Philippa Kaur

Desbruyères, D., Segonzac, M. & Bright, M. Handbook of deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna 2nd edn. (Biologiezentrum, 2006).
Google Scholar 
Van Dover, C. L. The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents (Princeton University Press, 2000).Book 

Google Scholar 
Tarasov, V. G., Gebruk, A. V., Mironov, A. N. & Moskalev, L. I. Deep-sea and upper sublittoral hydrothermal vent communities: Two different phenomena?. Chem. Geol. 224, 5–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.021 (2005).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lonsdale, P. Clustering of suspension-feeding macrobenthos near abyssal hydrothermal vents at oceanic spreading centers. Deep Sea Res. 24, 857–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6291(77)90478-7 (1977).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Reid, W. D. et al. Spatial differences in East Scotia Ridge hydrothermal vent food webs: Influences of chemistry, microbiology and predation on trophodynamics. PLoS One 8, e65553. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.006555 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Levin, L. A. et al. Hydrothermal vents and methane seeps: Rethinking the sphere of influence. Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00072 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mullineaux, L. S. et al. Exploring the ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in a metacommunity framework. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00049 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tarasov, V. G. Effects of shallow-water hydrothermal venting on biological communities of coastal marine ecosystems of the western Pacific. Adv. Mar. Biol. 50, 267–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(05)50004-X (2006).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dando, P. R. Biological communities at marine shallow-water vent and seep sites. In The Vent and Seep Biota (ed. Kiel, S.) 333–378 (Springer, 2010).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Couto, R. P., Rodriguesa, A. S. & Neto, A. I. Shallow-water hydrothermal vents in the Azores (Portugal). J. Integr. Coast. Zone Manage. 15, 495–505. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci584 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bellec, L. et al. Microbial communities of the shallow-water hydrothermal vent near Naples, Italy, and chemosynthetic symbionts associated with a free-living marine nematode. Front. Microbiol. 11, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.02023 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chan, B. K. K. et al. Community structure of macrobiota and environmental parameters in shallow water hydrothermal vents off Kueishan Island, Taiwan. PLoS One 11, e0148675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148675 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Donnarumma, L. et al. Environmental and benthic community patterns of the shallow hydrothermal area of Secca Delle Fumose (Baia, Naples, Italy). Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 685. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00685 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Southward, A. J. et al. On the biology of submarine caves with sulphur springs: Appraisal of 13C/12C ratios as a guide to trophic relations. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 76, 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540003054X (1996).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Southward, A. J. et al. Behaviour and feeding of the Nassariid gastropod Cyclope neritea, abundant at hydrothermal brine seeps off Milos (Aegean Sea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 77, 753–771. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400036171 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chang, N. N. et al. Trophic structure and energy flow in a shallow-water hydrothermal vent: Insights from a stable isotope approach. PLoS One 13, e0204753. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204753 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Trager, G. C. & DeNiro, M. J. Chemoautotrophic sulphur bacteria as a food source for mollusks at intertidal hydrothermal vents: Evidence from stable isotopes. Veliger 33, 359–362 (1990).
Google Scholar 
Kharlamenko, V. I., Zhukova, N. V., Khotimchenko, S. V., Svetashev, V. I. & Kamenev, G. M. Fatty acids as markers of food sources in a shallow-water hydrothermal ecosystem (Kraternaya Bight, Yankich Island, Kurile Islands). Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 120, 231–241. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps120231 (1995).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, C. T. A. et al. Investigation into extremely acidic hydrothermal fluids off Kueishantao Islet, Taiwan. Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 24, 125–133 (2005).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang, T. W., Chan, T. Y. & Chan, B. K. K. Trophic relationships of hydrothermal vent and non-vent communities in the upper sublittoral and upper bathyal zones off Kueishan Island, Taiwan: A combined morphological, gut content analysis and stable isotope approach. Mar. Biol. 161, 2447–2463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2479-6 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chen, C., Chan, T. Y. & Chan, B. K. K. Molluscan diversity in shallow water hydrothermal vents off Kueishan Island, Taiwan. Mar. Biodivers. 48, 709–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0804-2 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lebrato, M. et al. Earthquake and typhoon trigger unprecedented transient shifts in shallow hydrothermal vents biogeochemistry. Sci. Rep. 9, 16926. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53314-y (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lin, Y.-S. et al. Intense but variable autotrophic activity in a rapidly flushed shallow-water hydrothermal plume (Kueishantao Islet, Taiwan). Geobiology 19, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12418 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Jeng, M. S., Ng, N. K. & Ng, P. K. L. Hydrothermal vent crabs feast on sea ‘snow’. Nature 432, 969. https://doi.org/10.1038/432969a (2004).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ho, T. W., Hwang, J. S., Cheung, M. K., Kwan, H. S. & Wong, C. K. Dietary analysis on the shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus using Illumina sequencing. Mar. Biol. 162, 1787–1798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2711-z (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, S. H. et al. Bacterial community associated with organs of shallow hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus near Kueishan Island, Taiwan. PLoS One 11, e0150597. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150597 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wu, J.-Y. et al. Isotopic niche differentiation in benthic consumers from shallow-water hydrothermal vents and nearby non-vent rocky reefs in northeastern Taiwan. Prog. Oceanogr. 195, 102596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102596 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Collin, R. Calyptraeidae from the northeast Pacific (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Zoosymposia 13, 28. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.13.1.12 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Phillips, B. T. Beyond the vent: New perspectives on hydrothermal plumes and pelagic biology. Deep-Sea Res. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 137, 480–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.005 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Portail, M. et al. Food-web complexity across hydrothermal vents on the Azores triple junction. Deep-Sea Res. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 131, 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.11.010 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nomaki, H. et al. Nutritional sources of meio- and macrofauna at hydrothermal vents and adjacent areas: Natural-abundance radiocarbon and stable isotope analyses. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 622, 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.11.010 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Alfaro-Lucas, J. M. et al. High environmental stress and productivity increase functional diversity along a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gradient. Ecology 101, e03144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3144 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Stock, B. C. et al. Analyzing mixing systems using a new generation of Bayesian tracer mixing models. PeerJ 6, e5096. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5096 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Michener, R. H. & Kaufman, L. Stable isotope ratios as tracers in marine food webs: An update. In Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (eds Michener, R. & Lajtha, K.) 238–283 (Blackwell Pub, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691854.ch9.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Montoya, J. P. Natural abundance of 15N in marine planktonic ecosystems. In Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (eds Michener, R. & Lajtha, K.) 176–201 (Blackwell Pub, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691854.ch7.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Dietl, G. P. First report of cannibalism in Triplofusus giganteus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 73, 757–761 (2003).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Cumplido, M., Pappalardo, P., Fernandez, M., Averbuj, A. & Bigatti, G. Embryonic development, feeding and intracapsular oxygen availability in Trophon geversianus (Gastropoda: Muricudae). J. Molluscan. Stud. 77, 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyr025 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Modica, M. V. & Holford, M. The neogastropoda: Evolutionary innovations of predatory marine snails with remarkable pharmacological potential. In Evolutionary Biology—Concepts, Molecular and Morphological Evolution (ed. Pontarotti, P.) 249–270 (Springer, 2010).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Sebens, K. P. Recruitment and habitat selection in the intertidal sea anemones, Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) and A. xanthogrammica (Brandt). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 59, 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(82)90110-1 (1982).Article 

Google Scholar 
Naumann, M. S., Orejas, C., Wild, C. & Ferrier-Pages, C. First evidence for zooplankton feeding sustaining key physiological processes in a scleractinian cold-water coral. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 214, 3570–3576. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.061390 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Dodds, L. A., Roberts, J. M., Taylor, A. C. & Marubini, F. Metabolic tolerance of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) to temperature and dissolved oxygen change. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 349, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.05.013 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Quesada, A. J., Acuña, F. H. & Cortés, J. Diet of the sea anemone Anthopleura nigrescens: Composition and variation between daytime and nighttime high tides. Zool. Stud. 53, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40555-014-0026-2 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ferrier-Pagès, C., Witting, J., Tambutté, E. & Sebens, K. P. Effect of natural zooplankton feeding on the tissue and skeletal growth of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 22, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0312-7 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Teece, M. A., Estes, B., Gelsleichter, E. & Lirman, D. Heterotrophic and autotrophic assimilation of fatty acids by two scleractinian corals, Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides. Limnol. Oceanogr. 56, 1285–1296. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1285 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pawlik, J. R. & Deignan, L. K. Cowries graze verongid sponges on Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 34, 663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1279-x (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Chan, B. K. K., Shao, K. T., Shao, Y. T. & Chang, Y. W. A simplified, economical, and robust light trap for capturing benthic and pelagic zooplankton. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 482, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.04.003 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Viozzi, M. F., Martinex del Rio, C. & Williner, V. Tissue-specific isotopic incorporation turnover rates and trophic discrimination factors in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium borellii (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae). Zool. Stud. 60, 28. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2021.60-28 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tixier, P. et al. Importance of toothfish in the diet of generalist subantarctic killer whales: Implications for fisheries interactions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 613, 197–210. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12894 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nolan, E. T., Roberts, C. G. & Britton, R. J. Predicting the contributions of novel marine prey resources from angling and anadromy to the diet of a freshwater apex predator. Freshw. Biol. 64, 1542–1554. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13326 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stock, B. C. & Semmens, B. X. MixSIAR GUI user manual. Version 3.1. 716. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.561 (2016).R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org (2019).McCutchan, J. H. Jr., Lewis, W. M. Jr., Kendall, C. & McGrath, C. C. Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Oikos 102, 378–390. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12098.x (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gelman, A. Analysis of variance—why it is more important than ever. Ann. Stat. 33, 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1214/009053604000001048 (2005).MathSciNet 
Article 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S. & Rubin, D. B. Bayesian Data Analysis (CRC Press, 2014).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Jackson, A. L., Parnell, A. C., Inger, R. & Bearhop, S. Comparing isotopic niche widths among and within communities: SIBER—Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R. J. Anim. Ecol. 80, 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01806.x (2011).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Bergé, J.-P. & Barnathan, G. Fatty acids from lipids of marine organisms: Molecular biodiversity, roles as biomarkers, biologically active compounds, and economical aspects. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 96, 49–125 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Parzanini, C., Parrish, C., Hamel, J. & Mercier, A. Functional diversity and nutritional content in a deep-sea faunal assemblage through total lipid, lipid class, and fatty acid analyses. PLoS ONE 13, e0207395 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Parrish, C. C. Lipids in marine ecosystems. ISRN Oceanogr. 2013, 1–16 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Parrish, C. et al. Lipid and phenolic biomarkers in marine ecosystems: analysis and applications. In Marine Chemistry. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (Vol. 5 Series: Water Pollution) Vol. 5 (ed. Wangersky, P. J.) (Springer, 2000).
Google Scholar 
Laender, F. D., Oevelen, D. V., Frantzen, S., Middelburg, J. J. & Soetaert, K. Seasonal PCB bioaccumulation in an arctic marine ecosystem: a model analysis incorporating lipid dynamics, food-web productivity and migration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 356–361 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bianchi, T. & Canuel, E. Chemical Biomarkers in Aquatic Ecosystems (Princeton University Press, 2011).Book 

Google Scholar 
Signa, G. et al. Lipid and fatty acid biomarkers as proxies for environmental contamination in caged mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Ecol. Indic. 57, 384–394 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brett, M., Mueller-Navarra, D. & Persson, J. Crustacean zooplankton fatty acid composition. In Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems (eds Kainz, M. et al.) 115–146 (Springer, 2009).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Martin-Creuzburg, D. & Elert, E. Ecological significance of sterols in aquatic food webs. In Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems (eds Kainz, M. et al.) 43–64 (Springer, 2009).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Parrish, C. Essential fatty acids in aquatic food webs. In Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystem (eds Kainz, M. et al.) 309–326 (Springer, 2009).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Maier, S. R., Bannister, R. J., van Oevelen, D. & Kutti, T. Seasonal controls on the diet, metabolic activity, tissue reserves and growth of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Coral Reefs 39, 173–187 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Phleger, C. F. Buoyancy in marine fishes: Direct and indirect role of lipids. Am. Zool. 38, 321–330 (1998).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pond, D. W. & Tarling, G. A. Phase transitions of wax esters adjust buoyancy in diapausing Calanoides acutus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 56, 1310–1318 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Giese, A. C. Lipids in the economy of marine invertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 46, 244–298 (1966).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Joseph, J. D. Distribution and composition of lipids in marine invertebrates. In Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils (ed. Ackman, R. G.) 49–143 (CRC Press, 1989).
Google Scholar 
Lee, R. F. Lipoproteins from the hemolymph and ovaries of marine invertebrates. In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology (eds Houlihan, D. F. et al.) 187–207 (Springer, 1991).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Kattner, G. & Hagen, W. Lipid metabolism of the Antarctic euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias and its ecological implications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 170, 203–213 (1998).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Heras, H., Pollero, R. J., Gonzalez-Baró, M. R. & Pollero, R. J. Lipid and fatty acid composition and energy partitioning during embryo development in the shrimp Macrobrachium borellii. Lipids 35, 645–651 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Viladrich, N. et al. Variation in lipid and free fatty acid content during spawning in two temperate octocorals with different reproductive strategies: surface versus internal brooder. Coral Reefs 35, 1033–1045 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hansen, M., Flatt, T. & Aguilaniu, H. Reproduction, fat metabolism, and lifespan—What is the connection?. Cell Metab. 17, 10–19 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Strathmann, R. R. Egg size, larval development, and juvenile size in benthic marine invertebrates. Am. Nat. 111, 373–376 (1977).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pechenik, J. Delayed metamorphosis by larvae of benthic marine-invertebrates—Does it occur? Is there a price to pay?. Ophelia 32, 63–94 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harms, J. Larval development and delayed metamorphosis in the hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille) (Crustacea, Diogenidae). J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 156, 151–160 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harii, S., Kayanne, H., Takigawa, H. T., Hayashibara, T. H. & Yamamoto, M. Larval survivorship, competency periods and settlement of two brooding corals, Heliopora coerulea and Pocillopora damicornis. Mar. Biol. 141, 39–46 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Doughty, P. & Shine, R. Detecting life history trade-offs: measuring energy stores in “capital” breeders reveals costs of reproduction. Oecologia 110, 508–513 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Coma, R., Ribes, M., Gili, J.-M. & Zabala, M. An energetic approach to the study of life-history traits of two modular colonial benthic invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 162, 89–103 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rossi, S. et al. Temporal variation in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid concentrations in Paramuricea clavata (Anthozoa, Octocorallia): Evidence for summer–autumn feeding constraints. Mar. Biol. 149, 643–651 (2006).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kattner, G., Graeve, M. & Hagen, W. Ontogenetic and seasonal changes in lipid and fatty acid/alcohol compositions of the dominant Antarctic copepods Calanus propinquus, Calanoides acutus and Rhincalanus gigas. Mar. Biol. 644, 18119 (1994).
Google Scholar 
Lee, R. F., Hagen, W. & Kattner, G. Lipid storage in marine zooplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 307, 273–306 (2006).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mourente, G., Medina, A., González, S. & Rodríguez, A. Variations in lipid content and nutritional status during larval development of the marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus. Aquaculture 130, 187–199 (1995).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Marshall, C. T., Yaragina, N. A., Lambert, Y. & Kjesbu, O. S. Total lipid energy as a proxy for total egg production by fish stocks. Nature 402, 288–290 (1999).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Marshall, C. T., Yaragina, N. A., Ådlandsvik, B. & Dolgov, A. V. Reconstructing the stock-recruit relationship for Northeast Arctic cod using a bioenergetic index of reproductive potential. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57, 2433–2442 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dalsgaard, J., St. John, M., Kattner, G., Müller-Navarra, D. & Hagen, W. B. Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Adv. Mar. Biol. 46, 225–340 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bergquist, P. R., Lawson, M. P., Lavis, A. & Cambie, R. C. Fatty acid composition and the classification of the Porifera. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 12, 63–84 (1984).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Djerassi, C. & Lam, W. K. Sponge phospholipids. Acc. Chem. Res. 24, 69–75 (1991).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Thiel, V. et al. A chemical view of the most ancient metazoa – Biomarker chemotaxonomy of hexactinellid sponges. Naturwissenschaften 89, 60–66 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Velosaotsy, N. et al. Phospholipid distribution and phospholipid fatty acids in four Saudi red sea sponges. Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova 68, 639–645 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Rod’kina, S. A. Fatty acids and other lipids of marine sponges. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 31, S49–S60 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blumenberg, M. & Michaelis, W. High occurrences of brominated lipid fatty acids in boreal sponges of the order Halichondrida. Mar. Biol. 150, 1153–1160 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Genin, E. et al. New trends in phospholipid class composition of marine sponges. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 150, 427–431 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Müller, W. et al. Role of the aggregation factor in the regulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in sponges. Possible consequences on calcium efflux and on mitogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9850–9858 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
Weissmann, G., Riesen, W., Davidson, S. & Waite, M. Stimulus-response coupling in marine sponge cell aggregation: Lipid metabolism and the function of exogenously added arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 960, 351–364 (1988).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zivanovic, A., Pastro, N. J., Fromont, J., Thomson, M. & Skropeta, D. Kinase inhibitory, haemolytic and cytotoxic activity of three deep-water sponges from North Western Australia and their fatty acid composition. Nat. Prod. Commun. 6, 1921–1924 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Shaaban, M., Abd-Alla, H. I., Hassan, A. Z., Aly, H. F. & Ghani, M. A. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and inhibitory effects of some marine sponges against carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Org. Med. Chem. Lett. 2, 30 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Botić, T. et al. Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Antarctic marine sponges of the genus Latrunculia. Polar Biol. 38, 1605–1612 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bennett, H., Bell, J. J., Davy, S. K., Webster, N. S. & Francis, D. S. Elucidating the sponge stress response; lipids and fatty acids can facilitate survival under future climate scenarios. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 3130–3144 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carballeira, N. M. New advances in fatty acids as antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents. Prog. Lipid Res. 47, 50–61 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kikuchi, H. et al. Marine natural products. X. Pharmacologically active glycolipids from the Okinawan marine sponge Phyllospongia foliascens (Pallas). Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 30, 3544–3547 (1982).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Natori, T., Morita, M., Akimoto, K. & Koezuka, Y. Agelasphins, novel antitumor and immunostimulatory cerebrosides from the marine sponge Agelas mauritianus. Tetrahedron 50, 2771–2784 (1994).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Costantino, V., Fattorusso, E., Mangoni, A., Di Rosa, M. & Ianaro, A. Glycolipids from Sponges. 6. Plakoside A and B, two unique prenylated glycosphingolipids with Immunosuppressive activity from the marine sponge Plakortis simplex. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 12465–12470 (1997).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Costantino, V., Fattorusso, E., Imperatore, C. & Mangoni, A. Glycolipids from sponges. 11. Isocrasserides, novel glycolipids with a five-membered cyclitol widely distributed in marine sponges. J. Nat. Prod. 65, 883–886 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Maldonado, M. & Riesgo, A. Reproduction in Porifera: a synoptic overview. Treballs la Soc. Catalana Biol. 59, 29–49 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Sciscioli, M., Lepore, E., Scalera-Liaci, L. & Gherardi, M. Indagine ultrastrutturale sugli ovociti di Erylus discophorus (Schmidt) (Porifera, Tetractinellida). Oebalia 15, 939–941 (1989).
Google Scholar 
Sciscioli, M., Liaci, L. S., Lepore, E., Gherardi, M. & Simpson, T. L. Ultrastructural study of the mature egg of the marine sponge Stelletta grubii (porifera demospongiae). Mol. Reprod. Dev. 28, 346–350 (1991).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Riesgo, A. et al. Some like it fat: comparative ultrastructure of the embryo in two demosponges of the genus Mycale (order Poecilosclerida) from Antarctica and the Caribbean. PLoS ONE 10, e0118805 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Watanabe, Y. The development of two species of Tetilla (Demosponge). NSR. O. U. 29, 71–106 (1978).
Google Scholar 
Gaino, E. & Sarà, M. An ultrastructural comparative study of the eggs of two species of Tethya (Porifera, Demospongiae). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 26, 99–106 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maldonado, M. & Riesgo, A. Gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and larval features of the oviparous sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae). Mar. Biol. 156, 2181–2197 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lanna, E. & Klautau, M. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis in Paraleucilla magna (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoomorphology 129, 249–261 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Koutsouveli, V. et al. Insights into the reproduction of some Antarctic dendroceratid, poecilosclerid, and haplosclerid demosponges. PLoS ONE 13, 1–24 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fell, P. E. The involvement of nurse cells in oogenesis and embryonic development in the marine sponge, Haliclona ecbasis. J. Morphol. 127, 133–149 (1969).Article 

Google Scholar 
Simpson, T. The Cell Biology of Sponges (Springer, 1984).Book 

Google Scholar 
Bellairs, R. The structure of the yolk of the hen’s egg as studied by electron microscopy : i. The yolk of the unincubated egg. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 11, 207–225 (1961).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ereskovsky, A. The Comparative Embryology of Sponges (Springer, 2010).Book 

Google Scholar 
Sarà, A., Cerrano, C. & Sarà, M. Viviparous development in the Antarctic sponge Stylocordyla borealis Loven, 1868. Polar Biol. 25, 425–431 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Busch, K. et al. Chloroflexi dominate the deep-sea golf ball sponges Craniella zetlandica and Craniella infrequens throughout different life stages. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 674 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Koopmans, M. et al. Seasonal variation of fatty acids and stable carbon isotopes in sponges as indicators for nutrition: Biomarkers in sponges identified. Mar. Biotechnol. 17, 43–54 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lüskow, F. et al. Seasonality in lipid content of the demosponges Halichondria panicea and H. bowerbanki at two study sites in temperate Danish waters. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–7 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reiswig, H. Population dynamics of three Jamaican demospongiae. Bull. Mar. Sci. 23, 191–226 (1973).
Google Scholar 
Elvin, D. W. Seasonal growth and reproduction of an intertidal sponge, Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank). Univ. Chicago Press 151, 108–125 (1976).
Google Scholar 
Elvin, D. W. The relationship of seasonal changes in the biochemical components to the reproductive behavior of the intertidal sponge, Haliclona permollis. Biol Bull. 156, 47–61 (1979).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Barthel, D. On the ecophysiology of the sponge Halichondria panicea in Kiel Bight. I. Substrate specificity, growth and reproduction. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32, 291–298 (1986).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ivanisevic, J., Pérez, T., Ereskovsky, A. V., Barnathan, G. & Thomas, O. P. Lysophospholipids in the Mediterranean sponge Oscarella tuberculata: Seasonal variability and putative biological role. J. Chem. Ecol. 37, 537 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Klitgaard, A. B. The fauna associated with outer shelf and upper slope sponges (Porifera, demospongiae) at the Faroe islands, North-eastern Atlantic. Sarsia 80, 1–22 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Klitgaard, A. B. & Tendal, O. Distribution and species composition of mass occurrences of large-sized sponges in the northeast Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 61, 57–98 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kutti, T., Bannister, R. J. & Fosså, J. H. Community structure and ecological function of deep-water sponge grounds in the Traenadypet MPA—Northern Norwegian continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 69, 21–30 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pile, A. & Young, C. The natural diet of a hexactinellid sponge: Benthic–pelagic coupling in a deep-sea microbial food web. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 53, 1148–1156 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yahel, G., Whitney, F., Reiswig, H. M., Eerkes-Medrano, D. I. & Leys, S. P. In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 428–440 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoffmann, F. et al. Complex nitrogen cycling in the sponge Geodia barretti. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 2228–2243 (2009).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cathalot, C. et al. Cold-water coral reefs and adjacent sponge grounds: hotspots of benthic respiration and organic carbon cycling in the deep sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 2, 1–12 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kahn, A., Yahel, G., Chu, J., Tunnicliffe, V. & Leys, S. Benthic grazing and carbon sequestration by deep-water glass sponge reefs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60, 78–88 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rooks, C. et al. Deep-sea sponge grounds as nutrient sinks: denitrification is common in boreo-Arctic sponges. Biogeosciences 17, 1231–1245 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koutsouveli, V., Cárdenas, P., Conejero, M., Rapp, H. T. & Riesgo, A. Reproductive biology of Geodia species (Porifera, Tetractinellida) from Boreo-Arctic North-Atlantic Deep-Sea Sponge Grounds. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 1–22 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reynolds, E. S. The use of lead citrate at high PH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 17, 208–212 (1963).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671–675 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bligh, E. G. & Dyer, W. J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911–917 (1959).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Balgoma, D. et al. Anabolic androgenic steroids exert a selective remodeling of the plasma lipidome that mirrors the decrease of the de novo lipogenesis in the liver. Metabolomics 16, 12 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kolmert, J. et al. Prominent release of lipoxygenase generated mediators in a murine house dust mite-induced asthma model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 137, 20–29 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Balgoma, D. et al. Linoleic acid-derived lipid mediators increase in a female-dominated subphenotype of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 47, 1645–1656 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, C. A., Want, E. J., O’Maille, G., Abagyan, R. & Siuzdak, G. XCMS: processing mass spectrometry data for metabolite profiling using nonlinear peak alignment, matching, and identification. Anal. Chem. 78, 779–787 (2006).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Tautenhahn, R., Böttcher, C. & Neumann, S. Highly sensitive feature detection for high resolution LC/MS. BMC Bioinform. 9, 504 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fahy, E., Sud, M., Cotter, D. & Subramaniam, S. LIPID MAPS online tools for lipid research. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, W606–W612 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Böcker, S., Letzel, M. C., Lipták, Z. & Pervukhin, A. SIRIUS: decomposing isotope patterns for metabolite identification. Bioinformatics 25, 218–224 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Koutsouveli, V. et al. The molecular machinery of gametogenesis in Geodia demosponges (Porifera): Evolutionary origins of a conserved toolkit across animals. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 3485–3506 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114–2120 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Grabherr, M. G. et al. Trinity: reconstructing a full-length transcriptome without a genome assembly from RNA-Seq data. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 644–652 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Simão, F. A., Waterhouse, R. M., Ioannidis, P., Kriventseva, E. V. & Zdobnov, E. M. BUSCO: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs. Bioinformatics 31, 3210–3212 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmead, B. & Salzberg, S. L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat. Methods 9, 357–359 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, B. & Dewey, C. N. RSEM: Accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinform. 12, 323 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, M. D., McCarthy, D. J. & Smyth, G. K. edgeR: A bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 26, 139–140 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
McCarthy, D. J., Chen, Y. & Smyth, G. K. Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, 4288–4297 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Altschul, S. F. et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389–3402 (1997).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Boeckmann, B. et al. The SWISS-PROT protein knowledgebase and its supplement TrEMBL in 2003. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 365–370 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Buchfink, B., Xie, C. & Huson, D. H. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nat. Methods 12, 59 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Conesa, A. et al. Blast2GO: A universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics 21, 3674–3676 (2005).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27–30 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Busch, K. et al. Population connectivity of fan-shaped sponge holobionts in the deep Cantabrian Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 167, 103427 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Southwood, T. R. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies. J. Anim. Ecol. 46, 336–365 (1977).Article 

Google Scholar 
Clarke, A. A reappraisal of the concept of metabolic cold adaptation in polar marine invertebrates. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 77–92 (1980).Article 

Google Scholar 
Witte, U. Seasonal reproduction in deep-sea sponges—Triggered by vertical particle flux?. Mar. Biol. 124, 571–581 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Spetland, F., Rapp, H. T., Hoffmann, F. & Tendal, O. S. Sexual reproduction of Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858 (Porifera, Astrophorida) in two Scandinavian fjords. In Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability Vol. 1858 (eds Custódio, M. et al.) 613–620 (Série Livros. Museu Nacional, 2007).
Google Scholar 
Wassmann, P. Dynamics of primary production and sedimentation in shallow fjords and polls of western Norway. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 29, 87–154 (1991).
Google Scholar 
Wassmann, P., Svendsen, H., Keck, A. & Reigstad, M. Selected aspects of the physical oceanography and particle fluxes in fjords of northern Norway. J. Mar. Syst. 8, 53–71 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bamstedt, U. Life cycle, seasonal vertical distribution and feeding of Calanus finmarchicus in Skagerrak coastal water. Mar. Biol. 137, 279–289 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Eckelbarger, K. J. & Watling, L. Role of phylogenetic constraints in determining reproductive patterns in deep-sea invertebrates. Invertebr. Biol. 114, 256–269 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Riesgo, A. & Maldonado, M. Ultrastructure of oogenesis of two oviparous demosponges: Axinella damicornis and Raspaciona aculeata (Porifera). Tissue Cell 41, 51–65 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Whiteley, N. M., Taylor, E. W. & el Haj, A. J. A comparison of the metabolic cost of protein synthesis in stenothermal and eurythermal isopod crustaceans. Am. J. Physiol. 271, R1295–R1303 (1996).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Pace, D. A. & Manahan, D. T. Cost of protein synthesis and energy allocation during development of Antarctic sea urchin embryos and larvae. Biol. Bull. 212, 115–129 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Sciscioli, M., Lepore, E., Gherardi, M. & Liaci, L. S. Transfer of symbiotic bacteria in the mature oocyte of Geodia cydonium (Porifera, Demosponsgiae): An ultrastructural study. Cah. Biol. Mar. 35, 471–478 (1994).
Google Scholar 
McWilliams, S. R., Guglielmo, C., Pierce, B. & Klaassen, M. Flying, fasting, and feeding in birds during migration: A nutritional and physiological ecology perspective. J. Avian Biol. 35, 377–393 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Derickson, W. K. Lipid storage and utilization in reptiles. Am. Zool. 16, 711–723 (1976).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fraser, A. J. Triacylglycerol content as a condition index for fish, bivalve, and crustacean larvae. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46, 1868–1873 (1989).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonnet, X., Naulleau, G. & Mauget, R. The influence of body condition on 17-beta estradiol levels in relation to vitellogenesis in female Vipera aspis (Reptilia, Viperidae). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 93, 424–437 (1994).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Duggan, A. et al. Seasonal variation in plasma lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoprotein A-I and vitellogenin in the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 130, 253–269 (2001).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lance, V. A., Place, A. R., Grumbles, J. S. & Rostal, D. C. Variation in plasma lipids during the reproductive cycle of male and female desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. J. Exp. Zool. 293, 703–711 (2002).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kawazu, I. et al. Signals of vitellogenesis and estrus in female hawksbill turtles. Zoolog. Sci. 32, 114–118 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Teshima, S. & Kanazawa, A. Variation in lipid compositions during the ovarian maturation of the prawn. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 49, 957–962 (1983).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Clarke, A., Brown, J. H. & Holmes, L. J. The biochemical composition of eggs from Macrobrachium rosenbergii in relation to embryonic development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Comp. Biochem. 96, 505–511 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Allen, W. Amino acid and fatty acid composition of tissues of the dungeness crab (Cancer magister). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 28, 1191–1195 (1971).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosa, R. & Nunes, M. L. Tissue biochemical composition in relation to the reproductive cycle of deep-sea decapod Aristeus antennatus in the Portuguese south coast. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 83, 963–970 (2003).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Balgoma, D., Pettersson, C. & Hedeland, M. Common fatty markers in diseases with dysregulated lipogenesis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 30, 283–285 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kent, C. Eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 315–343 (1995).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Coleman, R. A. & Lee, D. P. Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation. Prog. Lipid Res. 43, 134–176 (2004).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bell, R. M. & Coleman, R. A. Enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 459–487 (1980).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mathews, C., van Holde, K., Appling, D. & Anthony-Cahill, S. Biochemistry (Pearson, 2019).
Google Scholar 
Gavaud, J. Histochemical identification of ovarian lipids during vitellogenesis in the lizard Lacerta vivipara. Can. J. Zool. 69, 1389–1392 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chapman, M. J. Animal lipoproteins: Chemistry, structure, and comparative aspects. J. Lipid Res. 21, 789–853 (1980).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lebouvier, M., Miramón-Puértolas, P. & Steinmetz, P.R. Evolutionary conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis. bioRxiv (2022).Dolphin, P. J., Ansari, A. Q., Lazier, C. B., Munday, K. A. & Akhtar, M. Studies on the induction and biosynthesis of vitellogenin, an oestrogen-induced glycolipophosphoprotein. Biochem. J. 124, 751–758 (1971).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Riesgo, A., Farrar, N., Windsor, P. J., Giribet, G. & Leys, S. P. The analysis of eight transcriptomes from all poriferan classes reveals surprising genetic complexity in sponges. Mol. Biol. Evol. 31, 1102–1120 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wanders, R. J. A. Peroxisomes, lipid metabolism, and peroxisomal disorders. Mol. Genet. Metab. 83, 16–27 (2004).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wanders, R. J. A., Waterham, H. R. & Ferdinandusse, S. Metabolic interplay between peroxisomes and other subcellular organelles including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 3, 83 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Talley, J. & Mohiuddin, S. Biochemstry, Fatty Acid Oxidation (StatPearls, 2020).
Google Scholar 
Reiswig, H. M. Particle feeding in natural populations of three marine demosponges. Biol. Bull. 141, 568–591 (1971).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sugimoto, Y., Inazumi, T. & Tsuchiya, S. Roles of prostaglandin receptors in female reproduction. J. Biochem. 157, 73–80 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Niringiyumukiza, J. D., Cai, H. & Xiang, W. Prostaglandin E2 involvement in mammalian female fertility: ovulation, fertilization, embryo development and early implantation. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 16, 43 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kaczynski, P., Baryla, M., Goryszewska, E., Bauersachs, S. & Waclawik, A. Prostaglandin F2α promotes embryo implantation and development in the pig. Reproduction 156, 405–419 (2018).CAS 

Google Scholar 
De Petrocellis, L. & Di Marzo, V. Aquatic invertebrates open up new perspectives in eicosanoid research: Biosynthesis and bioactivity. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 51, 215–229 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Destephano, D. B. & Brady, U. E. Prostaglandin and prostaglandin synthetase in the cricket, Acheta domesticus. J. Insect Physiol. 23, 905–911 (1977).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rich, A. M. et al. Calcium dependent aggregation of marine sponge cells is provoked by leukotriene B4 and inhibited by inhibitors of arachidonic acid oxidation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 121, 863–870 (1984).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Gramzow, M. et al. Role of phospholipase A2 in the stimulation of sponge cell proliferation by homologous lectin. Cell 59, 939–948 (1989).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Nomura, T. & Ogata, H. Distribution of prostagladins in the animal kingdom. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 431, 127–131 (1976).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

Rothstein, S. I. A model system for coevolution: Avian brood parasitism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21, 481–508 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Feeney, W. E. et al. Brood parasitism and the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. Science 342, 1506–1508 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brooke, M. de L. & Davies, N. B. Egg mimicry by cuckoos Cuculus canorus in relation to discrimination by hosts. Nature 335, 630–632 (1988).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Medina, I. & Langmore, N. E. The costs of avian brood parasitism explain variation in egg rejection behaviour in hosts. Biol. Let. 11, 20150296 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmore, N. E., Hunt, S. & Kilner, R. M. Escalation of a coevolutionary arms race through host rejection of brood parasitic young. Nature 422, 157–160 (2003).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Grim, T. Experimental evidence for chick discrimination without recognition in a brood parasite host. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 274, 373–381 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sato, N. J., Tokue, K., Noske, R. A., Mikami, O. K. & Ueda, K. Evicting cuckoo nestlings from the nest: A new anti-parasitism behaviour. Biol. Let. 6, 67–69. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0540 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Davies, N. & Brooke, M. de L. Cuckoos versus reed warblers: Adaptations and counteradaptations. Anim. Behav. 36, 262–284 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmore, N. E. et al. Visual mimicry of host nestlings by cuckoos. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 278, 2455–2463 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Noh, H.-J., Gloag, R. & Langmore, N. E. True recognition of nestlings by hosts selects for mimetic cuckoo chicks. Proc. R. Soc. B: Bio. Sci. 285, 20180726 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Spottiswoode, C. N. & Stevens, M. Host-parasite arms races and rapid changes in bird egg appearance. Am. Nat. 179, 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1086/665031 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Taylor, C. J. & Langmore, N. E. How do brood-parasitic cuckoos reconcile conflicting environmental and host selection pressures on egg size investment?. Anim. Behav. 168, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.08.003 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmore, N. E., Maurer, G., Adcock, G. J. & Kilner, R. M. Socially acquired host-specific mimicry and the evolution of host races in Horsfield’s bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis. Evolution 62, 1689–1699 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Noh, H. J., Jacomb, F., Gloag, R. & Langmore, N. E. Frontline defences against cuckoo parasitism in the large-billed gerygones. Anim. Behav. 174, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.021 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmore, N. E. & Kilner, R. M. Why do Horsfield’s bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis eggs mimic those of their hosts?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1127–1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0759-9 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Spottiswoode, C. N. & Stevens, M. How to evade a coevolving brood parasite: Egg discrimination versus egg variability as host defences. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 278, 3566–3573. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0401 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, C., Wang, L., Liang, W. & Møller, A. P. Egg recognition as antiparasitism defence in hosts does not select for laying of matching eggs in parasitic cuckoos. Anim. Behav. 122, 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.018 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stevens, M. Bird brood parasitism. Curr. Biol. 23, R909–R913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.025 (2013).MathSciNet 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Feeney, W. E., Troscianko, J., Langmore, N. E. & Spottiswoode, C. N. Evidence for aggressive mimicry in an adult brood parasitic bird, and generalized defences in its host. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 282, 20150795 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Davies, N. B. & Welbergen, J. A. Cuckoo–hawk mimicry? An experimental test. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 275, 1817–1822 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brooker, L. C. & Brooker, M. G. Why are cuckoos host specific?. Oikos 57, 301–309. https://doi.org/10.2307/3565958 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmore, N. E., Stevens, M., Maurer, G. & Kilner, R. M. Are dark cuckoo eggs cryptic in host nests?. Anim. Behav. 78, 461–468 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lack, D. L. Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds (Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1968).
Google Scholar 
Spaw, C. D. & Rohwer, S. A comparative study of eggshell thickness in cowbirds and other passerines. The Condor 89, 307–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368483 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
Igic, B. et al. Alternative mechanisms of increased eggshell hardness of avian brood parasites relative to host species. J. R. Soc. Interface 8, 1654–1664. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0207 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brooker, M. G. & Brooker, L. C. Eggshell strength in cuckoos and cowbirds. Ibis 133, 406–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1991.tb04589.x (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maurer, G. et al. First light for avian embryos: eggshell thickness and pigmentation mediate variation in development and UV exposure in wild bird eggs. Funct. Ecol. 29, 209–218 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Amos, A. & Rahn, H. Pores in avian eggshells: Gas conductance, gas exchange and embryonic growth rate. Respir. Physiol. 61, 1–20 (1985).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ar, A., Rahn, H. & Paganelli, C. V. The avian egg: Mass and strength. Condor 81, 331–337 (1979).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rahn, H. & Ar, A. Gas-exchange of the avian egg: Time, structure, and function. Am. Zool. 20, 477–484 (1980).Article 

Google Scholar 
Swynnerton, C. Rejections by birds of eggs unlike their own: With remarks on some of the cuckoo problems. Ibis 60, 127–154 (1918).Article 

Google Scholar 
López, A. V., Fiorini, V. D., Ellison, K. & Peer, B. D. Thick eggshells of brood parasitic cowbirds protect their eggs and damage host eggs during laying. Behav. Ecol. 29, 965–973 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wyllie, I. The Cuckoo (Batsford, 1981).
Google Scholar 
Yang, C. et al. Keeping eggs warm: Thermal and developmental advantages for parasitic cuckoos of laying unusually thick-shelled eggs. Sci. Nat. 105, 10 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Davies, N. B. Cuckoos Cowbirds and other Cheats (T & A D Poyser, 2000).
Google Scholar 
Spottiswoode, C. N. The evolution of host-specific variation in cuckoo eggshell strength. J. Evol. Biol. 23, 1792–1799. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02010.x (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Langmore, N. E. et al. The evolution of egg rejection by cuckoo hosts in Australia and Europe. Behav. Ecol. 16, 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari041 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rohwer, S., Spaw, C. D. & Røskaft, E. Costs to northern orioles of puncture-ejecting parasitic cowbird eggs from their nests. The Auk 106, 734–738 (1989).
Google Scholar 
Brooker, M. G., Brooker, L. C. & Rowley, I. Egg deposition by the bronze-cuckoos Chrysococcyx basalis and Chrysococcyx lucidus. Emu 88, 107–109. https://doi.org/10.1071/Mu9880107 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
McClelland, S. C. et al. Embryo movement is more frequent in avian brood parasites than birds with parental reproductive strategies. Proc. R. Soc B-Biol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1137 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gosler, A. G. & Wilkin, T. A. Eggshell speckling in a passerine bird reveals chronic long-term decline in soil calcium. Bird Study 64, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2017.1314448 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lundholm, C. E. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in eggshell gland mucosa as a mechanism for P, P’-DDE-induced eggshell thinning in birds: A comparison of ducks and domestic-fowls. Comp. Biochem. Phys. C 106, 389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90151-A (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bitman, J., Cecil, H. C. & Fries, G. F. DDT-Induced inhibition of avian shell gland carbonic anhydrase: A mechanism for thin eggshells. Science 168, 594–596. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3931.594 (1970).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ratcliffe, D. A. Changes attributable to pesticides in egg breakage frequency and eggshell thickness in some British birds. J. Appl. Ecol. 7, 67-+. https://doi.org/10.2307/2401613 (1970).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bouwman, H., Govender, D., Underhill, L. & Polder, A. Chlorinated, brominated and fluorinated organic pollutants in African Penguin eggs: 30 years since the previous assessment. Chemosphere 126, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.071 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bleu, J., Agostini, S., Angelier, F. & Biard, C. Experimental increase in temperature affects eggshell thickness, and not egg mass, eggshell spottiness or egg composition in the great tit (Parus major). Gen. Comp. Endocr. 275, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.004 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Picman, J. & Pribil, S. Is greater eggshell density an alternative mechanism by which parasitic cuckoos increase the strength of their eggs?. J. Ornithol. 138, 531–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01651384 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lopez, A. V. et al. How to build a puncture- and breakage-resistant eggshell? Mechanical and structural analyses of avian brood parasites and their hosts. J. Exp. Biol. 224, jeb243016. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243016 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soler, M., Rodriguez-Navarro, A. B., Perez-Contreras, T., Garcia-Ruiz, J. M. & Soler, J. J. Great spotted cuckoo eggshell microstructure characteristics can make eggs stronger. J. Avian Biol. 50, e02252. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02252 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
D’Alba, L. et al. Evolution of eggshell structure in relation to nesting ecology in non-avian reptiles. J. Morphol. 282, 1066–1079. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21347 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Legendre, L. J. & Clarke, J. A. Shifts in eggshell thickness are related to changes in locomotor ecology in dinosaurs. Evolution 75, 1415–1430. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14245 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Le Roy, N., Stapane, L., Gautron, J. & Hincke, M. T. Evolution of the avian eggshell biomineralization protein toolkit: New insights from multi-omics. Front. Genet. 12, 672433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.672433 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Medina, I. & Langmore, N. E. Batten down the thatches: Front-line defences in an apparently defenceless cuckoo host. Anim. Behav. 112, 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.006 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Starling, M., Heinsohn, R., Cockburn, A. & Langmore, N. E. Cryptic gentes revealed in pallid cuckoos Cuculus pallidus using reflectance spectrophotometry. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 273, 1929–1934 (2006).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Abernathy, V. E., Troscianko, J. & Langmore, N. E. Egg mimicry by the Pacific koel: Mimicry of one host facilitates exploitation of other hosts with similar egg types. J. Avian Biol. 48, 1414–1424. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01530 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Green, R. E. An evaluation of three indices of eggshell thickness. Ibis 142, 676–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04468.x (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Green, R. E. Long-term decline in the thickness of eggshells of thrushes, Turdus spp., in Britain. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 265, 679–684. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0347 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Igic, B. et al. Comparison of micrometer-and scanning electron microscope-based measurements of avian eggshell thickness. J. Field Ornithol. 81, 402–410 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maurer, G., Portugal, S. J. & Cassey, P. A comparison of indices and measured values of eggshell thickness of different shell regions using museum eggs of 230 European bird species. Ibis 154, 714–724 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Becking, J. The ultrastructure of the avian eggshell. Ibis 117, 143–151 (1975).Article 

Google Scholar 
Birkhead, T. et al. New insights from old eggs–the shape and thickness of Great Auk Pinguinus impennis eggs. Ibis 162(4), 1345–1354 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Riley, A., Sturrock, C., Mooney, S. & Luck, M. Quantification of eggshell microstructure using X-ray micro computed tomography. Br. Poult. Sci. 55, 311–320 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Kibala, L., Rozempolska-Rucinska, I., Kasperek, K., Zieba, G. & Lukaszewicz, M. Ultrasonic eggshell thickness measurement for selection of layers. Poult. Sci. 94, 2360–2363. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev254 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Khaliduzzaman, A. et al. A nondestructive eggshell thickness measurement technique using terahertz waves. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–5 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Santolo, G. M. A new nondestructive method for measuring eggshell thickness using a non-ferrous material thickness gauge. Wilson J. Ornithol. 130, 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1676/17-035.1 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marini, M. A. et al. The five million bird eggs in the world’s museum collections are an invaluable and underused resource. Auk 137, ukaa036. https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa036 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brooker, M. G. & Brooker, L. C. Cuckoo hosts in Australia. Aust. Zool. Rev. 2, 1–67 (1989).
Google Scholar 
Higgins, P. J. Vol. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Google Scholar 
Higgins, P. J. & Peter, J. M. Vol. 6: Pardalotes to Shrike-Thrushes (Oxford University Press, 2002).
Google Scholar 
Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M. & Cowling, S. J. Vol. 4: Parrots to Dollarbird (Oxford University Press, 2006).
Google Scholar 
Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M. & Steele, W. K. Vol. 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Google Scholar 
Landstrom, M., Heinsohn, R. & Langmore, N. E. Clutch variation and egg rejection in three hosts of the pallid cuckoo Cuculus pallidus. Behaviour 147, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1163/000579509X12483520922043 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Abernathy, V. E., Johnson, L. E. & Langmore, N. E. An experimental test of defenses against avian brood parasitism in a recent host. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9, 244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.651733 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Landstrom, M. T., Heinsohn, R. & Langmore, N. E. Does clutch variability differ between populations of cuckoo hosts in relation to the rate of parasitism?. Anim. Behav. 81, 307–312 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Peterson, S. H. et al. Avian eggshell thickness in relation to egg morphometrics, embryonic development, and mercury contamination. Ecol. Evol. 10, 8715–8740. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6570 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Attard, M., Medina, I., Langmore, N. E. & Sherratt, E. Egg shape mimicry in parasitic cuckoos. J. Evol. Biol. 30, 2079–2084 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Birchard, G. F. & Deeming, D. C. Avian eggshell thickness: Scaling and maximum body mass in birds. J. Zool. 279, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00596.x (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Orme, D. et al. The caper package: Comparative analysis of phylogenetics and evolution in R. R Packag. Vers. 5, 549–593 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Jetz, W., Thomas, G. H., Joy, J. B., Hartmann, K. & Mooers, A. O. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491, 444–448. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11631 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Schliep, K. P. Phangorn: Phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27, 592–593. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, (2013). More

Fischer, R. et al. Accelerated forest fragmentation leads to critical increase in tropical forest edge area. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg7012 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Newmark, W. D. & McNeally, P. B. Impact of habitat fragmentation on the spatial structure of the Eastern Arc forests in East Africa: Implications for biodiversity conservation. Biodivers. Conserv. 27, 1387–1402 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hall, J., Burgess, N. D., Lovett, J., Mbilinyi, B. & Gereau, R. E. Conservation implications of deforestation across an elevational gradient in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2510–2521 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kuussaari, M. et al. Extinction debt: A challenge for biodiversity conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 564–571 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gibson, L. et al. Near-complete extinction of native small mammal fauna 25 years after forest fragmentation. Science 341, 1508–1510 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Burgess, N. D. et al. The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Biol. Conserv. 134, 209–231 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Oates, J. F. et al. A new species of tree hyrax (Procaviidae: Dendrohyrax) from West Africa and the significance of the Niger-Volta interfluvium in mammalian biogeography. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 194, 527–552 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bloomer, P. Extant hyrax diversity is vastly underestimated. Afrotherian. Conserv. 7, 11–16 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Roberts, D., Topp-Jørgensen, E. & Moyer, D. C. Dendrohyrax validus Eastern Tree Hyrax. In Mammals of Africa Vol. I (eds Kingdon, J. et al.) 158–161 (Bloomsbury, 2013).
Google Scholar 
Hoeck, H. Some thoughts on the distribution of the tree hyraxes (genus Dendrohyrax) in northern Tanzania. Afrotherian Conserv. 13, 47–49 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Rosti, H., Pihlström, H., Bearder, S., Pellikka, P. & Rikkinen, J. Vocalization analyses of nocturnal arboreal mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Diversity 12, 473 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, D. Geographic variation in the loud calls of tree hyrax – Dendrohyrax validus (True 1890) In the Eastern Arc Mountains, East Africa: taxonomic and conservation implications. (MSc thesis, University of Reading, 2001).True, F. W. Description of two new species of mammals from Mt. Kilima-Njaro, East Africa. Proc. US Nat. Mus. 13, 227–229 (1890).Article 

Google Scholar 
True, F. W. An annotated catalogue of the mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Kilma-Njaro region, East Africa. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 15, 445–480 (1892).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kundaeli, J. N. Distribution of tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax validus validus True) on Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 14, 253–264 (1976).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gaylard, A. & Kerley, G. I. H. Diet of tree hyraxes Dendrohyrax arboreus (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Mammal. 78, 213–221 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Milner, J. Relationships between the forest dwelling people of south-west Mau and tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. 83, 17–29 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Milner, J. M. & Harris, S. Habitat use and ranging behaviour of tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus, in the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda. Afr. J. Ecol. 37, 281–294 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gaylard, A. & Kerley, G. I. H. Habitat assessment for a rare, arboreal forest mammal, the tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax arboreus). Afr. J. Ecol. 39, 205–212 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Djossa, B., Zachee, B. & Sinzin, B. Activity patterns and habitat use of the western tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis), within forest patches and implications for conservation. Ecotropica 18, 65–72 (2012).
Google Scholar 
Opperman, E. J., Cherry, M. I. & Makunga, N. P. Community harvesting of trees used as dens and for food by the tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax arboreus) in the Pirie forest, South Africa. Koedoe 60, a1481 (2018).
Cordeiro, N. J. et al. Notes on the ecology and status of some forest mammals in four Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. 94, 175–189 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Koren, L. Vocalization as an indicator of individual quality in the rock hyrax. (PhD thesis, Tel-Aviv University, 2006).Koren, L., Mokady, O. & Geffen, E. Social status and cortisol levels in singing rock hyraxes. Horm. Behav. 54, 212–216 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koren, L. & Geffen, E. Complex call in male rock hyrax (Procavia capensis): A multi-information distributing channel. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 581–590 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lawes, M. J., Mealin, P. E. & Piper, S. E. Patch occupancy and potential metapopulation dynamics of three forest mammals in fragmented Afromontane forest in South Africa. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1088–1098 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Topp-Jørgensen, J. E., Marshal, A. R., Brink, H. & Pedersen, U. B. Quantifying the response of tree hyraxes (Dendrohyrax validus) to human disturbance in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 1, 63–74 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hill, A. P. et al. AudioMoth: Evaluation of a smart open acoustic device for monitoring biodiversity and the environment. Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 1199–1211 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marques, T. A. et al. Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics. Biol. Rev. 88, 287–309 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pérez-Granados, C. & Traba, J. Estimating bird density using passive acoustic monitoring: A review of methods and suggestions for further research. Ibis 163, 765–783 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Campos-Cerqueira, M. & Aide, T. M. Improving distribution data of threatened species by combining acoustic monitoring and occupancy modelling. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 1340–1348 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
McLean, K. A. et al. Movement patterns of three arboreal primates in a Neotropical moist forest explained by LiDAR-estimated canopy structure. Landsc. Ecol. 31, 1849–1862 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Davies, A. B., Ancrenaz, M., Oram, F. & Asner, G. P. Canopy structure drives orangutan habitat selection in disturbed Bornean forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 8307–8312 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Singh, M., Cheyne, S. M. & Ehlers Smith, D. A. How conspecific primates use their habitats: Surviving in an anthropogenically-disturbed forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ecol. Indic. 87, 167–177 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Simonson, W. D., Allen, H. D. & Coomes, D. A. Applications of airborne lidar for the assessment of animal species diversity. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 719–729 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aerts, R. et al. Woody plant communities of isolated Afromontane cloud forests in Taita Hills, Kenya. Plant Ecol. 212, 639–649 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lovett, J. C., Wasser, S. K., Cambridge University Press. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
Google Scholar 
Pellikka, P. K. E., Lötjönen, M., Siljander, M. & Lens, L. Airborne remote sensing of spatiotemporal change (1955–2004) in indigenous and exotic forest cover in the Taita Hills, Kenya. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 11, 221–232 (2009).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rovero, F. et al. Targeted vertebrate surveys enhance the faunal importance and improve explanatory models within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. Diversity Distrib. 20, 1438–1449 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosti, H., Rikkinen, J., Pellikka, P., Bearder, S. & Mwamodenyi, J. M. Taita Mountain dwarf galago is extant in the Taita Hills of Kenya. Oryx 54, 152–153 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pihlström, H., Rosti, H., Lombo, B. & Pellikka, P. Domestic dog predation on white-tailed small-eared galago (Otolemur garnettii lasiotis) in the Taita Hills, Kenya. Afr. Primates 15, 31–38 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Etana, B. et al. Traditional shade coffee forest systems act as refuges for medium- and large-sized mammals as natural forest dwindles in Ethiopia. Biol. Conserv. 260, 109219 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoeck, H., Rovero, F., Cordeiro, N., Butynski, T., Perkin, A. & Jones, T. Dendrohyrax validus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2015: e.T136599A21288090).Himberg, N. Traditionally protected forests’ role within transforming natural resource management regimes in Taita Hills, Kenya. (PhD thesis, University of Helsinki, 2011).Thijs, K. W., Roelen, I. & Musila, W. M. Field guide to the woody plants of Taita Hills, Kenya. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. 102, 1–272 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yéboué, K. Y. et al. Genetic typing and in silico assignment of smoked and fresh bushmeat sold on markets and restaurants in west-central Côte d’Ivoire. Int. J. Genet. Mol. Biol. 13, 1–8 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, K. J. & Downs, C. T. Seasonal behavioural patterns of free-living rock hyrax (Procavia capensis). J. Zool. 265, 311–326 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brown, K. J. & Downs, C. T. Seasonal patterns in body temperature of free-living rock hyrax (Procavia capensis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 143, 42–49 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ilany, A., Barocas, A., Kam, M., Ilany, T. & Geffen, E. The energy cost of singing in wild rock hyrax males: Evidence for an index signal. Anim. Behav. 85, 995–1001 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Demartsev, V. et al. Male hyraxes increase song complexity and duration in the presence of alert individuals. Behav. Ecol. 25, 1451–1458 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gaynor, K. M., Hojnowski, C. E., Carter, N. H. & Brashares, J. S. The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. Science 360, 1232–1235 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Adhikari, H. et al. Determinants of aboveground biomass across an Afromontane landscape mosaic in Kenya. Remote Sens. 9, 827 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Heiskanen, J., Korhonen, L., Hietanen, J. & Pellikka, P. K. E. Use of airborne lidar for estimating canopy gap fraction and leaf area index of tropical montane forests. Int. J. Remote Sens. 36, 2569–2583 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Roussel, J.-R. et al. lidR: An R package for analysis of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. Remote Sens. Environ. 251, 112061 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
Google Scholar 
Brooks, M. E. et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 9, 378 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P. & Makowski, D. Performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. JOSS 6, 3139 (2021).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wickham, H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, 2009).MATH 
Book 

Google Scholar 
Zuur, A. F., Savelʹev, A. A. & Ieno, E. N. Zero Inflated Models and Generalized Linear Mixed Models with R (Highland Statistics, 2012).
Google Scholar 
Campbell, H. The consequences of checking for zero-inflation and overdispersion in the analysis of count data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 12, 665–680 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zuur, A. F. & Ieno, E. N. A protocol for conducting and presenting results of regression-type analyses. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 636–645 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Aho, K., Derryberry, D. & Peterson, T. Model selection for ecologists: The worldviews of AIC and BIC. Ecology 95, 631–636 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. et al. Seagrass meadows globally as a coupled social-ecological system: Implications for human wellbeing. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 83, 387–397 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Ondiviela, B. et al. The role of seagrasses in coastal protection in a changing climate. Coast. Eng. 87, 158–168 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Campagne, C. S., Salles, J.-M., Boissery, P. & Deter, J. The seagrass Posidonia oceanica: ecosystem services identification and economic evaluation of goods and benefits. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 97, 391–400 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Boudouresque, C. F., Mayot, N. & Pergent, G. The outstanding traits of the functioning of the Posidonia oceanica seagrass ecosystem. Biol. Mar. Medit. 13, 109–113 (2006).
Google Scholar 
Duarte, C. M., Kennedy, H., Marbà, N. & Hendriks, I. Assessing the capacity of seagrass meadows for carbon burial: Current limitations and future strategies. Ocean Coast. Manag. 83, 32–38 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Barrón, C., Duarte, C. M., Frankignoulle, M. & Borges, A. V. Organic carbon metabolism and carbonate dynamics in a mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) Meadow. Estuar. Coasts 29, 417–426 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marbà, N., Díaz-Almela, E. & Duarte, C. M. Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) loss between 1842 and 2009. Biol. Conserv. 176, 183–190 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chefaoui, R. M., Duarte, C. M. & Serrão, E. A. Dramatic loss of seagrass habitat under projected climate change in the Mediterranean Sea. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 4919–4928 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Marbà, N. & Duarte, C. M. Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 2366–2375 (2010).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Lovelock, C. E. et al. Assessing the risk of carbon dioxide emissions from blue carbon ecosystems. Front Ecol Env. 15, 257–265 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kroeker, K. J. et al. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19, 1884–1896 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zunino, S., Libralato, S., Canu, D. M., Prato, G. & Solidoro, C. Impact of ocean acidification on ecosystem functioning and services in habitat-forming species and marine ecosystems. Ecosystems https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-0060 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Riebesell, U. et al. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407, 364–367 (2000).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A. & Kleypas, J. A. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 169–192 (2009).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Koch, M., Bowes, G., Ross, C. & Zhang, X.-H. Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19, 103–132 (2013).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Zimmerman, R. C. et al. Experimental impacts of climate warming and ocean carbonation on eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 566, 1–15 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Egea, L. G., Jimé Nez-Ramos, R., Herná Ndez, I., Bouma, T. J. & Brun, F. G. Effects of ocean acidification and hydrodynamic conditions on carbon metabolism and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes in seagrass populations. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192402 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jiang, Z. J., Huang, X.-P. & Zhang, J.-P. Effects of CO 2 enrichment on photosynthesis, growth, and biochemical composition of seagrass thalassia hemprichii (ehrenb.) aschers. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 52, 904–913 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Apostolaki, E. T., Vizzini, S., Hendriks, I. E. & Olsen, Y. S. Seagrass ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent. Mar. Environ. Res. 99, 9–15 (2014).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hendriks, I. E. et al. Photosynthetic activity buffers ocean acidification in seagrass meadows. Biogeosciences 11, 333–346 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Bergstrom, E., Silva, J., Martins, C. & Horta, P. Seagrass can mitigate negative ocean acidification effects on calcifying algae. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1–11 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hernán, G. et al. Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) seedlings in a high-CO 2 world: from physiology to herbivory. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 1–12 (2016).MathSciNet 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cox, T. E. et al. Effects of ocean acidification on Posidonia oceanica epiphytic community and shoot productivity. J. Ecol. 103, 1594–1609 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cox, T. E. et al. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on structural characteristics, photosynthesis, and growth of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Biogeosciences 13, 2179–2194 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hall-Spencer, J. M. et al. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454(7200), 96–99 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mecca, S., Casoli, E., Ardizzone, G. & Gambi, M. C. Effects of ocean acidification on phenology and epiphytes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica at two CO2 vent systems of Ischia (Italy). Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 21, 70–83 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ugarelli, K., Chakrabarti, S., Laas, P. & Stingl, U. The seagrass holobiont and its microbiome. Microorganisms 5(4), 81 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tarquinio, F., Hyndes, G. A., Laverock, B., Koenders, A. & Säwström, C. The seagrass holobiont: understanding seagrass-bacteria interactions and their role in seagrass ecosystem functioning. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 366, 1–15 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brodersen, K. E. & Kühl, M. Effects of Epiphytes on the Seagrass Phyllosphere. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 1–10 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Seymour, J. R., Laverock, B., Nielsen, D. A., M., T.-T. S. & Macreadie, P. I. The Microbiology of Seagrasses. in Seagrasses of Australia 343–392 (Springer International Publishing, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71354-0Ruocco, N. et al. First evidence of Halomicronema metazoicum (Cyanobacteria) free-living on Posidonia oceanica leaves. PLoS ONE 13(10), e0204954 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kohn, T. et al. The microbiome of posidonia oceanica seagrass leaves can be dominated by planctomycetes. Front. Microbiol 11, 1458 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Casola, E., Scardi, M., Mazzella, L. & Fresi, E. Structure of the epiphytic community of posidonia oceanica leaves in a shallow meadow. Mar. Ecol. 8, 285–296 (1987).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Martin, S. et al. Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts. Biol. Lett 4, 689–692 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Foo, S. A., Byrne, M., Ricevuto, E. & Gambi, M. C. The carbon dioxide vents of Ischia, Italy, a natural system to assess impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: an overview of research and comparisons with other vent systems. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 56, 237–310 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Olivé, I., Silva, J., Costa, M. M. & Santos, R. Estimating seagrass community metabolism using benthic chambers: the effect of incubation time. Estuaries Coasts 39, 138–144 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Barrón, C. & Duarte, C. M. Dissolved organic matter release in a Posidonia oceanica meadow. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 374, 75–84 (2009).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Langsrud, Ø. ANOVA for unbalanced data: Use Type II instead of Type III sums of squares. Stat. Comput. 13, 163–167 (2003).MathSciNet 
Article 

Google Scholar 
RStudio Team. RStudio. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/. (2021).Donnarumma, L., Lombardi, C., Cocito, S. & Gambi, M. C. Settlement pattern of Posidonia oceanica epibionts along a gradient of ocean acidification: an approach with mimics. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 15, 498–509 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gravili, C., Cozzoli, F. & Gambi, M. C. Epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows are winner organisms under future ocean acidification conditions: evidence from a CO2 vent system (Ischia Island, Italy). Eur. Zool. J. 88, 472–486 (2021).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Lombardi, C., Cocito, S., Hall-Spencer, J. M. & Gambi, M. C. Effects of ocean acidification and high temperatures on the bryozoan Myriapora truncata at natural CO2 vents. Mar. Ecol. 31, 447–456 (2010).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wear, D. J., Sullivan, M. J., Moore, A. D. & Millie, D. F. Effects of water-column enrichment on the production dynamics of three seagrass species and their epiphytic algae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 179, 201–213 (1999).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hasegawa, N., Hori, M. & Mukai, H. Seasonal shifts in seagrass bed primary producers in a cold-temperate estuary: Dynamics of eelgrass Zostera marina and associated epiphytic algae. Aquat. Bot. 86, 337–345 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Piazzi, L., Balata, D. & Ceccherelli, G. Epiphyte assemblages of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: an overview. Mar. Ecol. 37, 3–41 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Celdrán, D., Espinosa, E., Sánchez-Amat, A. & Marín, A. Effects of epibiotic bacteria on leaf growth and epiphytes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 456, 21–27 (2012).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Brodersen, K. E., Koren, K., Revsbech, N. P. & Kühl, M. Strong leaf surface basification and CO2 limitation of seagrass induced by epiphytic biofilm microenvironments. Plant Cell Environ. 43, 174–187 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Noisette, F., Depetris, A., Kühl, M. & Brodersen, K. E. Flow and epiphyte growth effects on the thermal, optical and chemical microenvironment in the leaf phyllosphere of seagrass (Zostera marina). J. R. Soc. Interface 17(171), 20200485 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Costa, M. M. et al. Epiphytes modulate posidonia oceanica photosynthetic production, energetic balance, antioxidant mechanisms, and oxidative damage. Front. Mar. Sci. 2, 111 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guilini, K. et al. Response of Posidonia oceanica seagrass and its epibiont communities to ocean acidification. PLoS ONE 12(8), e0181531 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Palacios, S. L. & Zimmerman, R. C. Response of eelgrass Zostera marina to CO2 enrichment: possible impacts of climate change and potential for remediation of coastal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 344, 1–13 (2007).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Scartazza, A. et al. Carbon and nitrogen allocation strategy in Posidonia oceanica is altered by seawater acidification. Sci. Total Environ. 607, 954–964 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hansen, A. B., Pedersen, A. S., Kühl, M. & Brodersen, K. E. Temperature Effects on Leaf and Epiphyte Photosynthesis, Bicarbonate Use and Diel O 2 Budgets of the Seagrass Zostera marina L. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, (2022).Burnell, O. W., Russell, B. D., Irving, A. D. & Connell, S. D. Seagrass response to CO2 contingent on epiphytic algae: indirect effects can overwhelm direct effects. Oecologia 1, 871–882 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mabrouk, L., Hamza, A., Brahim, B. & Bradai, M.-N. Variability in the structure of epiphyte assemblages on leaves and rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human disturbances in a seagrass meadow off Tunisia. Aquat. Bot. 108, 33–40 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garrard, S. L. et al. Indirect effects may buffer negative responses of seagrass invertebrate communities to ocean acidification. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 461, 31–38 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Touchette, B. W. & Burkholder, J. A. M. Review of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in seagrasses. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 250, 133–167 (2000).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Borg, J. A., Rowden, A. A., Attrill, M. J., Schembri, P. J. & Jones, M. B. Wanted dead or alive: high diversity of macroinvertebrates associated with living and ‘dead’ Posidonia oceanica matte. Mar. Biol. 149, 667–677 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Teixidó, N. et al. Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO 2 gradients. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1–9 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Obtaining bacterial strains with varied resistance levelsWe experimentally evolved 24 replicate lineages of E. coli to tolerate increasing concentrations of chloramphenicol. By serially passaging bacterial cultures through 14 increasing chloramphenicol levels, we obtained 336 (24 lineages × 14 concentrations) populations of E. coli across a gradient of resistance levels (Fig. 2). The 24 replicate lineages enabled us to study the variability arising from the stochastic nature of mutation acquisition. We refer to these populations as “cultures” rather than “strains” due to the possible coexistence of multiple genotypes.Resistance incurs costs in both thermal tolerance and maximum growth rateWe measured growth rates of experimentally evolved E. coli cultures at three different temperatures: their historic temperature of 37 °C, and the novel temperatures of 32 °C and 42 °C. We hypothesized that growth rate costs of resistance would be larger in the novel temperatures, consistent with reduced thermal niche breadth.Overall, we found the growth rates decreased strongly with increasing antibiotic resistance (Fig. 3A). We then calculated relative growth rates for each lineage by dividing the growth rate at each timepoint by the growth rate of the culture at timepoint 1 (T1) at the appropriate temperature (e.g., all cultures at 32 °C were standardized by the ancestral growth rate at 32 °C). Analysis of these relative growth rates showed that there was both a fitness cost in maximum growth rate and a fitness cost in thermal niche breadth; the linear model showed a strong negative effect of increasing resistance on growth rate at 37 °C (F1, 974 = 988.2, p  More

Xu, Y. et al. Annual oil palm plantation maps in Malaysia and Indonesia from 2001 to 2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 847–867 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Meijaard, E. et al. The environmental impacts of palm oil in context. Nat. Plants 6, 1418–1426 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Guillaume, T. et al. Carbon costs and benefits of Indonesian rainforest conversion to plantations. Nat. Commun. 9, 2388 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ordway, E. M. & Asner, G. P. Carbon declines along tropical forest edges correspond to heterogeneous effects on canopy structure and function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 7863–7870 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Hansen, M. C. et al. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342, 850 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Santoro, M. et al. The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 13, 3927–3950 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, accessed 12 February 2020); www.protectedplanet.netMahmud, A., Rehrig, M. & Hills, G. Improving the Livelihoods of Palm Oil Smallholders: The Role of the Private Sector (FSG, 2010).Lasco, R. Forest carbon budgets in Southeast Asia following harvesting and land cover change. Sci. China 45, 55–64 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Historical Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Climate Watch, accessed 6 October 2021); https://www.climatewatchdata.org/Euler, M., Schwarze, S., Siregar, H. & Qaim, M. Oil palm expansion among smallholder farmers in Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Agric. Econ. 67, 658–676 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Donofrio, S., Rothrock, P. & Leonard, J. J. F. T. Supply Change: Tracking Corporate Commitments to Deforestation-free SupplyChains, 2017 (Forest Trends, 2017).Rist, L., Feintrenie, L. & Levang, P. The livelihood impacts of oil palm: smallholders in Indonesia. Biodivers. Conserv. 19, 1009–1024 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Saadun, N. et al. Socio-ecological perspectives of engaging smallholders in environmental-friendly palm oil certification schemes. Land Use Policy 72, 333–340 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hansen, M. C., Stehman, S. V. & Potapov, P. V. Quantification of global gross forest cover loss. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 8650 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Santoro, M. & Cartus, O. ESA Biomass Climate Change Initiative (Biomass_cci): Global datasets of forest above-ground biomass for the year 2017 v.1 (Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, 2019); https://doi.org/10.5285/bedc59f37c9545c981a839eb552e4084Busch, J. et al. Reductions in emissions from deforestation from Indonesia’s moratorium on new oil palm, timber, and logging concessions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 1328–1333 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A. & Ene, E. FRAGSTATS v.4: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical and continuous maps (Univ. Massachusetts, 2012). More

Arneth, A. et al. Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system. Nat. Geosci. 3, 525–532 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Green, J. K. et al. Regionally strong feedbacks between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. Nat. Geosci. 10, 410–414 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks. Nature 451, 289–292 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Beer, C. et al. Temporal and among-site variability of inherent water use efficiency at the ecosystem level. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 23, 1–13 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Keenan, T. F. et al. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise. Nature 499, 324–327 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Frank, D. C. et al. Water-use efficiency & transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 579–583 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Mastrotheodoros, T. et al. Linking plant functional trait plasticity and the large increase in forest water use efficiency. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 2393–2408 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lavergne, A. et al. Observed and modelled historical trends in the water-use efficiency of plants and ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 2242–2257 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huxman, T. E. et al. Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency. Nature 429, 651–654 (2004).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Yang, Y. et al. Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global terrestrial ecosystems. Sci. Rep. 6, 23284 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Huang, L. et al. A global examination of the response of ecosystem water-use efficiency to drought based on MODIS data. Sci. Total Environ. 601–602, 1097–1107 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reichstein, M. et al. Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO2 and H2O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses? Glob. Change Biol. 8, 999–1017 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Reichstein, M. et al. Inverse modeling of seasonal drought effects on canopy CO2/H2O exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4726 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cooley, S. S. et al. Assessing regional drought impacts on vegetation and evapotranspiration: a case study in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Ecol. Appl. 29, e01834 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Medrano, H., Flexas, J. & Galmés, J. Variability in water use efficiency at the leaf level among Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. Plant Soil 317, 17–29 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Soh, W. K. et al. Rising CO2 drives divergence in water use efficiency of evergreen and deciduous plants. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax7906 (2019).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, M., Chen, Y., Wu, X. & Bai, Y. Forest-type-dependent water use efficiency trends across the northern hemisphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 8283–8293 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Enquist, B. et al. Scaling from traits to ecosystems: developing a general trait driver theory via integrating trait-based and metabolic scaling theories. Adv. Ecol. Res. 52, 249–318 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gross, N. et al. Functional trait diversity maximizes ecosystem multifunctionality. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0132 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bagousse‐Pinguet, Y. L. et al. Testing the environmental filtering concept in global drylands. J. Ecol. 105, 1058–1069 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ponce Campos, G. E. et al. Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions. Nature 494, 349–352 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Fisher, J. B. et al. The future of evapotranspiration: global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources. Water Resour. Res. 53, 2618–2626 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Xue, B.-L. et al. Global patterns, trends, and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013. Ecosphere 6, art174 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fisher, J. B. et al. ECOSTRESS: NASA’s next generation mission to measure evapotranspiration from the International Space Station. Water Resour. Res. 56, e2019WR026058 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Higgins, M. A. et al. Geological control of floristic composition in Amazonian forests. J. Biogeogr. 38, 2136–2149 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
De Kauwe, M. G., Keenan, T. F., Medlyn, B. E., Prentice, I. C. & Terrer, C. Satellite based estimates underestimate the effect of CO2 fertilization on net primary productivity. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 892–893 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huang, M. et al. Seasonal responses of terrestrial ecosystem water-use efficiency to climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 2165–2177 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lin, Y.-S. et al. Optimal stomatal behaviour around the world. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 459–464 (2015).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Medlyn, B. E. et al. Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 2134–2144 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Peters, W. et al. Increased water-use efficiency and reduced CO2 uptake by plants during droughts at a continental scale. Nat. Geosci. 11, 744–748 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
Cheng, L. et al. Recent increases in terrestrial carbon uptake at little cost to the water cycle. Nat. Commun. 8, 110 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fisher, J. B. ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS): Level-3 Evapotranspiration L3(ET_PT-JPL) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (2018).Running, S. W. et al. A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production. BioScience 54, 547–560 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Heinsch, F. et al. Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44, 1908–1925 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zhao, M., Heinsch, F., Nemani, R. & Running, S. Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set. Remote Sens. Environ. 95, 164–176 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ryu, Y. et al. Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled-process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 25, GB4017 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar  More