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Many women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) need to make decisions about marital name change, and have to consider how this might affect their publication record and future career. Mentorship that considers race, ethnicity, culture, religion and parenting, as well as a centralized system to dynamically and retroactively streamline name change, will promote agency and choice for women navigating STEM careers, writes Bala Chaudhary.Women, whether in same-sex or heterosexual relationships, still predominantly make decisions regarding marital name change1. In science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, as the proportion of female researchers rises, more women are considering the potential effects of marital name change on their careers. The stakes are high, as relationship status and name discrimination contribute to gender2 and racial3 inequities in faculty hiring. The shifting demographics of students and a greater proportion of STEM undergraduates engaging in research and publishing has also led to more scientists questioning decisions around name changes. Dual-scientist couples considering sharing a last name may wonder about gendered assessments of their contributions to work. Women occasionally ask for advice on this topic using social-media platforms such as Twitter. Community members chime in with myriad options: keep your name, change your name, hyphenate, add a middle name, couples choose a new name, keep separate personal and legal names, and so on. There is no single correct approach for this personal decision, so online discussions and testimonials4 are invaluable resources for women with few immediate role models. More

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When mange began to kill llama-like animals called vicuñas in the high Andes, their loss reverberated through the food web to affect grasslands and, eventually, condors1.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00592-8

ReferencesMonk, J. D. et al. Ecol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13983 (2022).PubMed 
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Esperanza Martínez-Romero is a professor of ecological genomics and was coordinator of the undergraduate programme on genomics at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Her work on plant symbioses, and outreach with local farmers has encouraged uptake of sustainable practices and the use of biofertilizers.It was during my first year as an undergraduate student that I was exposed to genetic engineering, when Dr Francisco Bolívar lectured on his development of vectors for gene cloning. I found these results fascinating, and it was listening to talks from scientists at my institute that made me realize that research was my vocation. Towards the end of my bachelor’s degree, Dr Marc von Montagu from Belgium visited and told us about plant genetic transformations — a new field within genetic engineering. Although I was accepted into his laboratory to do my doctorate, I preferred Mexico. I turned my academic journey around and instead chose to apply to a new research centre in Cuernavaca outside of Mexico City — my next turning point. I suspected that a new research centre would provide more opportunities for the development of novel areas, and would have open positions for researchers. Indeed, I was hired at this new research centre and started my own ecology group. It was there that I started working with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants. The effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on plants were outstanding. Although the scope of molecular biology was incipient to the characterization of bacterial species and populations, we were nevertheless able to make molecular characterizations of the rhizobial species that formed nitrogen-fixing nodules on beans — the most important legume for human consumption in the world. In 1991, we described a novel species, Rhizobium tropici, which could deliver high levels of nitrogen to legumes. It was then that I realized nitrogen fixation is key to the development of sustainable agriculture and could benefit farmers in Mexico and around the world. Some of the species described by my group are now used as inoculants in agriculture, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and allowing farmers to make cost savings. To facilitate this, I published a manual on biofertilization for farmers and gave conferences and workshops to them. My group has also undertaken reforestation programmes using nitrogen-fixing legume trees inoculated with the rhizobial species that we described. More

The LCA approach includes the potential effects of depriving humans and ecosystems of water resources, as well as the specific potential effects of pollutants affecting water and thus the environment49. Water stress is commonly defined as the ratio of total freshwater consumption to the level of its hydrological availability. ISO 14046 presents a new concept, i.e., WF, which is associated with the LCA approach. The standard’s “water scarcity footprint” refers to the potential impacts associated with the quantitative aspect of water use50. Figure 2 shows the WF per cultivation area of conventional and organic carrot production. In general, there are significant differences in the total value of the WF in question. For conventional carrot production technology, it is 10.25 m3 ha−1, while for organic technology, it is only 1.96 m3 ha−1. In the case of conventional production, treatments using significant amounts of chemicals have the greatest impact on the WF, i.e., fertilization (mainly mineral) (WF = 6.85 m3 ha−1), and chemical plant protection (WF = 1.19 m3 ha−1). The analysis of WF in organic farming showed that its highest value (WF = 0.84 m3 ha−1) concerns the harvesting of carrots, while soil preparation ranks second (WF = 0.45 m3 ha−1). A slightly lower WF of 0.38 m3 ha−1 was recorded in the case of transporting the harvested carrots to the farm buildings. It can therefore be concluded that in organic farming, it is (diesel) fuel consumption that has the greatest impact on WF level.Figure 2Water footprint in conventional and organic carrot production (m3 ha−1).Full size imageIn terms of production volume, in conventional technology, the WF is 0.196 m3 t−1. On the other hand, in organic technology the value of WF is approx. four times lower and amounts to 0.049 m3 t−1 of harvested carrots. For comparison, the WF in tomato production is 160 m3 per 1 tonne of produce51. Such a high value results mainly from irrigation of the plants.In order to explain in detail the impact of individual agricultural treatments on the water deficit in carrot production, a detailed WF analysis was carried out for the treatments that demonstrated the highest values. In the case of conventional technology, it was fertilization (Fig. 3). Upon analyzing Fig. 3, it can be observed that the use of urea, and hence nitrogen, has the greatest impact on WF with regard to fertilization. Most nitrogen mineral fertilizers have a negative impact on the environment, causing ozone depletion in the stratosphere, groundwater pollution, global warming, and water eutrophication52,53. The largest water footprint associated with the use of mineral fertilizers in conventional cultivation is mainly due to a very energy-intensive fertilizer production process. Depending on the type of fertilizer and the technology used, the production process involves machines and equipment for cleaning, grinding, drying, sieving, extruding, granulating, packing, pumping, evaporation (crystallization) and transport. The vast majority of these treatments are powered by electricity. In contrast, conventional power production, regardless of the technology and fuel used (nuclear, natural gas, or coal), is characterized by very high water consumption. Mineral fertilizers are also a material whose consumed mass is relatively high compared to other production materials (seeds, pesticides, and diesel fuel). These two factors mentioned above have a decisive impact on the largest water footprint associated with the use of mineral fertilizers in conventional carrot cultivation. Processes requiring the use of machinery, i.e., fertilizer spreaders (1%) and the consumption of diesel fuel (0.1%) have the lowest impact on the level of fertilization-induced WF. Such a low impact of diesel fuel results mainly from its relatively low consumption during fertilization, most often using very efficient centrifugal spreaders. For comparison, WF related only to the use of carrot irrigation water is 20 m3 t−1 of harvested crops54.Figure 3Water footprint related to carrot fertilization in conventional production (m3 ha−1).Full size imageIn the case of organic technology, WF of harvesting was analyzed in detail (Fig. 4). Carrots were excavated with harvesters, which cut the aboveground parts, cleaned the roots and collected them in a hopper. Sometimes the excavation was preceded by mowing the carrot leaves with mowers. Carrot harvesters are machines that require farm tractors with high-power combustion engines, and the harvesting procedure itself is very time-consuming, hence such a large impact of fuel consumption on WF in carrot harvesting. Despite the above, the share of diesel consumption in the total value of WF related to carrot harvesting is only 11%. However, when comparing the WF related to fuel consumed during harvesting and during fertilization, it can be noticed that in the case of harvesting, WF is approx. 15 times higher.Figure 4Water footprint related to carrot harvest in organic production (m3 ha−1).Full size imageIn LCA, the potential effects of water pollution have traditionally been addressed in impact categories such as (eco) toxicity, acidification, and eutrophication42,43. In the WF analysis, the impact of water consumption is generally related to specific goals within a given conservation area, such as: Human Health, Ecosystems Quality and Resources43. The impact of water consumption on human health is expressed in DALY and is obtained by modeling the cause-effect chain of water scarcity (lack of irrigation water) leading to malnutrition. Ecosystem quality is assessed by modeling the cause-effect chain of freshwater consumption with the quality of the terrestrial ecosystem, based on the number of species disappearing each year (species * year). On the other hand, the impact of water consumption in the resources category is assessed by modeling the cause-effect chain of freshwater consumption in relation to the depletion of water resources, along with the cost ($) of extracting an additional cubic meter of water46. The data in Table 2 shows WF in conventional carrot production related to the three impact categories, and Fig. 5 shows its structure. The total impact of individual processes in the Human Health category is 1.15E−05 DALY, in the Ecosystem Quality category—1.53E−07 species * year, and in the Resources category—2.97 $ surplus. For comparison, WF in the above-mentioned impact areas per 1 ha of tomatoes is, respectively: Human Health—5.00E−03 DALY, Ecosystem Quality—2.50E−05 species * year55. When analyzing Fig. 5, it can be observed that in all impact categories, fertilization has the greatest environmental impact, the share of which in individual categories is at approx. 67.0–67.7%. Chemical plant protection ranks second, the impact of which in the three categories ranges from 11.9 to 12.6%. In addition to the treatments related to fertilizers and chemicals, treatments associated with high consumption of diesel fuel, i.e., soil preparation and harvest, have a significant impact on the value of individual categories in carrot production. This confirms the results of many studies, i.e. that the extraction, production and, above all, the use of diesel fuel bring significant damage to the environment56,57.Table 2 Environmental impact related to the use of water in conventional carrot production per area unit (ha).Full size tableFigure 5The structure of WF in individual impact categories in conventional carrot production.Full size imageBearing in mind that carrot yield range in conventional cultivation is 43–65 t ha−1, the total impact of individual processes per 100 tons of harvested carrots is as follows: Human Health: 2.17E−05 DALY, Ecosystem Quality: 2.88E−07 species * year and Resources: 5.57 $ surplus.Upon comparing the obtained results with the research presented in the literature and conducted with a similar methodology, it can be concluded that for the production of 100 tons of tomatoes, the total environmental footprint for the above-mentioned impact areas, including factors other than water, is respectively: Human Health: 2.7E−01 DALY, Ecosystems Quality: 1.45E−03 Species * year, Resources: 1.05E + 06 $58. On the other hand, the WF for green beans, per 100 tons of harvest was reported as follows: Human Health: from 2.00E−2 to 1.08E−1 DALY, Ecosystem Quality: from1.10E−3 to 1.80E−3 species * year, Resources: from 1.90E+2 to 1.40E+3 $ surplus59.Detailed WF results for the fertilization process in conventional carrot production are presented in Fig. 6. Among the individual factors shaping the environmental impact, what stands out is the consumption of urea, i.e. nitrogen (44.9–47.0% of the total impact in individual categories) and of phosphorus fertilizers, the impact of which is at 31.4–32.4%.Figure 6Structure of WF of the fertilization process in conventional carrot production as per individual impact categories.Full size imageIn endpoint analysis, the impact of water use is generally related to specific endpoints in a given conservation area: Human Health, Ecosystems Quality or Resources43. The data in Table 3 shows WF in organic carrot production as per the three impact categories, and Fig. 7 shows its structure. The total WF values in each category are as follows: in the Human Health category—2.11E−06 DALY, in the Ecosystem Quality category—3.00E−08 species * year and in the Resources category—0.56 $ surplus. The above results are over five times lower compared to the footprint in conventional production (Table 2), and therefore it can be concluded that organic production not only enables the production of healthy carrot, but also has a very positive impact on the broadly understood environment. Upon analyzing the data from Tables 2 and 3, it can be observed that the environmental impact of fertilization treatment in organic production is over thirty times lower compared to the impact of fertilization in conventional production. Moreover, the fact that no pesticides are used means that the impact of chemical plant protection treatments is 0. Upon analyzing Fig. 7, it can be observed that the largest share in the total value of WF in individual impact categories is that of carrot harvest, from 41.9% (Ecosystem Quality) to 43.1% (Resources). The reason for such a significant environmental impact of carrot harvesting technology is the use of complex harvesters, as explained in Fig. 8. When calculating WF, both direct water consumption in a technology is taken into account, as well as indirect, related e.g., to the production of agricultural equipment used in the technology. The complexity of the machinery, the type of materials it is made of and the type of technology used in its production determine the WF.Table 3 Environmental impact related to the use of water in organic carrot production per area unit (ha).Full size tableFigure 7The structure of WF in individual impact categories in organic carrot production.Full size imageFigure 8Structure of WF of the harvest process in organic carrot production as per individual impact categories.Full size imageThe methodology for calculating WF is very diverse and includes many methods. Moreover, the results of research on WF related to the production of vegetable species presented in the literature often differ in terms of the analyzed system boundaries, production technology, irrigation, etc. Therefore, the possibility of a broad discussion of the results of WF of conventional and organic carrot production is limited.The detailed structure of WF of the carrot harvesting process in organic farming is shown in Fig. 8. The use of machines, i.e. harvesters, has a decisive share (90.3–96.6%) in the total value of individual impact categories. The reason for this significant impact was explained above. Relatively high consumption of fuel during harvester operation contributes little to the water footprint structure. The use of diesel fuel has the highest impact on damage caused in the Ecosystem Quality category, with the lowest impact in the Human Health category. More

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Quantification of causal networksWe first compared the relative strengths of causal links across systems (Supplementary Fig. S3). Phytoplankton species richness was the major controlling factor for phytoplankton biomass (significant in 16 of 19 sites, Fig. 2a) in these diverse aquatic systems, consistent with experimental studies17. However, the averaged linkage strength for this effect was not significantly different from that of NO3 (i.e., BD → EF vs. NO3 → EF; permutation test P = 0.501), highlighting that nitrogen availability was equally important in affecting phytoplankton biomass in natural systems.Fig. 2: Relative strengths of various modules.Standardized linkage strengths of causal variables affecting (a) phytoplankton biomass and (b) species richness (here, BD) and loop weights for various types of (c) pairwise feedbacks and (d) triangular feedbacks. All statistics were calculated from the 19 independent sites (n = 19) and depicted as joint violins and box plots to present the empirical distribution that labels the maxima and minima at the top and bottom of the violins, respectively, and shows 25, 50, and 75% quantiles in the boxes with whiskers presenting at most 1.5 * interquartile range. The two numbers within the parentheses (S; R1) above each violin plot report the number of significant results in CCM (S; labeled blue) and the number of systems in which a particular module had the greatest strength (i.e., rank 1; R1; labeled red). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.Full size imageIn the opposite direction, phytoplankton biomass was a significant driver of phytoplankton species richness in most ecosystems (15 of 19 sites, Fig. 2b). However, NO3 more often had a stronger effect, appearing as the most important driver in 11 of 19 sites compared to phytoplankton biomass (4 of 19 sites) (Fig. 2b). Although the difference in effect strength was not significant (permutation test, P = 0.162), these results implicated nitrogen availability as an essential determinant affecting both phytoplankton diversity and biomass. As a sensitivity test, we also examined the effects of Shannon diversity. The results suggest that the importance of nutrients is robust to the use of other diversity indexes (e.g., Shannon diversity in Supplementary Fig. S4), although the causal effects from phytoplankton biomass became relatively more important compared to biomass effects on species richness (Fig. 2b). Based on these findings, we inferred that processes influencing nutrients (e.g., external loadings and internal cycling38) need to be considered when investigating aquatic biodiversity. Changes in those processes (e.g., climatic39 or anthropogenic40 driven nutrient changes) may indeed substantially impact phytoplankton biodiversity, and subsequent ecosystem functioning.The importance of NO3 uncovered in our analyses might not be a counter-intuitive result, as many systems analyzed in this study were P-rich. For instance, the average phosphate concentration was 57.5 and 41.7 μgP/L for Lake Mendota (Me) and Lake Monona (Mo) (Supplementary Table S1), respectively. In addition, there were also high total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in shallow lake systems, e.g., average TP was 106.1, 112.5, and 126.4 μgP/L in Lake Inba (Ib), Lake Kasumigaura (Ks), and Müggelsee (Mu), respectively. Phosphorus was not always a limiting factor in eutrophic and mesotrophic systems, e.g., Lake Kasumigaura41 and Lake Geneva (Gv)42. In addition, nitrogen was deficient and limited cyanobacteria bloom in Müggelsee (Mu)43. Nonetheless, we cannot exclude the possibility of colimitation44 in N and P and the possibility that P availability also depends on N45, which warrants further investigation.Apart from nutrients and temperature, the causal effects of other important drivers on phytoplankton biomass and diversity were also examined, though not in all 19 systems due to data limitation. The causal effects of physical environmental factors, such as irradiance and water column stability, were presented in Supplementary Fig. S5; the results indicated that the quantified causal strengths on average were not as strong as the effects of diversity and nutrients. Moreover, the effects of consumers (e.g., zooplankton), which have been suggested as important drivers affecting species diversity of phytoplankton communities46, were also examined. Based on our analysis of zooplankton, the causal effects of herbivorous crustaceans on phytoplankton biomass and diversity were significant in most of the analyzed systems. However, these effects were on average not as strong as the effects of phytoplankton diversity and nutrients, respectively (Supplementary Fig. S6). Nonetheless, these findings were not generalized to all 19 systems due to a lack of complete datasets as shown in Supplementary Table S3, and thus warrant more detailed investigation in future studies.In addition to individual causal effects, we investigated feedbacks across systems. Pairwise feedbacks (e.g., BD ↔ EF and NO3 ↔ EF) were common (Fig. 2c). However, the averaged linkage strength was often stronger in one direction when involving BD (Fig. 3). Specifically, the average strength of BD → EF was stronger than for the opposite direction of EF → BD (permutation test P = 0.015); BD → EF was stronger than EF → BD in 14 of the 19 systems (Fig. 3). In addition, biodiversity effects on nutrients (BD → NO3 and BD → PO4) were also stronger than their reversed effects (NO3 → BD and PO4 → BD) in 12 and 13 systems, respectively. In comparison, the interactions between nutrients and productivity were more symmetrical: nutrient effects on biomass (NO3 → EF and PO4 → EF) were stronger than biomass effects on nutrients (EF → NO3 and EF → PO4) in only 9 and 8 of 19 systems, respectively. These results supported the previous findings8 that biodiversity effects more often operate at short-term scales, which makes effects more observable in our monthly-scale analyses than feedback effects on diversity, which are expected to occur on a more prolonged timescale, e.g., through slowly changing nutrient cycling31 or decomposition47. Nevertheless, the timescale dependence of causal interactions in ecosystem networks is a topic that needs further study.Fig. 3: Directional bias in pairwise feedbacks.The difference in standardized linkage strengths between the two directions was computed for each pairwise feedback and depicted as joint violin and box plots. All statistics were calculated from the 19 independent sites (n = 19) and depicted as joint violins and box plots to present the empirical distribution that labels the maxima and minima at the top and bottom of the violins, respectively, and shows 25, 50, and 75% quantiles in the boxes with whiskers presenting at most 1.5 * interquartile range. The number above the plot indicates the number of systems with a positive difference in linkage strength. For example, BD → EF was stronger than its feedback, EF → BD, in 14 of the systems. In general, the strength of diversity effects (BD → EF, BD → NO3, BD → PO4) was usually stronger than feedback effects (EF → BD, NO3 → BD, PO4 → BD). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.Full size imageSubsequently, we quantified the strengths of pairwise feedbacks as the geometric mean of the linkage strengths in each direction, following a previous study9 (see more details in Methods). Among these feedbacks (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. S7), BD ↔ NO3 had the highest median and average strength (0.78 and 0.68, respectively) across systems. However, strengths of BD ↔ NO3 were highly variable among systems (large interquartile range in Fig. 2c), and thus were only significant in 11 of 19 systems, compared to BD ↔ EF (15 of 19 systems). These findings reinforced the importance of nutrients as key determinants for aquatic biodiversity and implied that nutrient effects are context-dependent. In other words, BD ↔ NO3 was less common than BD ↔ EF across systems, despite its stronger average strength. The prevalence of BD ↔ EF indicated a need for more long-term experiments and process-based/theoretical modeling accounting for bidirectional interactions between diversity and biomass16, because bidirectional interactions and feedbacks may challenge our simple predictions for ecosystem dynamics, based on knowledge of unidirectional interactions30.Quantification of the causal network also allowed us to analyze triangular feedbacks. Within the conceptual framework of Fig. 1b, there are four kinds of triangular feedbacks involving biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and either nitrate or phosphate (Type I: BD → EF → NO3 and BD → EF → PO4; Type II: EF → BD → NO3 and EF → BD → PO4). There was at least one significant triangular feedback in 14 of 19 sites (Fig. 2d). More specifically, NO3-associated feedbacks (Type I-N and Type II-N) were usually stronger than PO4-associated feedbacks (Type I-P and Type II-P) (Fig. 2d), although the difference in strength among the four types of feedbacks was not significant (Fig. 2d; Kruskal–Wallis test, P = 0.59). The dominance of NO3-associated feedbacks in our study was attributed to many of the sites being marine and eutrophic lakes, which are likely to be N-limited due to an imbalance in external loadings48 or strong denitrification49. Among both NO3- and PO4-associated feedbacks, there were no significant differences in strength between Type I and Type II feedbacks (Supplementary Fig. S7), suggesting that biodiversity can directly influence biomass (Type I), as well as through a pathway that involves endogenous nutrient variables (Type II) and eventually feeds back on itself.Causal networks under environmental contextsOur empirical analyses revealed state dependency of the causal links and feedbacks among biodiversity, biomass, and environmental factors in natural systems; that is, their strengths were highly dependent on the state of other variables. Based on a cross-system comparison (Methods), strengths of individual links (e.g., BD → EF), pairwise feedbacks (e.g., BD ↔ EF), and triangular feedbacks (e.g., BD → EF → NO3 → BD) varied systematically, depending on environmental characteristics (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Fig. S8). Ecosystems with higher species diversity (long-term average species richness) and lower average PO4 concentrations had stronger BD → EF links (Fig. 4a; correlation coefficient r = 0.600 and −0.513; P = 0.007 and 0.025 for species diversity and PO4, respectively). These results were further confirmed by stepwise regression, indicating that the ecosystems characterized by higher diversity, lower average temperature, and oligotrophic conditions had stronger BD → EF (best-fit regression model: BD → EF strength = 0.663 + 0.171*BD − 0.139*T − 0.096*PO4; F3, 15 = 9.958 and P  More