from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil to South Georgia. J. Cetac. Res. Manag. 8, 297 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Zerbini, A. N. et al. Migration and summer destinations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the western South Atlantic Ocean. J. Cetacean Res. Manag. 3, 113–8 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Zerbini, A. N. et al. Satellite-monitored movements of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 313, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps313295 (2006).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
de Castro, F. R. et al. Are marine protected areas and priority areas for conservation representative of humpback whale breeding habitats in the western South Atlantic?. Biol. Conserv. 179, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.013 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Kleivane, L., OIen, N., Laidre, K. L. & Jensen, M. V. A new technique for deploying Sa℡lite transmitters on baleen whales: Tracking a blue whale (balaenoptera Musculus) in the North Atlantic. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 17, 949–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01309.x (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. et al. From greenland to Canada in ten days: Tracks of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, across Baffin Bay. Arctic 56, 21–31 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Laidre, K. L., Jensen, M. V., Dueck, L. & Postma, L. D. Dissolving stock discreteness with Sa℡lite tracking: Bowhead whales in Baffin Bay. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 22, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00004.x (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zerbini, A. N., Fernandez, A. A., Andriolo, A., Clapham, P. J., Crespo, E., Gonzalez, R., et al. Satellite tracking of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) from Golfo San Matias, Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission SC67b, Bled, Slovenia (2018).Chittleborough, R. G. Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Mar. Freshwater Res. 16, 33–128. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9650033 (1965).Article 

Google Scholar 
Freitas, C., Lydersen, C., Fedak, M. A. & Kovacs, K. M. A simple new algorithm to filter marine mammal Argos locations. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00180.x (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lambertsen, R. H. A biopsy system for large whales and its use for cytogenetics. J. Mamm. 68, 443–445. https://doi.org/10.2307/1381495 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mendelssohn, R. rerddapXtracto: Extracts Environmental Data from “ERDDAP” Web Services. (2020).Chin, T. M., Milliff, R. F. & Large, W. G. Basin-scale, high-wavenumber sea surface wind fields from a multiresolution analysis of scatterometer data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 15, 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015%3c0741:BSHWSS%3e2.0.CO;2 (1998).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T. & Nowlin, W. D. On the meridional extent and fronts of the antarctic circumpolar current. Deep Sea Res. Part I 42, 641–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Johnson, D. S., London, J. M., Lea, M.-A. & Durban, J. W. Continuous-time correlated random walk model for animal telemetry data. Ecology 89, 1208–1215. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1032.1 (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bedriñana-Romano, L. et al. Defining priority areas for blue whale conservation and investigating overlap with vessel traffic in Chilean Patagonia, using a fast-fitting movement model. Sci. Rep. 11, 2709. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82220-5 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
McClintock, B. T., London, J. M., Cameron, M. F. & Boveng, P. L. Modelling animal movement using the Argos satellite telemetry location error ellipse. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12311 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Akaike, H. Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principal. International Symposium on Information Theory (Akademiai Kaiado, 1973).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Auger-Méthé, M. et al. Spatiotemporal modelling of marine movement data using Template Model Builder (TMB). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 565, 237–249. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12019 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jonsen, I. D. et al. Movement responses to environment: Fast inference of variation among southern elephant seals with a mixed effects model. Ecology 100, e02566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2566 (2019).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kristensen, K., Nielsen, A., Berg, C. W., Skaug, H. & Bell, B. TMB: Automatic differentiation and laplace approximation. J. Stat. Softw. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v070.i05 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marcondes, M. C. C. et al. The Southern Ocean Exchange: Porous boundaries between humpback whale breeding populations in southern polar waters. Sci. Rep. 11, 23618. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02612-5 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Derville, S., Torres, L. G., Zerbini, A. N., Oremus, M. & Garrigue, C. Horizontal and vertical movements of humpback whales inform the use of critical pelagic habitats in the western South Pacific. Sci. Rep. 10, 4871. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61771-z (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Noad, M. J. & Cato, D. H. Swimming speeds of singing and non-singing humpback whales during migration. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 23, 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.02414.x (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gabriele, C. M. et al. Estimating the mortality rate of humpback whale calves in the central North Pacific Ocean. Can. J. Zool. 79, 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1139/z01-014 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Korb, R. E., Whitehouse, M. J., Atkinson, A. & Thorpe, S. E. Magnitude and maintenance of the phytoplankton bloom at South Georgia: A naturally iron-replete environment. Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser. 368, 75–91 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Korb, R. E., Whitehouse, M. J. & Ward, P. SeaWiFS in the southern ocean: Spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton biomass around South Georgia. Deep Sea Res. Part II 51, 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.04.002 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Atkinson, A. et al. Oceanic circumpolar habitats of Antarctic krill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 362, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07498 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Murphy, E. J. et al. Southern antarctic circumpolar current front to the northeast of South Georgia: Horizontal advection of krill and its role in the ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001522 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schmidt, K., Atkinson, A., Pond, D. W. & Ireland, L. C. Feeding and overwintering of Antarctic krill across its major habitats: The role of sea ice cover, water depth, and phytoplankton abundance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 59, 17–36. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.1.0017 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Trathan, P. N. et al. Oceanographic variability and changes in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) abundance at South Georgia. Fish. Oceanogr. 12, 569–583. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00268.x (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Venables, H. J. & Meredith, M. P. Theory and observations of Ekman flux in the chlorophyll distribution downstream of South Georgia. Geophys. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041371 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krafft, B. A. et al. Distribution and demography of Antarctic krill in the Southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 2008. Polar Biol. 33, 957–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0774-3 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Murphy, E. J. et al. Spatial and temporal operation of the Scotia Sea ecosystem: A review of large-scale links in a krill centred food web. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 362, 113–48. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1957 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Thorpe, S. E., Murphy, E. J. & Watkins, J. L. Circumpolar connections between Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) populations: Investigating the roles of ocean and sea ice transport. Deep Sea Res. Part I 54, 792–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.008 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mori, M. et al. Modelling dispersal of juvenile krill released from the Antarctic ice edge: Ecosystem implications of ocean movement. J. Mar. Syst. 189, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.09.005 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kohlbach, D. et al. Ice algae-produced carbon is critical for overwintering of antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00310 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, B. et al. The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat for larval Antarctic krill. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1853–1861. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0368-3 (2017).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, B. et al. Physiology, growth, and development of larval krill Euphausia superba in autumn and winter in the Lazarev Sea, Antarctica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54, 1595–1614. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.5.1595 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lancelot, C. et al. Spatial distribution of the iron supply to phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean: A model study. Biogeosciences 6, 2861–2878. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2861-2009 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brierley, A. S. et al. Antarctic krill under Sea Ice: Elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of Ice Edge. Science 295, 1890–1892. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068574 (2002).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Schmidt, K., Atkinson, A., Venables, H. J. & Pond, D. W. Early spawning of Antarctic krill in the Scotia Sea is fuelled by “superfluous” feeding on non-ice associated phytoplankton blooms. Deep Sea Res. Part II 59–60, 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.05.002 (2012).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Walsh, J., Reiss, C. S. & Watters, G. M. Flexibility in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba decouples diet and recruitment from overwinter sea-ice conditions in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 642, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13325 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Saba, G. K. et al. Winter and spring controls on the summer food web of the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula. Nat. Commun. 5, 4318. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5318 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Friedlaender, A. S. et al. Whale distribution in relation to prey abundance and oceanographic processes in shelf waters of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 317, 297–310. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps317297 (2006).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Murase, H., Matsuoka, K., Ichii, T. & Nishiwaki, S. Relationship between the distribution of euphausiids and baleen whales in the Antarctic (35° E–145° W). Polar Biol 25, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000100321 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reisinger, R. R. et al. Combining regional habitat selection models for large-scale prediction: Circumpolar habitat selection of Southern Ocean humpback whales. Remote Sens. 13, 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112074 (2021).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Thiele, D. et al. Seasonal variability in whale encounters in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Res. Part II 51, 2311–2325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.07.007 (2004).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Whitehouse, M. J. et al. Rapid warming of the ocean around South Georgia, Southern Ocean, during the 20th century: Forcings, characteristics and implications for lower trophic levels. Deep Sea Res. Part I 55, 1218–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.06.002 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dawson, H. R. S., Strutton, P. G. & Gaube, P. The unusual surface chlorophyll signatures of southern Ocean Eddies. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 123, 6053–6069. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013628 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kahru, M., Mitchell, B. G., Gille, S. T., Hewes, C. D. & Holm-Hansen, O. Eddies enhance biological production in the weddell-scotia confluence of the Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030430 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fach, B. A., Hofmann, E. E. & Murphy, E. J. Modeling studies of antarctic krill Euphausia superba survival during transport across the Scotia Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 231, 187–203. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps231187 (2002).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ichii, T., Katayama, K., Obitsu, N., Ishii, H. & Naganobu, M. Occurrence of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) concentrations in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands: Relationship to environmental parameters. Deep Sea Res. Part I 45, 1235–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00011-9 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Witek, Z., Kalinowski, J. & Grelowski, A. Formation of Antarctic Krill Concentrations in Relation to Hydrodynamic Processes and Social Behaviour. In Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability (ed. Sahrhage, D.) 237–44 (Springer, 1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_21.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Bost, C. A. et al. The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans. J. Mar. Syst. 78, 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.022 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carranza, M. M. & Gille, S. T. Southern Ocean wind-driven entrainment enhances satellite chlorophyll-a through the summer. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 120, 304–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010203 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Luis, A. J. & Pandey, P. C. Seasonal variability of QSCAT-derived wind stress over the Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019355 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fiechter, J. & Moore, A. M. Interannual spring bloom variability and Ekman pumping in the coastal Gulf of Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005140 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cimino, M. A. et al. Essential krill species habitat resolved by seasonal upwelling and ocean circulation models within the large marine ecosystem of the California Current System. Ecography 43, 1536–1549. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05204 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meehl, G. A. et al. Sustained ocean changes contributed to sudden Antarctic sea ice retreat in late 2016. Nat. Commun. 10, 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07865-9 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Parkinson, C. L. A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic. PNAS 116, 14414–14423. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906556116 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Siegel, V. Krill stocks in high latitudes of the Antarctic Lazarev Sea: seasonal and interannual variation in distribution, abundance and demography. Polar Biol. 35, 1151–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-012-1162-y (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Francis, D., Eayrs, C., Cuesta, J. & Holland, D. Polar cyclones at the origin of the reoccurrence of the maud rise polynya in austral winter 2017. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124, 5251–5267. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030618 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jena, B., Ravichandran, M. & Turner, J. Recent reoccurrence of large open-ocean polynya on the maud rise seamount. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 4320–4329. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081482 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brandt, A. et al. Maud rise–a snapshot through the water column. Deep Sea Res. Part II 58, 1962–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.01.008 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Plötz, J., Weidel, H. & Bersch, M. Winter aggregations of marine mammals and birds in the north-eastern Weddell Sea pack ice. Polar Biol 11, 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239022 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hazen, E. L. et al. Predicted habitat shifts of Pacific top predators in a changing climate. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1686 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Moore, S. E. & Huntington, H. P. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: Impacts and resilience. Ecol. Appl. 18, S157–S165. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0571.1 (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar  More

Water samples were filtered twice (see Methods), first through a large filter (0.45 µm, LF or “Large Filter”) and then the filtrate was passed through a small filter (0.05 µm, UF or “Ultrafine Fraction”). Using whole genome shotgun metagenomics from four water samples (LF92 and UF92 from the 92 m depth, LF99 and UF99 from the 99 m depth) as well as one sediment sample, we provide the first comprehensive whole genome shotgun metagenomics investigation of this section of the lake and highlight both the taxonomic composition and potential metabolic strategies for survival, as well as identify areas for deeper investigation.Cell counts and dissolved nutrientsIn order to determine the habitability of the anoxic basin, the cell counts were measured in the oxycline (75 m depth) and the anoxic region (92 and 99 m depth), where oxygen content is  More

Richardson, D.M., & Rundel, P.W. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: An introduction. in Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus (Richardson, D.M. Ed.). 3–40. (Cambridge Press, 1998).Keeley, J. E. Ecology and evolution of pine life histories. Ann. For. Sci. 69, 445–453 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Agee, J.K. Fire and pine ecosystems. in Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus (Richardson, D.M. Ed.). 193–217. (Cambridge Press, 1998).Keeley, J.E., & Zedler, P.H. Evolution of life histories in Pinus. in Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus (Richardson, D.M. Ed.). 219–251. (Cambridge Press, 1998).Pausas, J. G., Bradstock, R., Keith, D. A. & Keeley, J. E. Plant functional traits in relation to fire in crown-fire ecosystems. Ecology 85, 1085–1100 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hare, R. C. Contribution of bark to fire resistance of southern trees. J. For. 63, 248–251 (1965).
Google Scholar 
Jackson, J. F., Adams, D. C. & Jackson, U. B. Allometry of constitutive defense: A model and a comparative test with tree bark and fire regime. Am. Nat. 153, 614–632 (1999).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stephens, S. L. & Libby, W. J. Anthropogenic fire and bark thickness in coastal and island pine populations from Alta and Baja California. J. Biogeogr. 33, 648–652 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chapman, H. H. Is the longleaf type a climax?. Ecology 13, 328–334 (1932).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pile, L. S., Wang, G. G., Knapp, B. O., Liu, G. & Yu, D. Comparing morphology and physiology of southeastern US Pinus seedlings: Implications for adaptation to surface fire regimes. Ann. For. Sci. 74, 68 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rodríguez-Trejo, D. A. & Fulé, P. Z. Fire ecology of Mexican pines and a fire management proposal. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 12, 23–37 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pausas, J. G. Bark thickness and fire regime. Funct. Ecol. 29, 315–327 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Little, S. & Mergen, F. External and internal changes associated with basal-crook formation in pitch and shortleaf pines. For. Sci. 12, 268–275 (1966).
Google Scholar 
Kolström, T. & Kellomäki, S. Tree survival in wildfires. Silva Fenn. 27, 277–281 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schwilk, D. W. & Ackerly, D. D. Flammability and serotiny as strategies: Correlated evolution in pines. Oikos 94, 326–236 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reyes, O. & Casal, M. Effect of high temperatures on cone opening and on the release and viability of Pinus pinaster and P. radiata seeds in NW Spain. Ann. For. Sci. 59, 327–334 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pausas, J. G. & Keeley, J. E. Epicormic resprouting in fire-prone ecosystems. Trends Plant Sci. 22, 1008–1015 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fonda, R. W., Bellanger, L. A. & Burley, L. L. Burning characteristics of western conifer needles. Northwest Sci. 72, 1–9 (1998).
Google Scholar 
Fonda, R. W. Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. For. Sci. 47, 390–396 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Anderson, H. E. Forest fuel ignitability. Fire Tech. 6, 312–319 (1970).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Martin, R.E., et al. Assessing the flammability of domestic and wildland vegetation. in Proceedings of the 12th Conference Fire and Forest Meteorology. Jekyll Island. 130–137. (1993)Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K. & Engber, E. The flammability of forest and wildland litter: A synthesis. Curr. For. Rep. 1, 91–99 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Fernandes, P. M. & Cruz, M. G. Plant flammability experiments offer limited insight into vegetation–fire dynamics interactions. New Phytol. 194, 606–609 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wenk, E. S., Wang, G. G. & Walker, J. L. Within-stand variation in understorey vegetation affects fire behaviour in longleaf pine xeric sandhills. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 20, 866–875 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Whelan, A. W., Bigelow, S. W. & O’Brien, J. J. Overstory longleaf pines and hardwoods create diverse patterns of energy release and fire effects during prescribed fire. Front. For. Glob. Change. 4, 25 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mutch, R. W. Wildland fires and ecosystems—A hypothesis. Ecology 51, 1046–1051 (1970).Article 

Google Scholar 
Troumbis, A. S. & Trabaud, L. Some questions about flammability in fire ecology. Acta Oecol. 10, 167–175 (1989).
Google Scholar 
Midgley, J. J. Flammability is not selected for, it emerges. Aust. J. Bot. 61, 102–106 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Snyder, J. R. The role of fire: Mutch ado about nothing?. Oikos 43, 404–405 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bond, W. J. & Midgley, J. J. Kill thy neighbour: An individualistic argument for theevolution of flammability. Oikos 73, 79–85 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gagnon, P. R. et al. Does pyrogenicity protect burning plants?. Ecology 91, 3481–3486 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Vines, R. G. Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire. Aust. J. Bot. 16, 499–514 (1968).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harmon, M. E. Survival of trees after low-intensity surface fires in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Ecology 65, 796–802 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schwilk, D. W., Gaetani, M. S. & Poulos, H. M. Oak bark allometry and fire survival strategies in the Chihuahuan Desert Sky Islands, Texas, USA. PLoS ONE 8, e79285 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stevens, J., Kling, M., Schwilk, D., Varner, J. M. & Kane, J. M. Biogeography of fire regimes in western US conifer forests: a trait-based approach. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 944–955 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosell, J. A. Bark thickness across the angiosperms: More than just fire. New Phytol. 211, 90–102 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M. & Hiers, J. K. The burning characteristics of southeastern oaks: discriminating fire facilitators from fire impeders. For. Ecol. Manag. 256, 2039–2045 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Engber, E. A. & Varner, J. M. Patterns of flammability of the California oaks: The role of leaf traits. Can. J. For. Res. 42, 1965–1975 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guyette, R. P., Stambaugh, M. C., Dey, D. C. & Muzika, R. Predicting fire frequency with chemistry and climate. Ecosystems 15, 322–335 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stambaugh, M.C., Varner, J.M., & Jackson, S.T. Biogeography: An interweave of climate, fire, and humans. in Ecological Restoration and Management of Longleaf Pine Forests (Kirkman, K., Jack, S. B. Eds.). 17–38. (CRC Press, 2017).Münkemüller, T. et al. How to measure and test phylogenetic signal. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 743–756 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schwilk, D. W. & Caprio, A. C. Scaling from leaf traits to fire behavior: community composition predicts fire severity in a temperate forest. J. Ecol. 99, 970–980 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ormeño, E. et al. The relationship between terpenes and flammability of leaf litter. For. Ecol. Manag. 257, 471–482 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mirov, N. T. The terpenes (in relation to the biology of genus Pinus). Ann. Rev. Biochem. 17, 521–540 (1948).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mitić, Z. S. et al. Needle terpenes as chemotaxonomic markers in Pinus: Subsections Pinus and Pinaster. Chem. Biodivers. 14, e1600453 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Baradat, P. & Yazdani, R. Genetic expression for monoterpenes in clones of Pinus sylvestris grown on different sites. Scand. J. For. Res. 3, 25–36 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hanover, J. W. Applications of terpene analysis in forest genetics. New For. 6, 159–178 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
He, T., Pausas, J. G., Belcher, C. M., Schwilk, D. W. & Lamont, B. B. Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous. New Phytol. 194, 751–759 (2012).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Saladin, B. et al. Fossils matter: Improved estimates of divergence times in Pinus reveal older diversification. Evol. Biol. 17, 95 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Kreye, J. K. et al. Effects of solar heating on the moisture dynamics of forest floor litter in humid environments: Composition, structure, and position matter. Can. J. For. Res. 48, 1331–1342 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., Curt, T., Lampin, C. & Borgniet, L. Flammability of litter sampled according to two different methods: Comparison of results in laboratory experiments. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 23, 1061–1075 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019). https://www.R-project.org/.Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1–15 (1985).Article 

Google Scholar 
Orme, D., et al. Caper: Comparative Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R. Version 1.0.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=caper. (2018).Pagel, M. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877–884 (1999).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Freckleton, R. P., Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: A test and review of evidence. Am. Nat. 160, 712–726 (2002).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Barton, K. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R Package Version 1.43.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn. (2019).Little, E.L. Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 1. Conifers and Important Hardwoods. 1–320. (Miscellaneous Publication 1146, USDA, Forest Service, 1971).Prasad, A.M. & Iverson, L.R. Little’s Range and FIA Importance Value Database for 135 Eastern US Tree Species. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/4153/global/littlefia/index.html. (Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service). More