Philippa Kaur

Bird dataNorth America: we used annual bird count data collated under the North American Breeding Bird Survey (NA-BBS: https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/) from 1996 to 2017. NA-BBS survey routes, consisting of 50 survey points (hereafter sites) evenly distributed over ~24.5 miles, are distributed across the United States and Canada and are usually surveyed in June. At each site, skilled volunteers conduct a three-minute point count, recording all birds seen or heard within a 400-m radius59.Europe: we used annual bird count data from 23 survey schemes across 22 countries collated under the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS: https://pecbms.info) from 1998 to 2018. In each scheme, skilled volunteers carry out either line transects, point counts or territory mapping at survey sites during the breeding season and record all birds encountered60 (Supplementary Table 5); while methods vary between survey schemes, they are consistent within schemes across the time period included here.Where count data were reported for subspecies, these were aggregated to species level and any records of hybrid species or specifying genus only were removed. The longitude and latitude of each survey site (just the first site of each NA-BBS survey route) were also provided by NA-BBS and PECBMS. Not all sites were surveyed in every year and only sites surveyed at least three times during the defined time period were included in analyses. Note that similar results were found when restricting data to sites surveyed in at least 10 years during the defined period.Sound recordingsSound files for all species detected on NA-BBS and PECBMS surveys were downloaded from Xeno Canto, an online database of sound recordings of wild birds from around the world (http://www.xeno-canto.org). Specifically, we identified all files longer than 30 s, with associated metadata categorising them as high quality (category “A”) and as either “song”, “call” or “drumming” types; sound files whose type category including the term “wingbeat”, “flap”, “begging”, “alarm” or “night” types were excluded. Sound files downloaded for NA-BBS species were restricted to those recorded in North America and those from PECBMS to recordings made in Europe. If no sound files met these requirements for a given species, we downloaded all files of shorter duration for that species that met the quality and type criteria and stitched repeats of these together to produce files longer than 30 s. Where more than 50 sound files for a given species met our criteria for inclusion, a random selection of 50 was taken for use in subsequent analyses. We used multiple sound files for each species to capture, where possible, between-individual variation in song and call structure, with the sound file(s) for inclusion in specific soundscapes randomly subsampled from this set. If no sound files for a species were available, the sites where that species was detected were removed from subsequent analyses; this represented More

NEWS
01 November 2021

Scientists say Australian plan to cull up to 10,000 wild horses doesn’t go far enough

A fast-growing population of feral horses in an alpine national park needs to be substantially reduced in number, researchers argue.

Bianca Nogrady

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Bianca Nogrady

Bianca Nogrady is a freelance science journalist based in Sydney, Australia.

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Brumbies roam a wintry landscape near Yarangobilly in Australia’s Kosciuszko National Park.Credit: Perry Duffin/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Up to 10,000 feral horses might be killed or removed from Australia’s largest alpine national park under a draft plan to control the rapidly growing population of non-native animals. Scientists have welcomed the idea of removing them, but are alarmed that the plan still allows for thousands to remain, threatening endangered species and habitats.The proposed cull, in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales (NSW), contrasts with a ban on lethal control measures in the United States, where large populations of wild horses known as mustangs also cause problems.
Australian scientists call for ‘feral horse’ culls in alpine national park
The draft plan, released last month, recommends reducing the park’s population of wild horses, known in Australia as brumbies, from an estimated 14,000 to about 3,000 through a combination of mostly ground-based shooting, as well as rounding up and rehoming.But the Australian Academy of Science argues that the number of horses should be rapidly reduced below 3,000. In an open letter with 69 signatories including scientists and institutions sent to the NSW environment minister on Friday, they note that “alpine wetlands continue to degrade even with very small numbers of feral horses. Kosciusko cannot begin to recover from drought, extensive bushfires and overgrazing if, as currently proposed, 3,000 feral horses remain.”Capitulating to lobby groupsResearchers say the draft plan capitulates to a small but vocal group that has lobbied the government to protect horses because of the animals’ heritage value. The plan would allow the remaining brumbies to roam over one-third of the park. That would include threatened alpine sphagnum bogs and the habitats of endangered and vulnerable species such as a fish called the stocky galaxias (Galaxias tantangara), the alpine tree frog (Litoria verreauxii alpina) and the broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus).Australia has no native mammals with hard hooves, and so horses do more damage to delicate vegetation and soils than soft-footed species, such as kangaroos and wallabies, as well as creating problems through over-grazing.
Ancient DNA points to origins of modern domestic horses
David Watson, an ecologist at Charles Sturt University in Albury–Wodonga — which straddles NSW and the neighbouring state of Victoria — says the NSW government “couldn’t have picked a worse place” to allow feral horses to roam. He makes the point that Australia’s alpine environment covers just 1% of the continent and has many endemic and threatened species that are found nowhere else.“These areas are just too fragile to have large herbivores trampling around in them,” adds Don Driscoll, an ecologist at Deakin University in Melbourne.Management of feral horses has been a long-running issue in Australia’s mountainous alpine region, which extends across three states. The Australian Capital Territory, which shares a border with Kosciuszko National Park, has a zero-tolerance approach to feral horses and uses methods including aerial shooting.Victoria also shares an alpine border with New South Wales, but its latest management plan, released on 1 November, recommends using culling and other measures to remove all feral horses in the most delicate alpine environments, and the steady reduction of numbers elsewhere.Brumbies and mustangsThe NSW state government had previously tried to control the brumbies by rehoming them on private land, but was never able to find a place for more than a few hundred horses a year, rehoming only about 1,000 since 2002. Jamie Pittock, an environmental scientist at the Australian National University in Canberra, says that the government’s acknowledgement that the exponentially growing population cannot be managed with rehoming alone is at least “a step forward”.But Watson says that 3,000 horses would breed rapidly enough that 1,000 would still need to be removed or killed every few years, meaning that even a small population will create a continuing headache in terms of damage to the park and removal requirements.
Ancient horses went dark to hide in forests
A spokesperson for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service said the proposed target of 3,000 horses would maintain the “environmental values of the park” and that removing horses from two thirds of the park would provide “effective protection” for threatened species. They did not respond to Nature’s specific questions about scientists’ criticisms of the draft plan.The United States is grappling with similar issues with mustangs in national parks, says ecosystem scientist John Derek Scasta at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. “The goal is to get within an agreed-upon number of horses that are sustainable,” he says, but not everybody agrees on what that number is.Because legislation bans culling, the US Bureau of Land Management instead relies on rounding up, sterilization, rehoming or paying to keep the horses on either private or federal holdings. But Scasta says rising numbers, and the costs of looking after them, might mean the United States has to face its own reckoning with wild horses in the not-too-distant future.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02977-7

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