Philippa Kaur

1.Schmidt-Nielsen, K. Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important? (Cambrige University Press, 1984).Book 

Google Scholar 
2.Sheridan, J. A. & Bickford, D. Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 1, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1259 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Yom-Tov, Y., Heggberget, T. M., Wiig, O. & Yom-Tov, S. Body size changes among otters, Lutra lutra, in Norway: The possible effects of food availability and global warming. Oecologia 150, 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0499-8 (2006).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
4.Bergmann, C. Ueber die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Tiere zu ihrer Grösse. Gött Stud. 3, 595–708 (1847).
Google Scholar 
5.Dehnel, A. Studies on the genus Sorex L.. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie Sklodowska 5, 17–102 (1949).
Google Scholar 
6.Foster, J. B. Evolution of mammals on islands. Nature 202, 234–235. https://doi.org/10.1038/202234a0 (1964).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Mayr, E. Geographical character gradients and climatic adaptation. Evolution 10, 105–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1956.tb02836.x (1956).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Allen, J. A. The Influence of physical conditions in the genesis of species. Radic. Rev. 1, 108–140 (1877).
Google Scholar 
9.Blackburn, T. M., Gaston, K. J. & Loder, N. Geographic gradients in body size: A clarification of Bergmann’s rule. Divers. Distrib. 5, 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.1999.00046.x (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Riemer, K., Guralnick, R. P. & White, E. P. No general relationship between mass and temperature in endothermic species. Elife 7, 16. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27166 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Ashton, K. G. Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: Strong evidence for Bergmann’s rule. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 11, 505–523. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00313.x (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Meiri, S. & Dayan, T. On the validity of Bergmann’s rule. J. Biogeogr. 30, 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Reig, S. Geographic variation in pine marten (Martes martes) and beech marten (M. foina) in Europe. J. Mammal. 73, 744–769. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382193 (1992).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Blackburn, T. M. & Hawkins, B. A. Bergmann’s rule and the mammal fauna of northern North America. Ecography 27, 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03999.x (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Diniz, J. A. F., Bini, L. M., Rodriguez, M. A., Rangel, T. & Hawkins, B. A. Seeing the forest for the trees: Partitioning ecological and phylogenetic components of Bergmann’s rule in European Carnivora. Ecography 30, 598–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.04988.x (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Hoy, S. R., Peterson, R. O. & Vucetich, J. A. Climate warming is associated with smaller body size and shorter lifespans in moose near their southern range limit. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 2488–2497. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14015 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Martin, J. M., Mead, J. I. & Barboza, P. S. Bison body size and climate change. Ecol. Evol. 8, 4564–4574. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4019 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
18.Ozgul, A. et al. The dynamics of phenotypic change and the shrinking sheep of St. Kilda. Science 325, 464–467. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173668 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
19.Prokosch, J., Bernitz, Z., Bernitz, H., Erni, B. & Altwegg, R. Are animals shrinking due to climate change? Temperature-mediated selection on body mass in mountain wagtails. Oecologia 189, 841–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04368-2 (2019).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
20.Loarie, S. R. et al. The velocity of climate change. Nature 462, 1052–1055. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08649 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
21.Schloss, C. A., Nunez, T. A. & Lawler, J. J. Dispersal will limit ability of mammals to track climate change in the Western Hemisphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 8606–8611. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116791109 (2012).ADS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.Williams, J. E. & Blois, J. L. Range shifts in response to past and future climate change: Can climate velocities and species’ dispersal capabilities explain variation in mammalian range shifts? J. Biogeogr. 45, 2175–2189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13395 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Gordon, C. J. Effects of ambient temperature and exposure to 2450-MHz microwave radiation of evaporative heat loss in the mouse. J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy 17, 145–150 (1982).CAS 

Google Scholar 
24.Zub, K., Piertney, S., Szafranska, P. A. & Konarzewski, M. Environmental and genetic influences on body mass and resting metabolic rates (RMR) in a natural population of weasel Mustela nivalis. Mol. Ecol. 21, 1283–1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05436.x (2012).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
25.Leyequien, E., de Boer, W. F. & Cleef, A. Influence of body size on coexistence of bird species. Ecol. Res. 22, 735–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0311-6 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Briscoe, N. J., Krockenberger, A., Handasyde, K. A. & Kearney, M. R. Bergmann meets Scholander: Geographical variation in body size and insulation in the koala is related to climate. J. Biogeogr. 42, 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/JBI.12445 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Gardner, J. L., Peters, A., Kearney, M. R., Joseph, L. & Heinsohn, R. Declining body size: A third universal response to warming? Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TREE.2011.03.005 (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
28.Reyer, C. et al. Projections of regional changes in forest net primary productivity for different tree species in Europe driven by climate change and carbon dioxide. Ann. For. Sci. 71, 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0306-8 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Laidre, K. L. et al. Transient benefits of climate change for a high-Arctic polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulation. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 6251–6265. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15286 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Yunger, J. A. Response of two low-density populations of Peromyscus leucopus to increased food availability. J. Mammal. 83, 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083%3c0267:rotldp%3e2.0.co;2 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Monterroso, P., Francisco, D. R., Lukacs, P. M., Alves, P. C. & Ferreras, P. Ecological traits and the spatial structure of competitive coexistence among carnivores. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3059 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
32.Dayan, T. & Simberloff, D. Ecological and community-wide character displacement: The next generation. Ecol. Lett. 8, 875–894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00791.x (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Creel, S. & Creel, N. M. Limitation of African wild dogs by competition with larger carnivores. Conserv. Biol. 10, 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020526.x (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Wereszczuk, A. & Zalewski, A. Spatial niche segregation of sympatric stone marten and pine marten—Avoidance of competition or selection of optimal habitat? PLoS ONE 10, e0139852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139852 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
35.Pereboom, V. et al. Movement patterns, habitat selection, and corridor use of a typical woodland-dweller species, the European pine marten (Martes martes), in fragmented landscape. Can. J. Zool. 86, 983–991. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z08-076 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Virgos, E., Zalewski, A., Rosalino, L. M. & Mergey, M. Habitat ecology of Martens species in Europe. A review of the evidence. In Biology and Conservation of Martens, Sables and Fishers: A New Synthesis (eds Aubry, K. B. et al.) 255–266 (Cornell University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar 
37.Goszczyński, J., Posłuszny, M., Pilot, M. & Gralak, B. Patterns of winter locomotion and foraging in two sympatric marten species: Martes martes and Martes foina. Can. J. Zool. 85, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z06-212 (2007).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Larroque, J., Ruette, S., Vandel, J. M. & Devillard, S. Where to sleep in a rural landscape? A comparative study of resting sites pattern in two syntopic Martes species. Ecography 38, 1129–1140. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01133 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Monakhov, V. G. & Hamilton, M. J. Spatial trends in the size structure of pine Marten Martes martes Linnaeus, 1756 (Mammalia: Mustelidae) within the species range. Russ. J. Ecol. 51, 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413620030108 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Meiri, S., Dayan, T. & Simberloff, D. Carnivores, biases and Bergmann’s rule. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 81, 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00310.x (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Keinath, D. A. et al. A global analysis of traits predicting species sensitivity to habitat fragmentation. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12509 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Bailey, L. D. et al. Using different body size measures can lead to different conclusions about the effects of climate change. J. Biogeogr. 47, 1687–1697. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13850 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Buskirk, S. W. & Harlow, H. J. Body-fat dynamics of the American marten (Martes americana) in winter. J. Mammal. 70, 191–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/1381687 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Wereszczuk, A.et al. Various responses of pine marten
morphology and demography to temporal climate changes and primary productivity. PREPRINT (Version 1) available at
Research Square https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1021314/v1 (2021)45.Desy, E. A. & Batzli, G. O. Effects of food availability and predation on prairie vole demography—A field experiment. Ecology 70, 411–421. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937546 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Geist, V. Bergmann rule is invalid. Can. J. Zool. 65, 1035–1038. https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-164 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Nemani, R. R. et al. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 300, 1560–1563. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082750 (2003).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
48.Svensson, B. M., Carlsson, B. A. & Melillo, J. M. Changes in species abundance after seven years of elevated atmospheric CO2 and warming in a Subarctic birch forest understorey, as modified by rodent and moth outbreaks. PeerJ 6, e4843. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4843 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
49.Zalewski, A., Jedrzejewski, W. & Jedrzejewska, B. Mobility and home range use by pine martens (Martes martes) in a Polish primeval forest. Ecoscience 11, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2004.11682815 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Krebs, C. J., Cowcill, K., Boonstra, R. & Kenney, A. J. Do changes in berry crops drive population fluctuations in small rodents in the southwestern Yukon? J. Mammal. 91, 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1644/09-mamm-a-005.1 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Selas, V., Kobro, S. & Sonerud, G. A. Population fluctuations of moths and small rodents in relation to plant reproduction indices in southern Norway. Ecosphere 4, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1890/es13-00228.1 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Yom-Tov, Y., Yom-Tov, S. & Jarrell, G. Recent increase in body size of the American marten Martes americana in Alaska. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 93, 701–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00950.x (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Caryl, F. M., Quine, C. P. & Park, K. J. Martens in the matrix: the importance of nonforested habitats for forest carnivores in fragmented landscapes. J. Mammal. 93, 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-a-149.1 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Zalewski, A. Factors affecting the duration of activity by pine martens (Martes martes) in the Bialowieza National Park, Poland. J. Zool. 251, 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00799.x (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Zalewski, A. Factors affecting selection of resting site type by pine marten in primeval deciduous forests (Bialowieza National Park, Poland). Acta Theriol. 42, 271–288. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.97-29 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Gilbert, J. H., Zollner, P. A., Green, A. K., Wright, J. L. & Karasov, W. H. Seasonal field metabolic rates of American martens in Wisconsin. Am. Midl. Nat. 162, 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-162.2.327 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Zub, K., Szafranska, P. A., Konarzewski, M. & Speakman, J. R. Effect of energetic constraints on distribution and winter survival of weasel males. J. Anim. Ecol. 80, 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01762.x (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
58.Hantak, M. M., McLean, B. S., Li, D. & Guralnick, R. P. Mammalian body size is determined by interactions between climate, urbanization, and ecological traits. Commun. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02505-3 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
59.Yom-Tov, Y., Yom-Tov, S. & Baagoe, H. Increase of skull size in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in Denmark during the twentieth century: An effect of improved diet? Evol. Ecol. Res. 5, 1037–1048 (2003).
Google Scholar 
60.Wereszczuk, A., Leblois, R. & Zalewski, A. Genetic diversity and structure related to expansion history and habitat isolation: Stone marten populating rural-urban habitats. BMC Ecol. 17, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-017-0156-6 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
61.Phillips, B. L., Brown, G. P., Webb, J. K. & Shine, R. Invasion and the evolution of speed in toads. Nature 439, 803. https://doi.org/10.1038/439803a (2006).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
62.Sidorovich, V., Kruuk, H. & Macdonald, D. W. Body size, and interactions between European and American mink (Mustela lutreola and M. vison) in Eastern Europe. J. Zool. 248, 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952836999008110 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Pagh, S., Hansen, M. S., Jensen, B., Pertoldi, C. & Chriel, M. Variability in body mass and sexual dimorphism in Danish red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in relation to population density. Zool. Ecol. 28, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2017.1409997 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
64.Zalewski, A. & Bartoszewicz, M. Phenotypic variation of an alien species in a new environment: The body size and diet of American mink over time and at local and continental scales. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 105, 681–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01811.x (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
65.Balestrieri, A. et al. Range expansion of the pine marten (Martes martes) in an agricultural landscape matrix (NW Italy). Mamm. Biol. 75, 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2009.05.003 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
66.Rosellini, S., Osorio, E., Ruiz-Gonzalez, A., Isabel, A. P. & Barja, I. Monitoring the small-scale distribution of sympatric European pine martens (Martes martes) and stone martens (Martes foina): A multievidence approach using faecal DNA analysis and camera-traps. Wildl. Res. 35, 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1071/wr07030 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
67.Delibes, M. Interspecific competition and the habitat of the stone marten Martes foina (Erxleben 1777) in Europe. Acta Zool. Fennica 174, 229–231 (1983).
Google Scholar 
68.Zabala, J., Zuberogoitia, I. & Antonio Martinez-Climent, J. Testing for niche segregation between two abundant carnivores using presence-only data. Folia Zool. 58, 385–395 (2009).
Google Scholar 
69.Jacob, D. et al. Climate impacts in Europe under +1.5 degrees C global warming. Earths Fut. 6, 264–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000710 (2018).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
70.Fewster, R. M., Buckland, S. T., Siriwardena, G. M., Baillie, S. R. & Wilson, J. D. Analysis of population trends for farmland birds using generalized additive models. Ecology 81, 1970–1984. https://doi.org/10.2307/177286 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R 2nd edn. (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017).Book 

Google Scholar 
72.R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).73.Lenssen, N. J. L. et al. Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124, 6307–6326. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029522 (2019).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Mckinney, M. L. Effects of urbanization on species richness : a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosyst. 11, 161–176 (2008).
Google Scholar 
2.Anderson, P. M. L., Okereke, C., Rudd, A. & Parnell, S. Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities a global assessment (Springer, Berlin, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1.Book 

Google Scholar 
3.Newhouse, M. J., Marra, P. P. & Johnson, L. S. Reproductive success of house wrens in suburban and rural landscapes. Wilson J. Ornithol. 120, 99–104 (2008).
Google Scholar 
4.Biard, C. et al. Growing in Cities: An Urban Penalty for Wild Birds? A Study of Phenotypic Differences between Urban and Rural Great Tit Chicks (Parus major). Front. Ecol. Evol. 5, (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.000795.Seress, G. et al. Urbanization, nestling growth and reproductive success in a moderately declining house sparrow population. J. Avian Biol. 43, 403–414 (2012).
Google Scholar 
6.Glądalski, M. et al. Differences in the breeding success of Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus between a forest and an urban area : a long-term study. Acta Ornithol. 52, 59–68 (2017).
Google Scholar 
7.Teglhøj, P. G. A comparative study of insect abundance and reproductive success of barn swallows Hirundo rustica in two urban habitats. J. Avian Biol. 48, 846–853 (2017).
Google Scholar 
8.Chamberlain, D. E. et al. Avian productivity in urban landscapes: A review and meta-analysis. Ibis (Lond. 1859). 151, 1–18 (2009).
Google Scholar 
9.Chatelain, M. et al. Urban metal pollution explains variation in reproductive outputs in great tits and blue tits. Sci. Total Environ. 776, 145966 (2021).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
10.Capilla-Lasheras, P. et al. A global meta-analysis reveals more variable life histories in urban birds compared to their non-urban neighbours. Preprint (2021). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.24.461498.11.Caizergues, A. et al. An avian urban morphotype: how the city environment shapes greattit morphology at different life stages. Urban Ecosyst. 24, 929–941 (2021).
Google Scholar 
12.Corsini, M. et al. Growing in the city: Urban evolutionary ecology of avian growth rates. Evol. Appl. 14, 69–84 (2021).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
13.Seress, G. & Liker, A. Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 61, 373–408 (2015).
Google Scholar 
14.Bailly, J. et al. From eggs to fledging: negative impact of urban habitat on reproduction in two tit species. J. Ornithol. 157, 377–392 (2016).
Google Scholar 
15.Seress, G. et al. Impact of urbanization on abundance and phenology of caterpillars and consequences for breeding in an insectivorous bird. Ecol. Appl. 28, 1143–1156 (2018).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
16.Seress, G., Sándor, K., Evans, K. L. & Liker, A. Food availability limits avian reproduction in the city: an experimental study on great tits Parus major. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 1570–1580 (2020).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
17.Krištín, A. & Patočka, J. Birds as predators of Lepidoptera: Selected examples. Biologia (Bratisl). 52, 319–326 (1997).
Google Scholar 
18.Perrins, C. M. Tits and their caterpillar food supply. Ibis (Lond. 1859). 133, 49–54 (1991).
Google Scholar 
19.Ramsay, S. L. & Houston, D. C. Amino acid composition of some woodland arthropods and its implications for breeding tits and other passerines. Ibis (Lond. 1859). 145, 227–232 (2003).
Google Scholar 
20.Partali, V., Liaaen-Jensen, S., Slagsvold, T. & Lifjeld, J. T. Carotenoids in food chain studies—II. The food chain of Parus SPP. Monitored by carotenoid analysis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Comp. Biochem. 87, 885–888 (1987).
Google Scholar 
21.Isaksson, C., Johansson, A. & Andersson, S. Egg yolk carotenoids in relation to habitat and reproductive investment in the great Tit Parus major. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81, 112–118 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
22.Isaksson, C., Örnborg, J., Stephensen, E. & Andersson, S. Plasma glutathione and carotenoid coloration as potential biomarkers of environmental stress in great tits. EcoHealth 2, 138–146 (2005).
Google Scholar 
23.Arnold, K. E., Ramsay, S. L., Henderson, L. & Larcombe, S. D. Seasonal variation in diet quality: antioxidants, invertebrates and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 99, 708–717 (2010).
Google Scholar 
24.Fenoglio, M. S., Rossetti, M. R. & Videla, M. Negative effects of urbanization on terrestrial arthropod communities: a meta-analysis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 1412–1429 (2020).
Google Scholar 
25.Piano, E. et al. Urbanization drives cross-taxon declines in abundance and diversity at multiple spatial scales. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 1196–1211 (2020).ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
26.Nadolski, J., Marciniak, B., Loga, B., Michalski, M. & Bańbura, J. Long-term variation in the timing and height of annual peak abundance of caterpillars in tree canopies: Some effects on a breeding songbird. Ecol. Indic. 121, 107120 (2021).
Google Scholar 
27.Sepp, T., McGraw, K. J., Kaasik, A. & Giraudeau, M. A review of urban impacts on avian life-history evolution: does city living lead to slower pace of life?. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 1452–1469 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
28.Miyashita, T., Shinkai, A. & Chida, T. The effects of forest fragmentation on web spider communities in urban areas. Biol. Conserv. 86, 357–364 (1998).
Google Scholar 
29.Merckx, T. et al. Body-size shifts in aquatic and terrestrial urban communities. Nature 558, 113–116 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
30.Ishitani, M., Kotze, D. J. & Niemelä, J. Changes in carabid beetle assemblages across an urban-rural gradient in Japan. Ecography (Cop.) 26, 481–489 (2003).
Google Scholar 
31.Pollock, C. J., Capilla-Lasheras, P., McGill, R. A. R., Helm, B. & Dominoni, D. M. Integrated behavioural and stable isotope data reveal altered diet linked to low breeding success in urban-dwelling blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Sci. Rep. 7, 5014 (2017).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
32.Jarrett, C., Powell, L. L., McDevitt, H., Helm, B. & Welch, A. J. Bitter fruits of hard labour: diet metabarcoding and telemetry reveal that urban songbirds travel further for lower-quality food. Oecologia 193, 377–388 (2020).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Isaksson, C. & Andersson, S. Carotenoid diet and nestling provisioning in urban and rural great tits Parus major. J. Avian Biol. 38, 564–572 (2007).
Google Scholar 
34.Sinkovics, C. A fiókatáplálék mennyisége , minősége és szezonalitása városi és erdei széncinege (Parus major) populációkban. (Szent István University, 2014).35.Tremblay, I., Thomas, D., Blondel, J., Perret, P. & Lambrechts, M. M. The effect of habitat quality on foraging patterns, provisioning rate and nestling growth in Corsican Blue Tits Parus caeruleus. Ibis (Lond. 1859). 147, 17–24 (2005).
Google Scholar 
36.Schwagmeyer, P. L. & Mock, D. W. Parental provisioning and offspring fitness: size matters. Anim. Behav. 75, 291–298 (2008).
Google Scholar 
37.Lease, H. M. & Wolf, B. O. Lipid content of terrestrial arthropods in relation to body size, phylogeny, ontogeny and sex. Physiol. Entomol. 36, 29–38 (2011).CAS 

Google Scholar 
38.Riddington, R. & Gosler, A. G. Differences in reproductive success and parental qualities between habitats in the Great Tit Parus major. Ibis (Lond. 1859) 137, 371–378 (1995).
Google Scholar 
39.Mennechez, G. & Clergeau, P. Effect of urbanisation on habitat generalists: starlings not so flexible?. Acta Oecologica 30, 182–191 (2006).ADS 

Google Scholar 
40.Shawkey, M. D., Bowman, R. & Woolfenden, G. E. Why is brood reduction in Florida Scrub-Jays higher in suburban than in wildland habitats?. Can. J. Zool. 82, 1427–1435 (2004).
Google Scholar 
41.Robb, G. N., McDonald, R. A., Chamberlain, D. E. & Bearhop, S. Food for thought: supplementary feeding as a driver of ecological change in avian populations. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 476–484 (2008).
Google Scholar 
42.Sauter, A., Bowman, R., Schoech, S. J. & Pasinelli, G. Does optimal foraging theory explain why suburban Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) feed their young human-provided food ?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60, 465–474 (2006).
Google Scholar 
43.Heiss, R. S., Clark, A. B. & McGowan, K. J. Growth and nutritional state of American Crow nestlings vary between urban and rural habitats. Ecol. Appl. 19, 829–839 (2009).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
44.Graveland, J. & van Gijzen, T. Arthropods and seeds are not sufficient as calcium sources for shell formation and skeletal growth in passerines. Ardea 82, 299–314 (1994).
Google Scholar 
45.Ricklefs, R. In Avian Biology (eds. Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K.) 1–83 (Academic Press, 1983).46.Peach, W. J., Vincent, K. E., Fowler, J. A. & Grice, P. V. Reproductive success of house sparrows along an urban gradient. Anim. Conserv. 11, 493–503 (2008).
Google Scholar 
47.Johnston, R. D. Effects of diet quality on the nestling growth of a wild insectivorous passerine, the house martin Delichon urbica. Funct. Ecol. 7, 255–266 (1993).
Google Scholar 
48.Marciniak, B., Nadolski, J., Nowakowska, M., Loga, B. & Bańbura, J. Habitat and annual variation in arthropod abundance affects Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus reproduction. Acta Ornithol. 42, 53–62 (2007).
Google Scholar 
49.Pagani-Núñez, E. & Senar, J. C. One hour of sampling is enough: great tit Parus major parents feed their nestlings consistently across time. Acta Ornithol. 48, 194–200 (2013).
Google Scholar 
50.Betts, M. M. The behaviour of a pair of great tits at the nest. Br. Birds 48, 77–82 (1955).
Google Scholar 
51.Van Balen, J. H. A comparative study of the breeding ecology of the great tit Parus major in different habitats. Ardea 61, 1–93 (1973).
Google Scholar 
52.Seress, G. et al. Effects of capture and video-recording on the behavior and breeding success of Great Tits in urban and forest habitats. J. F. Ornithol. 88, 299–312 (2017).
Google Scholar 
53.Free Software Foundation. vlc. (1991).54.Sinkovics, C., Seress, G., Fábián, V., Sándor, K. & Liker, A. Obtaining accurate measurements of the size and volume of insects fed to nestlings from video recordings. J. F. Ornithol. 89, 165–172 (2018).
Google Scholar 
55.R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (2017). Available at: https://www.r-project.org/.56.Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. (2021). R package version 3.1-153, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.57.Lenth, R. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. (2018). R package version 1.3.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans58.Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. Modern applied statistics with S (Springer, Berlin, 2002).MATH 

Google Scholar 
59.Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression (Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2011).
Google Scholar 
60.Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. & Westfall, P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical J. 3, 346–363 (2008).MathSciNet 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
61.Ruxton, G. D. & Beauchamp, G. Time for some a priori thinking about post hoc testing. Behav. Ecol. 19, 690–693 (2008).
Google Scholar 
62.Bolker, B. M. et al. Generalized linear mixed models :a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 127–135 (2009).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
63.Vincze, E. et al. Great tits take greater risk toward humans and sparrowhawks in urban habitats than in forests. Ethology 125, 686–701 (2019).
Google Scholar 
64.Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R (Springer, New York, 2009).MATH 

Google Scholar 
65.Serrano-Davies, E. & Sanz, J. J. Habitat structure modulates nestling diet composition and fitness of Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus in the Mediterranean region. Bird Study 64, 295–305 (2017).
Google Scholar 
66.Senar, J. C., Manzanilla, A. & Mazzoni, D. A comparison of the diet of urban and forest great tits in a Mediterranean habitat. Anim. Biodivers. Conserv. 44(2), 321–327 (2021).
Google Scholar 
67.Narango, D. L., Tallamy, D. W. & Marra, P. P. Nonnative plants reduce population growth of an insectivorous bird. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 201809259 (2018).
Google Scholar 
68.de Satgé, J. et al. Urbanisation lowers great tit Parus major breeding success at multiple spatial scales. J. Avian Biol. 50, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.0210869.Baldan, D. & Ouyang, J. Q. Urban resources limit pair coordination over offspring provisioning. Sci. Rep. 10, 15888 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
70.Mennechez, G. & Clergeau, P. In Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World (ed. Marzluff, J. M.) 275–287 (Springer, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_1371.Meyrier, E. et al. Happy to breed in the city? Urban food resources limit reproductive output in Western Jackdaws. Ecol. Evol. 7, 1363–1374 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
72.Kingsolver, J. G. & Woods, H. A. Thermal sensitivity of growth and feeding in Manduca sexta caterpillars. Physiol. Zool. 70, 631–638 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
73.Warren, M. S. et al. The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2002551117 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
74.Burghardt, K. T., Tallamy, D. W., Philips, C. & Shropshire, K. J. Non-native plants reduce abundance, richness, and host specialization in lepidopteran communities. Ecosphere 1, 1–22 (2010).
Google Scholar 
75.Tallamy, D. W. & Shriver, W. G. Are declines in insects and insectivorous birds related?. Condor 123, 1–8 (2021).
Google Scholar 
76.Mackenzie, J. A., Hinsley, S. A. & Harrison, N. M. Parid foraging choices in urban habitat and the consequences for fitness. Ibis (Lond. 1859) 156, 591–605 (2014).
Google Scholar 
77.Narango, D. L., Tallamy, D. W. & Marra, P. P. Native plants improve breeding and foraging habitat for an insectivorous bird. Biol. Conserv. 213, 42–50 (2017).
Google Scholar 
78.Cholewa, M. & Wesołowski, T. Nestling food of European hole-nesting passerines: do we know enough to test the adaptive hypotheses on breeding seasons?. Acta Ornithol. 46, 105–116 (2011).
Google Scholar  More

1.Kinoshita, S., Structural Colors in the Realm of Nature (World Scientific, 2008).2.Sun, J., Bhushan, B. & Tong, J. Structural coloration in nature. RSC Adv. 3, 14862–14889 (2013).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
3.Whitney, H. M. et al. Floral iridescence, produced by diffractive optics, acts as a cue for animal pollinators. Science 323, 130–133 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
4.Whitney, H. M., Kolle, M., Alvarez-Fernandez, R., Steiner, U. & Glover, B. J. Contributions of iridescence to floral patterning. Commun. Integr. Biol. 2, 230–232 (2009).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.Moyroud, E. et al. Disorder in convergent floral nanostructures enhances signalling to bees. Nature 550, 469–474 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
6.Mason, C. W. Structural colors in feathers. II. J. Phys. Chem. 27, 401–448 (2005).
Google Scholar 
7.Mason, C. W. Structural colors in insects. III. J. Phys. Chem. 31, 1856–1872 (2005).
Google Scholar 
8.Roberts, N. W., Marshall, N. J. & Cronin, T. W. High levels of reflectivity and pointillist structural color in fish, cephalopods, and beetles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, E3387–E3387 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
9.Zi, J. et al. Coloration strategies in peacock feathers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 12576–12578 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
10.McCoy, D. E., Feo, T., Harvey, T. A. & Prum, R. O. Structural absorption by barbule microstructures of super black bird of paradise feathers. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–8 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
11.Teyssier, J., Saenko, S. V., Van Der Marel, D. & Milinkovitch, M. C. Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–7 (2015).
Google Scholar 
12.Cooper, K. M., Hanlon, R. T. & Budelmann, B. U. Physiological color change in squid iridophores. Cell Tissue Res. 259, 15–24 (1990).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
13.Glover, B. J. & Whitney, H. M. Structural colour and iridescence in plants: The poorly studied relations of pigment colour. Ann. Bot. 105, 505–511 (2010).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
14.Shi, N. N. et al. Keeping cool: Enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation in Saharan silver ants. Science 349, 298–301 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
15.Preciado, J. A. et al. Radiative properties of polar bear hair. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Bioeng. Div. 54, 57–58 (2002).
Google Scholar 
16.Bosi, S. G., Hayes, J., Large, M. C. J. & Poladian, L. Color, iridescence, and thermoregulation in Lepidoptera. Appl. Opt. 47, 5235–5241 (2008).PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
17.Kinoshita, S., Yoshioka, S., Fujii, Y. & Okamoto, N. Photophysics of structural color in the Morpho butterflies. Forma-Tokyo 17, 103–121 (2002).
Google Scholar 
18.Tabata, H., Kumazawa, K., Funakawa, M., Takimoto, J. I. & Akimoto, M. Microstructures and optical properties of scales of butterfly wings. Opt. Rev. 3, 139–145 (1996).
Google Scholar 
19.Krishna, A. et al. Infrared optical and thermal properties of microstructures in butterfly wings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 1566–1572 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
20.Tsai, C. C. et al. Physical and behavioral adaptations to prevent overheating of the living wings of butterflies. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–14 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
21.Wilts, B. D., Vey, A. J. M., Briscoe, A. D. & Stavenga, D. G. Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms. BMC Evol. Biol. 17, 1–12 (2017).
Google Scholar 
22.Berthier, S. Thermoregulation and spectral selectivity of the tropical butterfly Prepona meander: A remarkable example of temperature auto-regulation. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 80, 1397–1400 (2005).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
23.Vukusic, P. & Sambles, J. R. Photonic structures in biology. Nature 424, 852–855 (2003).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
24.Siddique, R. H., Diewald, S., Leuthold, J. & Hölscher, H. Theoretical and experimental analysis of the structural pattern responsible for the iridescence of Morpho butterflies. Opt. Express 21, 14351–14361 (2013).PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
25.Steindorfer, M. A., Schmidt, V., Belegratis, M., Stadlober, B. & Krenn, J. R. Detailed simulation of structural color generation inspired by the Morpho butterfly. Opt. Express 20, 21485–21494 (2012).PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
26.Munro, J. T. et al. Climate is a strong predictor of near-infrared reflectance but a poor predictor of colour in butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20190234 (2019).
Google Scholar 
27.Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L. & Lavine, A. S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (Wiley, 2006).28.DeWitt, D. P., Incropera, F. P. “Physics of thermal radiation” in Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry, (1988), pp. 19–89.29.Howell, J. R., Menguc, M. P., Siegel, R. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer (CRC Press, 2016).30.Lord, S. D. A new software tool for computing earth’s atmospheric transmission of near- and far-infrared radiation. NASA Tech. Memo. 103957 (1992).31.Raman, A. P., Anoma, M. A., Zhu, L., Rephaeli, E. & Fan, S. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight. Nature 515, 540–544 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
32.Krishna, A. & Lee, J. Morphology-driven emissivity of microscale tree-like structures for radiative thermal management. Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys. Eng. 22, 124–136 (2018).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
33.Zhai, Y. et al. Scalable-manufactured randomized glass-polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling. Science 355, 1062–1066 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
34.Zhang, X. A. et al. Dynamic gating of infrared radiation in a textile. Science 623, 1–15 (2019).
Google Scholar 
35.Xu, C., Stiubianu, G. T. & Gorodetsky, A. A. Adaptive infrared-reflecting systems inspired by cephalopods. Science 359, 1495–1500 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
36.Xie, D. et al. Broadband omnidirectional light reflection and radiative heat dissipation in white beetles: Goliathus goliatus. Soft Matter 15, 4294–4300 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
37.Heinrich, B. Thermoregulation in endothermic insects. Science 185, 747–756 (1974).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
38.Kingsolver, J. G. Thermoregulation and flight in Colias butterflies: elevational patterns and mechanistic limitations. Ecology 64, 534–545 (1983).
Google Scholar 
39.Rawlins, J. E. Thermoregulation by the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Ecology 61, 345–357 (1980).
Google Scholar 
40.Clench, H. K. Behavioral thermoregulation in butterflies. Ecology 47, 1021–1034 (1966).
Google Scholar 
41.Bonebrake, T. C., Boggs, C. L., Stamberger, J. A., Deutsch, C. A. & Ehrlich, P. R. From global change to a butterfly flapping: Biophysics and behaviour affect tropical climate change impacts. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20141264 (2014).
Google Scholar 
42.Nève, G. & Hall, C. Variation of thorax flight temperature among twenty Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 113, 571–578 (2016).
Google Scholar 
43.MacLean, H. J., Higgins, J. K., Buckley, L. B. & Kingsolver, J. G. Morphological and physiological determinants of local adaptation to climate in Rocky Mountain butterflies. Conserv. Physiol. 4, 1 (2016).
Google Scholar 
44.Tsai, C. C., et al., Butterflies regulate wing temperatures using radiative cooling in 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), (IEEE, 2017), p. 9.45.Watanabe, K., Hoshino, T., Kanda, K., Haruyama, Y. & Matsui, S. Brilliant blue observation from a Morpho-butterfly-scale quasi-structure. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, L48–L50 (2005).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
46.Wilts, B. D., Giraldo, M. A. & Stavenga, D. G. Unique wing scale photonics of male Rajah Brooke’s birdwing butterflies. Front. Zool. 13, 1–12 (2016).
Google Scholar 
47.De Keyser, R., Breuker, C. J., Hails, R. S., Dennis, R. L. H. & Shreeve, T. G. Why small is beautiful: Wing colour is free from thermoregulatory constraint in the small lycaenid butterfly, Polyommatus icarus. PLoS One 10, e0122663 (2015).
Google Scholar 
48.Biró, L. P. et al., Role of photonic-crystal-type structures in the thermal regulation of a lycaenid butterfly sister species pair. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 67, 7 (2003).49.Sala-Casanovas, M., Krishna, A., Yu, Z. & Lee, J. Bio-inspired stretchable selective emitters based on corrugated nickel for personal thermal management. Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys. Eng. 23, 173–187 (2019).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
50.Phan, L. et al. Reconfigurable infrared camouflage coatings from a cephalopod protein. Adv. Mater. 25, 5621–5625 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
51.Pris, A. D. et al. Towards high-speed imaging of infrared photons with bio-inspired nanoarchitectures. Nat. Photonics 6, 564–564 (2012).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
52.Krishna, A. et al. Ultraviolet to mid-infrared emissivity control by mechanically reconfigurable graphene. Nano Lett. 19, 5086–5092 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
53.Moharam, M. G. & Gaylord, T. K. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 811 (1981).ADS 

Google Scholar 
54.Moharam, M. G. Coupled-wave analysis of two-dimensional dielectric gratings in Holographic Optics: Design and Applications, (1988), p. 8.55.Peng, S. & Morris, G. M. Efficient implementation of rigorous coupled-wave analysis for surface-relief gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 1087 (1995).ADS 

Google Scholar 
56.Moharam, M. G., Gaylord, T. K., Grann, E. B. & Pommet, D. A. Formulation for stable and efficient implementation of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis of binary gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 1068 (1995).ADS 

Google Scholar 
57.Taflove, A., Hagness, S. C. Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (Artech House, 2005).58.Fang, J. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production on three-dimensional gold butterfly wing scales/CdS nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 427, 807–812 (2018).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
59.Wilts, B. D., Leertouwer, H. L. & Stavenga, D. G. Imaging scatterometry and microspectrophotometry of lycaenid butterfly wing scales with perforated multilayers. J. R. Soc. Interface 6, S185–S192 (2009).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
60.Aideo, S. N., Mohanta, D. Investigation of manifestation of optical properties of butterfly wings with nanoscale zinc oxide incorporation. J. Phys: Confer. Ser. 765, 012019 (2016).61.Guan, Y. et al. Ordering of hollow Ag-Au nanospheres with butterfly wings as a biotemplate. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–7 (2018).
Google Scholar 
62.Simonsen, T. J. et al. Phylogenetics and divergence times of Papilioninae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the enigmatic genera Teinopalpus and Meandrusa. Cladistics 27, 113–137 (2011).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
63.Wilts, B. D., Pirih, P., Arikawa, K. & Stavenga, D. G. Shiny wing scales cause spec(tac)ular camouflage of the angled sunbeam butterfly, Curetis acuta. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 109, 279–289 (2013).
Google Scholar 
64.Wu, L., Han, Z., Qiu, Z., Guan, H. & Ren, L. The microstructures of butterfly wing scales in northeast of China. J. Bionic Eng. 4, 47–52 (2007).CAS 

Google Scholar 
65.Azofeifa, D. E., Arguedas, H. J. & Vargas, W. E. Optical properties of chitin and chitosan biopolymers with application to structural color analysis. Opt. Mater. (Amst) 35, 175–183 (2012).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
66.Vargas, W. E., Azofeifa, D. E. & Arguedas, H. J. Índices de refracción de la quitina, el quitosano y el ácido úrico con aplicación en análisis de color estructural. Opt. Pura y Apl. 46, 55–72 (2013).
Google Scholar 
67.Herman, A., Vandenbem, C., Deparis, O., Simonis, P. & Vigneron, J. P. Nanoarchitecture in the black wings of Troides magellanus : A natural case of absorption enhancement in photonic materials. Nanophotonic Mater. VIII 8094, 80940H (2011).
Google Scholar 
68.Yoshioka, S. & Kinoshita, S. Wavelength-selective and anisotropic light-diffusing scale on the wing of the Morpho butterfly. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, 581–587 (2004).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
69.Catalanotti, S. et al. The radiative cooling of selective surfaces. Sol. Energy 17, 83–89 (1975).ADS 

Google Scholar 
70.Long Kou, J., Jurado, Z., Chen, Z., Fan, S. & Minnich, A. J. Daytime radiative cooling using near-black infrared emitters. ACS Photonics 4, 626–630 (2017).
Google Scholar 
71.Wasserthal, L. T. The role of butterfly wings in regulation of body temperature. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1921–1930 (1975).
Google Scholar 
72.Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L. & McMahon, T. A. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 1633–1644 (2007).ADS 

Google Scholar 
73.New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. & Makin, I. A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Clim. Res. 21, 1–25 (2002).
Google Scholar 
74.Weather Spark Weather Data. https://weatherspark.com (July 10, 2019).75.Weather Underground Historical Weather. https://www.wunderground.com/history/ (August 2, 2018).76.Liu, F. et al. Replication of homologous optical and hydrophobic features by templating wings of butterflies Morpho menelaus. Opt. Commun. 284, 2376–2381 (2011).CAS 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
77.Chen, T., Cong, Q., Qi, Y., Jin, J. & Choy, K. L. Hydrophobic durability characteristics of butterfly wing surface after freezing cycles towards the design of nature inspired anti-icing surfaces. PLoS ONE 13, e0188775 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
78.Fang, Y., Sun, G., Wang, T. Q., Cong, Q. & Ren, L. Q. Hydrophobicity mechanism of non-smooth pattern on surface of butterfly wing. Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 711–716 (2007).
Google Scholar 
79.Garland, T., Harvey, P. H. & Ives, A. R. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41, 18–32 (1992).
Google Scholar 
80.Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1–15 (1985).
Google Scholar 
81.Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and quantitative characters. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 445–471 (1988).
Google Scholar 
82.Espeland, M. et al. A comprehensive and dated phylogenomic analysis of butterflies. Curr. Biol. 28, 770–778.e5 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
83.Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. 2010. Version 2, 73 (2008).
Google Scholar 
84.Cai, W., Shalaev, V. M. Optical Metamaterials, 10th Ed. (Springer, 2010).85.Zheludev, N. I. & Kivshar, Y. S. From metamaterials to metadevices. Nat. Mater. 11, 917–924 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
86.Chen, Z., Zhu, L., Raman, A. & Fan, S. Radiative cooling to deep sub-freezing temperatures through a 24-h day-night cycle. Nat. Commun. 7, 1–5 (2016).
Google Scholar 
87.Mandal, J. et al. Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling. Science 362, 315–319 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
88.Lenert, A. et al. A nanophotonic solar thermophotovoltaic device. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 126–130 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
89.Quintiere, J. Radiative characteristics of fire fighters’ coat fabrics. Fire Technol. 10, 153–161 (1974).CAS 

Google Scholar 
90.Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). Global Solar Atlas 2.1: Technical Report. https://globalsolaratlas.info (World Bank, December 2019).91.Yoshioka, S. & Kinoshita, S. Direct determination of the refractive index of natural multilayer systems. Phys. Rev. E 83, 051917 (2011).ADS 

Google Scholar 
92.Leertouwer, H. L., Wilts, B. D. & Stavenga, D. G. Refractive index and dispersion of butterfly chitin and bird keratin measured by polarizing interference microscopy. Opt. Express 19, 24061–24066 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More

1.Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G. & Gao, G. F. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 395, 470–473 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
2.Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C. & Garry, R. F. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450–452 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
3.Zhou, P. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579, 270–273 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
4.Woo, P. C. Y. et al. Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J. Virol. 86, 3995–4008 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.Wong, A. C. P., Li, X., Lau, S. K. P. & Woo, P. C. Y. Global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses. Viruses 11, 174 (2019).CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
6.Lacroix, A. et al. Genetic diversity of coronaviruses in bats in Lao PDR and Cambodia. Infect. Genet. Evol. 48, 10–18 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
7.Tsuda, S. et al. Genomic and serological detection of bat coronavirus from bats in the Philippines. Arch. Virol. 157, 2349–2355 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
8.Han, Y. et al. Identification of diverse bat alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses in China provides new insights into the evolution and origin of coronavirus-related diseases. Front. Microbiol. 10, 20 (2019).
Google Scholar 
9.Xu, L. et al. Detection and characterization of diverse alpha- and betacoronaviruses from bats in China. Virol. Sin. 31, 69–77 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
10.Chen, Y.-N. et al. Detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and alphacoronavirus in the bat population of Taiwan. Zoonoses Public Health 63, 608–615 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
11.Wacharapluesadee, S. et al. Group C betacoronavirus in bat guano fertilizer, Thailand. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 1349–1351 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
12.Latinne, A. et al. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. Nat. Commun. 11, 4235 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
13.Drexler, J. F. et al. Amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 449–456 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
14.Amman, B. R. et al. Seasonal pulses of marburg virus circulation in Juvenile Rousettus aegyptiacus bats coincide with periods of increased risk of human infection. PLoS Pathog. 8, 25 (2012).
Google Scholar 
15.Peel, A. J. et al. The effect of seasonal birth pulses on pathogen persistence in wild mammal populations. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20132962 (2014).
Google Scholar 
16.Hayman, D. T. S. Biannual birth pulses allow filoviruses to persist in bat populations. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20142591 (2015).
Google Scholar 
17.Gloza-Rausch, F. et al. Detection and prevalence patterns of Group I Coronaviruses in Bats, Northern Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 626–631 (2008).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
18.Annan, A. et al. Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012-related viruses in bats, Ghana and Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 456–459 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
19.Anthony, S. J. et al. Global patterns in coronavirus diversity. Virus Evol. 3, 25 (2017).
Google Scholar 
20.Montecino-Latorre, D. et al. Reproduction of East-African bats may guide risk mitigation for coronavirus spillover. One Health Outlook 2, 2 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
21.Maganga, G. D. et al. Genetic diversity and ecology of coronaviruses hosted by cave-dwelling bats in Gabon. Sci. Rep. 10, 7314 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.Hu, B. et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006698 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
23.Wacharapluesadee, S. et al. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of Nipah virus in Pteropus lylei bats in Thailand: Evidence for seasonal preference in disease transmission. Vector-Borne Zoonot. Dis. 10, 183–190 (2010).
Google Scholar 
24.Cappelle, J. et al. Nipah virus circulation at human-bat interfaces, Cambodia. Bull. World Health Organ. 98, 539–547 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
25.Thavry, H., Cappelle, J., Bumrungsri, S., Thona, L. & Furey, N. M. The diet of the cave nectar bat (#Eonycteris spelaea# Dobson) suggests it pollinates economically and ecologically significant plants in Southern Cambodia. Zool. Stud. 56, 25 (2017).
Google Scholar 
26.Lim, T., Cappelle, J., Hoem, T. & Furey, N. Insectivorous bat reproduction and human cave visitation in Cambodia: A perfect conservation storm?. PLoS One 13, e0196554 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
27.Sikes, R. S. 2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education. J. Mammal. 97, 663–688 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
28.Anthony, E. L. P. Age determination in bats. In Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats 47–58 (Smithsonian Press, 1988).
Google Scholar 
29.Racey, P. A. Reproductive assessment. In Behavioural and Ecological Methods for the Study of Bats 249–264 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
Google Scholar 
30.Watanabe, S. et al. Bat coronaviruses and experimental infection of bats, the Philippines. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16, 1217–1223 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
31.Quan, P.-L. et al. Identification of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in a leaf-nosed bat in Nigeria. MBio 1, 25 (2010).
Google Scholar 
32.Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 2725–2729 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Google Scholar 
34.Burgin, C. Family Rhinolophidae, horseshoe bats. In Handbook of the Mammals of the World Vol. 9 260–332 (Lynx Edicions, 2019).
Google Scholar 
35.Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., Thelwall, M. & Delgado López-Cózar, E. Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. J. Informetr. 12, 1160–1177 (2018).
Google Scholar 
36.Racey, P. A. & Entwistle, E. Life history and reproductive strategies of bats. Reprod. Biol. Bats 20, 363–468 (2000).
Google Scholar 
37.Furey, N. M., Mackie, I. J. & Racey, P. A. Reproductive phenology of bat assemblages in Vietnamese karst and its conservation implications. Acta Chiropterol. 13, 341–354 (2011).
Google Scholar 
38.Sterling, E. J., Hurley, M. M. & Le, D. M. Vietnam: A Natural History (Yale University Press, 2006).
Google Scholar 
39.Van, N. K., Hzien, N. T., Loc, P. K. & Hiep, N. T. Bioclimatic Diagrams of Vietnam (Vietnam National University Publishing House, 2000).
Google Scholar 
40.Plowright, R. K. et al. Transmission or within-host dynamics driving pulses of zoonotic viruses in reservoir-host populations. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, 0004796 (2016).
Google Scholar 
41.Peel, A. J. et al. Support for viral persistence in bats from age-specific serology and models of maternal immunity. Sci. Rep. 8, 3859 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
42.Wanger, T. C., Darras, K., Bumrungsri, S., Tscharntke, T. & Klein, A.-M. Bat pest control contributes to food security in Thailand. Biol. Conserv. 171, 220–223 (2014).
Google Scholar 
43.Furey, N. M., Racey, P. A., Ith, S., Touch, V. & Cappelle, J. Reproductive ecology of wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bats Chaerephon plicatus (Buchannan, 1800) in relation to Guano production in Cambodia. Diversity 10, 91 (2018).
Google Scholar 
44.Ades, G. W. J. & Dudgeon, D. Insect seasonality in Hong Kong: A monsoonal environment in the northern tropics (1999).45.Kai, K. H. & Corlett, R. T. Seasonality of forest invertebrates in Hong Kong, South China. J. Trop. Ecol. 18, 637–644 (2002).
Google Scholar 
46.Kingston, T., Lim, B. L. & Zubaid, A. Bats of Krau Wildlife Reserve (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2006).
Google Scholar 
47.Nurul-Ain, E., Rosli, H. & Kingston, T. Resource availability and roosting ecology shape reproductive phenology of rain forest insectivorous bats. Biotropica 49, 382–394 (2017).
Google Scholar 
48.Fleming, T. H., Hooper, E. T. & Wilson, D. E. Three Central American Bat Communities: Structure, reproductive cycles, and movement patterns. Ecology 53, 555–569 (1972).
Google Scholar 
49.Bernard, R. T. & Cumming, G. S. African bats: Evolution of reproductive patterns and delays. Q. Rev. Biol. 72, 253–274 (1997).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
50.Nguyen, S. T. et al. Bats (Chiroptera) of Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Dalat Plateau, Vietnam. Mammal Stud. 46, 53–68 (2021).
Google Scholar 
51.Plowright, R. K. et al. Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: The emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropus spp.). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 278, 3703–3712 (2011).
Google Scholar 
52.Peel, A. J. et al. Synchronous shedding of multiple bat paramyxoviruses coincides with peak periods of Hendra virus spillover. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 8, 1314–1323 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar  More

Dataset of beneficial plantsI collated a species-level dataset of plant benefits (presence/absence data) starting from the information gathered by Kleunen et al.32. These authors extracted data from the WEP database (National Plant Germplasm System GRIN-GLOBAL; https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearcheco.aspx, Accessed 7 Jan 2016), which is based on the book by Wiersema and León20. Their dataset included 84 categories and subcategories of plant benefits pertaining human and animal nutrition, materials, fuels, medicine, useful poisons, social and environmental benefits. Subcategories of benefits, which often included very few records, were merged here into 25 standard and major categories following the guidelines in the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard33 as in Molina-Venegas et al.13, namely ornamental plants, soil improvers, hedging/shelter, human food, human-food additives, vertebrate food, invertebrate food, fuelwood, charcoal, other biofuels, timber, cane/stems, fibres, tannins/dyestuffs, beads, gums/resins, lipids, waxes, essential oils/scents, latex/rubber, medicines, invertebrate poison, vertebrate poison, smoking materials/drugs and symbolic/inspirational plants (Fig. 1). A few records (n = 93) that could not be assigned to any of the above categories were disregarded, and so was the category ‘gene source’ because unlike other benefits, any species is intrinsically a potential gene donor and hence there is not a clear link between the benefit and species features. Note that this is not to say that preserving genetic diversity, which indeed is the underlying message of this research, is a meaningless goal. Infraspecific taxa were collapsed at the species level, and the very few fern taxa in the original database32 were excluded. In total, I gathered 15,834 plant-benefit records sorted in a matrix of 25 types of benefits and 9521 species of seed plants. Most species (83.74%) provided only one or two benefits representing 62.83% of the records in the dataset, and the maximum number of benefits per species was 10 (only three species). Although the WEP database is the largest species-level database on plant benefits32, it does not claim to be comprehensive20. Yet, the size of the dataset I gathered here represented 76.19% of the total seed-plant genus-level records collated for the same types of benefits in a more comprehensive survey by Molina-Venegas et al.13 that based on Mabberley’s Plant-book34. Moreover, the total number of records per category (at the genus-level) strongly correlated between the datasets (Pearson r = 0.94, p  More

1.Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Ianson, D. & Hales, B. Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the continental shelf. Science 320, 1490–1492 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
2.Hofmann, G. E. et al. High-frequency dynamics of ocean ph: A multi-ecosystem comparison. PLoS ONE 6(12), e28983 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Kroeker, K. J. et al. Interacting environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in mussel performance and predation vulnerability. Ecol. Lett. 19, 771–779 (2016).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
4.Gutiérrez, D. et al. Coastal cooling and increased productivity in the main upwelling zone off Peru since the mid-twentieth century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L07603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046324 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Aiken, C. M., Navarrete, S. A. & Pelegrí, J. L. Potential changes in larval dispersal and alongshore connectivity on the central Chilean coast due to an altered wind climate. J. Geophys. Res. 116, G04026. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001731 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Lagos, N. A., Castilla, J. C. & Broitman, B. Spatial Environmental correlates of intertidal recruitment: A test using barnacles in northern Chile. Ecol. Monogr. 78, 245–261 (2008).
Google Scholar 
7.Vargas, C. A. et al. Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0084 (2017).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
8.Broitman, B. R. et al. Phenotypic plasticity is not a cline: Thermal physiology of an intertidal barnacle over 20° of latitude. J. Anim. Ecol. 00, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13514 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Ramajo, L. et al. Physiological responses of juvenile Chilean scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) to isolated and combined environmental drivers of coastal upwelling. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 1836e1849 (2019).
Google Scholar 
10.Saavedra, L. M., Saldías, G., Broitman, B. & Vargas, C. Carbonate chemistry dynamics in shellfish farming areas along the Chilean coast: Natural ranges and biological implications. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 78, 323–339 (2021).
Google Scholar 
11.Lardies, M. A. et al. Physiological and histopathological impacts of increased carbon dioxide and temperature on the scallops Argopecten purpuratus cultured under upwelling influences in northern Chile. Aquaculture 479, 455–466 (2017).
Google Scholar 
12.Ramajo, L. et al. Upwelling intensity modulates the fitness and physiological performance of coastal species: Implications for the aquaculture of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus in the Humboldt Current System. Sci. Total Environ. 745, 140949 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
13.Bakun, A. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science 247, 198–201 (1990).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
14.Wang, D. et al. Intensification and spatial homogenization of coastal upwelling under climate change. Nature 518, 390–394 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
15.Kim, T. W., Barry, J. P. & Micheli, F. The effects of intermittent exposure to low-pH and low-oxygen conditions on survival and growth of juvenile red abalone. Biogeosciences 10, 7255–7262 (2013).ADS 

Google Scholar 
16.Ramajo, L. et al. Plasticity and trade-offs in physiological traits of intertidal mussels subjected to freshwater-induced environmental variation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 553, 93–109 (2016).ADS 

Google Scholar 
17.Leung, J. Y., Connell, S. D., Nagelkerken, I. & Russell, B. D. Impacts of near-future ocean acidification and warming on the shell mechanical and geochemical properties of gastropods from intertidal to subtidal zones. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 12097–12103 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
18.Findlay, H. et al. Calcification, a physiological process to be considered in the context of the whole organism. Biogeosciences Discuss. 6, 2267–2284 (2009).ADS 

Google Scholar 
19.Waldbusser, G. et al. Saturation-state sensitivity of marine bivalves larvae to ocean acidification. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 273–280 (2015).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
20.Tunnicliffe, V. et al. Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano. Nat. Geosci. 2, 344–348 (2009).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
21.Ries, J. B., Cohen, A. L. & McCorkle, D. C. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37, 1131–1134 (2009).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
22.Leung, J. Y., Russell, B. D. & Connell, S. D. Mineralogical plasticity acts as a compensatory mechanism to the impacts of ocean acidification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 2652–2659 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
23.Duarte, C. et al. The energetic physiology of juvenile mussels, Mytilus chilensis (Hupe): The prevalent role of salinity under current and predicted pCO2 scenarios. Environ. Pollut. 242, 156–163 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
24.Rodolfo-Metalpa, R. et al. Coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming. Nat. Clim. Change. 1, 308–312 (2011).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
25.Waldbusser, G. et al. Slow shell building, a possible trait for resistance to the effects of acute ocean acidification. Limnol. Oceanogr. 61, 1969–1983 (2016).ADS 

Google Scholar 
26.Fitzer, S. C. et al. Ocean acidification and temperature increase impact mussel shell shape and thickness: Problematic for protection?. Ecol. Evol. 5, 4875–4884 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
27.Fitzer, S. C., Phoenix, V. R., Cusack, M. & Kamenos, N. A. Ocean acidification impacts mussel control on biomineralization. Sci. Rep. 28, 6218 (2014).
Google Scholar 
28.Fitzer, S. C., Cusack, M., Phoenix, V. R. & Kamenos, N. A. Ocean acidification reduces the crystallographic control in juvenile mussel shells. J. Struct. Biol. 188, 39–45 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
29.Fitzer, S. C. et al. Biomineral shell formation under ocean acidification: A shift from order to chaos. Sci. Rep. 6, 21076 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
30.Lagos, N. A. et al. Effects of temperature and ocean acidification on shell characteristics of Argopecten purpuratus: Implications for scallop aquaculture in an upwelling-influenced area. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 8, 357–370 (2016).
Google Scholar 
31.Ramajo, L. et al. Biomineralization changes with food supply confer juvenile scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) resistance to ocean acidification. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22, 2025–2203 (2016).ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
32.Osores, S. J. et al. Plasticity and inter-population variability in physiological and life-history traits of the mussel Mytilus chilensis: A reciprocal transplant experiment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 490, 1–12 (2017).
Google Scholar 
33.Telesca, L. et al. Plasticity and environmental heterogeneity predict geographic resilience patterns of foundation species to future change. Glob. Chang. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14758 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
34.Grenier, C. et al. The combined effects of salinity and pH on shell biomineralization of the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis. Environ. Pollut. 263, 114555 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
35.Kroeker, K. J. et al. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: Quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 1884–1896 (2013).ADS 

Google Scholar 
36.Mackenzie, C. L. et al. Ocean warming, more than acidification, reduces shell strength in a commercial shellfish species during food limitation. PLoS ONE 9(1), e86764 (2014).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
37.Rykaczewski, R. R. et al. Poleward displacement of coastal upwelling-favorable winds in the ocean’s eastern boundary currents through the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 6424–6431 (2015).ADS 

Google Scholar 
38.Rodríguez-Navarro, A. B. Rapid quantification of avian eggshell microstructure and crystallographic-texture using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction. Br. Poult. Sci. 48, 133–144 (2007).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
39.Rodríguez-Navarro, A. B. XRD2DScan: New software for polycrystalline materials characterization using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction. J. Appl. Cryst. 39, 905–909 (2006).
Google Scholar 
40.Li, S. et al. Interactive effects of seawater acidification and elevated temperature on biomineralization and amino acid metabolism in the mussel Mytilus edulis. J. Exp. Biol. 218, 3623–3631 (2015).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
41.Li, S. et al. Interactive effects of seawater acidification and elevated temperature on the transcriptome and biomineralization in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 1157–1165 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
42.Gestoso, I., Arenas, F. & Olabarria, C. Ecological interactions modulate responses of two intertidal mussel species to changes in temperature and pH. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. 474, 116–125 (2016).
Google Scholar 
43.Babarro, J. M., Abad, M. J., Gestoso, I., Silva, E. & Olabarria, C. Susceptibility of two co-existing mytilid species to simulated predation under projected climate change conditions. Hydrobiologia 807, 247–261 (2018).
Google Scholar 
44.Barthelat, F., Rim, J. E. & Espinosa, H. D. A review on the structure and mechanical properties of mollusk shells: Perspectives on synthetic biomimetic materials. In Applied Scanning Probe Methods XIII (eds Bhushan, B. & Fuchs, H.) 17–44 (Springer, 2009).
Google Scholar 
45.Leung, J. Y. et al. Calcifiers can adjust shell building at the nanoscale to resist ocean acidification. Small 16, 2003186 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
46.Chatzinikolaou, E., Grigoriou, P., Keklikoglou, K., Faulwetter, S. & Papageorgiou, N. The combined effects of reduced pH and elevated temperature on the shell density of two gastropod species measured using micro-CT imaging. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74, 1135–1149 (2017).
Google Scholar 
47.Nienhuis, S., Palmer, R. & Harley, C. Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 277, 2553–2558 (2010).CAS 

Google Scholar 
48.Bourdeau, P. E. Prioritized phenotypic responses to combined predators in a marine snail. Ecology 90, 1659–1669 (2009).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
49.Weiner, S. & Addadi, L. Crystallization pathways in biomineralization. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 41, 21–40 (2011).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
50.Nudelman, F. Nacre biomineralisation: A review on the mechanisms of crystal nucleation (In Seminars in cell & developmental biology), 2–10 (Academic Press, 2015).51.Harper, E. M., Checa, A. G. & Rodríguez-Navarro, A. B. Organization and mode of secretion of the granular prismatic microstructure of Entodesma navicular (Bivalvia: Mollusca). Acta Zool. 90, 132e141 (2009).
Google Scholar 
52.Pennington, B. J. & Currey, J. D. A mathematical model for the mechanical properties of scallop shells. J. Zool. 202, 239–263 (1984).
Google Scholar 
53.Yevenes, M. A., Lagos, N. A., Farías, L. & Vargas, C. A. Greenhouse gases, nutrients and the carbonate system in the Reloncaví Fjord (Northern Chilean Patagonia): Implications on aquaculture of the mussel, Mytilus chilensis, during an episodic volcanic eruption. Sci. Total Environ. 669, 49–61 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
54.Dickinson, G. H. et al. Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 29–43 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
55.Gaylord, B. et al. Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species. J. Exp. Biol. 214, 2586–2594 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
56.O’Toole-Howes, M. et al. Deconvolution of the elastic properties of bivalve shell nanocomposites from direct measurement and finite element analysis. J. Mater. Res. 34, 2869–2880 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
57.Auzoux-Bordenave, S. et al. Ocean acidification impacts growth and shell mineralization in juvenile abalone (Haliotis tuberculata). Mar. Biol. 167, 11 (2020).CAS 

Google Scholar 
58.Torres, R. et al. Evaluation of a semiautomatic system for long-term seawater carbonate chemistry manipulation. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 86, 443–451 (2013).
Google Scholar 
59.IPCC. Climate Change 2021. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Eds. Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou). Cambridge University Press. In Press. (2021).60.DOE. Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in seawater; version 2 (eds. Dickson, A.G. & Goyet, C.), (ORNL/CDIAC, 74, 1994).61.Meinshausen, M. et al. The RPC greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Clim. Change. 109, 213–241 (2011).ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
62.Rahn, D. A., Rosenblüth, B. & Rutllant, J. A. Detecting subtle seasonal transitions of upwelling in North-Central Chile. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 45, 854–867 (2015).ADS 

Google Scholar 
63.Meng, Y., Guo, Z., Yao, H., Yeung, K. W. & Thiyagarajan, V. Calcium carbonate unit realignment under acidification: A potential compensatory mechanism in an edible estuarine oyster. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 139, 141–149 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
64.Rasband, W. S. ImageJ U.S. National Institute of Health, Maryland, USA (1997–2020). More

Study populationWe studied wild meerkats at the Kuruman River Reserve (a ~63 km2 area comprising dry riverbeds, herbaceous flats and grassy dunes) in the Kalahari region of South Africa (26°58′S, 21°49′E)28,48. Our study period (Nov 2011–Apr 2015) included an extended drought, during which female reproductive success tracked rainfall22 (Supplementary Fig. 1). The annual mean population size was 270 animals, in 22 established clans of 4–39 animals15,22. Habituated to close observation ( More

1.Chiang, F., Mazdiyasni, O. & AghaKouchak, A. Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity. Nat. Commun. 12, 2754 (2021).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
2.Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Carrao, H., Barbosa, P. & Vogt, J. World drought frequency, duration, and severity for 1951–2010. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 2792–2804 (2014).
Google Scholar 
3.Duane, A., Castellnou, M. & Brotons, L. Towards a comprehensive look at global drivers of novel extreme wildfire events. Clim. Change 165(3), 1–21 (2021).
Google Scholar 
4.Krawchuk, M. A., Moritz, M. A., Parisien, M. A., Van Dorn, J. & Hayhoe, K. Global Pyrogeography: The current and future distribution of wildfire. PLoS ONE 4(4), e5102 (2009).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
5.Williams, A. P. et al. Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California. Earth’s Fut. 7, 892–910 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
6.Garcia, L. C. et al. Record-breaking wildfires in the world’s largest continuous tropical wetland: Integrative Fire Management is urgently needed for both biodiversity and humans. J. Environ. Manag. 293, 112870 (2021).CAS 

Google Scholar 
7.Bowman, D. M. J. S. et al. Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 500–515 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
8.Criado, M. G., Myers-Smith, I. H., Bjorkman, A. D., Lehmann, C. E. R. & Stevens, N. Woody plant encroachment intensifies under climate change across tundra and savanna biomes. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29(5), 925–943 (2020).
Google Scholar 
9.Mancini, L. D., Corona, P. & Salvati, L. Ranking the importance of Wildfires’ human drivers through a multi-model regression approach. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 72, 177–186 (2018).
Google Scholar 
10.Moreira, F. et al. Landscape – wildfire interactions in southern Europe: Implications for landscape management. J. Environ. Manag. 92(10), 2389–2402 (2011).
Google Scholar 
11.Clarke, H. et al. The proximal drivers of large fires: A pyrogeographic study. Front. Earth Sci. 8, 90 (2020).ADS 

Google Scholar 
12.Abram, N. J. et al. Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 1 (2021).ADS 

Google Scholar 
13.Daskin, J. H., Aires, F. & Staver, A. C. Determinants of tree cover in tropical floodplains. Proc. R. Soc. B. 286, 20191755 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
14.Kotze, D. C. The effects of fire on wetland structure and functioning. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 38(3), 237–247 (2013).
Google Scholar 
15.Tedim, F. et al. Defining Extreme Wildfire Events: difficulties, challenges, and impacts. Fire 1, 9 (2018).
Google Scholar 
16.Libonati, R. et al. Sistema ALARMES – Alerta de área queimada Pantanal, situação final de 2020 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350103205_Nota_Tecnica_012021_LASA-UFRJ_Queimadas_Pantanal_2020?channel=doi&linkId=6051109d92851cd8ce483fb1&showFulltext=true (2021).17.Libonati, R., DaCamara, C. C., Peres, F. L., de Carvalho, L. A. S. & Garcia, L. C. Rescue Brazil’s burning Pantanal wetlands. Nature 588, 217–219 (2020).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
18.Marengo, J. A. et al. Extreme drought in the Brazilian Pantanal in 2019–2020: Characterization, causes and impacts. Front. Water 3, 639204 (2021).
Google Scholar 
19.Marengo, J. A., Alves, L. M. & Torres, R. R. Regional climate change scenarios in the Brazilian Pantanal watershed. Clim. Res. 68(2–3), 201–213 (2016).
Google Scholar 
20.Hardesty, J., Myers, R. & Fulks, W. Fire, ecosystems, and people: A preliminary assessment of fire as a global conservation issue. George Wright Forum 22, 78–87 (2005).
Google Scholar 
21.Bliege Bird, R., Bird, D. W., Codding, B. F., Parker, C. H. & Jones, J. H. The “fire stick farming” hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105(39), 14796–14801 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.Beerling, D. J. & Osborne, C. P. The origin of the savanna biome. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12, 2023–2031 (2006).ADS 

Google Scholar 
23.Simon, M. F. et al. Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 20359–20364 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
24.Pott, A. & Pott, V. J. Features and conservation of the Brazilian Pantanal wetland. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 12, 547–552 (2004).
Google Scholar 
25.Ferraz-Vicentini, K. R. & Salgado-Laboriau, M. L. Palynological analysis of a palm swamp in Central Brasil. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 9(3–4), 207–219 (1996).ADS 

Google Scholar 
26.Engstrom, R. T. First-order fire effects on animals: review and recommendations. Fire Ecol. 6(1), 115–130 (2010).
Google Scholar 
27.Whelan, R. J., Rodgerson, L., Dickman, C. R. & Sutherland, E. F. Critical life processes of plants and animals: Developing a process-based understanding of population changes in fireprone landscapes (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Google Scholar 
28.van Eeden, L. M. et al. Impacts of the unprecedented 2019–2020 bushfires on Australian animals. https://www.wwf.org.au/ArticleDocuments/353/WWF_Impacts-of-the-unprecedented-2019-2020-bushfires-on-Australian-animals.pdf.aspx (2020).29.Pacheco, L. F., Quispe-Calle, L. C., Suárez-Guzmán, F. A., Ocampo, M. & Claure-Herrera, A. J. Muerte de mamíferos por los incendios de 2019 en la Chiquitania. Ecol. Boliv. 56(1), 4–16 (2021).
Google Scholar 
30.Berlinck, C. B. et al. The Pantanal is on fire and only a sustainable agenda can save the largest wetland in the world. Braz. J. Biol. 82, e244200 (2021).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
31.Andersen, A. N., Woinarski, J. C. Z. & Parr, C. L. Savanna burning for biodiversity: Fire management for faunal conservation in Australian tropical savannas. Austral Ecol. 37, 658–667 (2012).
Google Scholar 
32.Komarek, R. Fire and the changing wildlife habitat. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 2, 35–43 (1963).
Google Scholar 
33.Layme, V. M. G., Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. Effects of fire, food availability and vegetation on the distribution of the rodent Bolomys lasiurus in an Amazonian savanna. J. Trop. Ecol. 20, 183–187 (2004).
Google Scholar 
34.Roberts, S. L., van Wagtendonk, J. W., Miles, A. K., Kelt, D. A. & Lutz, J. A. Modeling the effects of fire severity and spatial complexity on small mammals in Yosemite National Park, California. Fire Ecol. 4(2), 83–104 (2008).
Google Scholar 
35.Smith, J. K. Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Fauna (Rocky Mountain Research Station, Colorado, 2000).36.Woinarski, J. C. Z. & Legge, S. The impacts of fire on birds in Australia’s tropical savannas. Emu 113(4), 319–352 (2013).
Google Scholar 
37.Pires, A. S., Fernandez, F. A., de Freitas, D. & Feliciano, B. R. Influence of edge and fire-induced changes on spatial distribution of small mammals in Brazilian Atlantic Forest fragments. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 40(1), 7–14 (2005).
Google Scholar 
38.Silveira, L. F., Rodrigues, H. G., Jácomo, A. T. A. & Diniz Filho, J. A. F. Impact of wildfires on the megafauna of Emas National Park, Central Brazil. Oryx 33, 108–114 (1999).39.Tomas, W. M. et al. Checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Iheringia, Sér. zool. 107(Suppl), e2017155 (2017).40.Tomas, W. M. et al. Mammals in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil (Pensoft Publishers, 2010).
Google Scholar 
41.Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R. & Laake, J. L. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Ecol. Monogr. 72, 1–202 (1980).
Google Scholar 
42.Jolly, W. M. et al. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nat. Commun. 6, 7537 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
43.Thielen, D. Quo vadis Pantanal? Expected precipitation extremes and drought dynamics from changing sea surface temperature. PLoS ONE 15(1), e0227437 (2020).44.Ciemer, C. et al. An early-warning indicator for Amazon droughts exclusively based on tropical Atlantic Sea surface temperatures. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 094087 (2020).45.Boers, N., Marwan, N., Barbosa, H. M. J. & Kurths, J. A deforestation-induced tipping point for the South American monsoon system. Sci. Rep. 7, 41489 (2017).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
46.Bergier, I. et al. Amazon rainforest modulation of water security in the Pantanal wetland. Sci. Total Environ. 619–620, 1116–1125 (2018).ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
47.Hofmann, G. et al. The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier. Glob. Chang. Biol. 00, 1–14 (2021).
Google Scholar 
48.Tomas, W. M. et al. Sustainability Agenda for the Pantanal Wetland: perspectives on a collaborative interface for science, policy, and decision-making. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 12, 1–30 (2019).ADS 

Google Scholar 
49.Schulz, C. Physical, ecological and human dimensions of environmental change in Brazil’s Pantanal wetland: Synthesis and research agenda. Sci. Total Environ. 687, 1011–1027 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
50.Harris, M. B. et al. Safeguarding the Pantanal wetlands: Threats and conservation initiatives. Conserv. Biol. 19(3), 714–720 (2005).
Google Scholar 
51.Ely, P., Fantin-Cruz, I., Tritico, H. M., Girard, P. & Kaplan, D. Dam-induced hydrologic alterations in the rivers feeding the Pantanal. Front. Environ. Sci. 8, 256 (2020).
Google Scholar 
52.Roque, F. O. et al. Simulating land use changes, sediment yields, and pesticide use in the Upper Paraguay River Basin: Implications for conservation of the Pantanal wetland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 314, 107405 (2021).53.Guerra, A. et al. Drivers and projections of vegetation loss in the Pantanal and surrounding ecosystems. Land Use Policy 91, 104388 (2020).54.Berlinck, C. N., Lima, L. H. A. & Carvalho Junior, E. A. R. Historical survey of research related to fire management and fauna conservation in the world and in Brazil. Biota Neotropica 21(3), e20201144 (2021).55.Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. DECRETO Nº 15.654, de 15 de abril de 2021. Institui o Plano Estadual de Manejo Integrado do Fogo, e Dá Outras Providências. (Diário Oficial do Estado, Mato Grosso do Sul nº 10.477, 2021).56.Marino, E. et al. Forest fuel management for wildfire prevention in Spain: A quantitative SWOT analysis. Int. J. Wildland Fire 23, 373–384 (2014).
Google Scholar 
57.Finney, M. A. & Cohen, J. D. Expectation and Evaluation of Fuel Management Objectives (Rocky Mountain Research Station, Colorado, 2003).58.Amiro, B. D., Stocks, B. J., Alexander, M. E., Flannigan, M. D. & Wotton, B. M. Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest. Int. J. Wildland Fire 10(4), 405–413 (2001).
Google Scholar 
59.Rocca, M. E., Brown, P. M., MacDonald, L. H. & Carrico, C. M. Climate change impacts on fire regimes and key ecosystem services in Rocky Mountain forests. Forest Ecol. Manag. 327, 290–305 (2014).
Google Scholar 
60.Pott, V. J., Pott, A., Lima, L. C. P., Moreira, S. N. & Oliveira, A. K. M. Aquatic macrophyte diversity of the Pantanal wetland and upper basin. Braz. J. Biol. 71(1), 255–563 (2011).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
61.Britski, H. A., Silimon, K. Z. S. & Lopes, B. S. Peixes do Pantanal: Manual de Identificação (EMPRAPA, Brasília, 2007).62.Sousa, T. P. et al. Cytogenetic and molecular data Support the occurrence of three Gymnotus species (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) used as live bait in Corumbá, Brazil: Implications for conservation and management of professional fishing. Zebrafish 14(2), 177–186 (2017).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
63.Piva, A., Caramaschi, U. & Albuquerque, N. R. A new species of Elachistocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal. Phyllomedusa 16(2), 143–154 (2017).
Google Scholar 
64.Strüssmann, C., Ribeiro, R. A. K., Ferreira, V. L., & Beda, A. D. F. Herpetofauna do Pantanal Brasileiro [Herpetofauna of the Brazilian Pantanal]. (Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia, Belo Horizonte, 2007).65.Ferreira, V. L. et al. Répteis do Mato Grosso do Sul [Reptiles from Mato Grosso do Sul]. Brazil. Iheringia Sér. Zool. 107(Suppl), e2017153 (2017).66.Nunes, A. P. Quantas espécies de aves ocorrem no Pantanal? [How many bird species do occur in the Pantanal?]. Atualidades Ornitológicas 160, 45–54 (2011).
Google Scholar 
67.Tubelis, D. P. & Tomas, W. M. Bird species of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil.. Ararajuba 11(1), 5–37 (2003).
Google Scholar 
68.Thomas, L. et al. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J. Appl. Ecol. 47, 5–14 (2010).PubMed 

Google Scholar  More