Philippa Kaur

1.Hayes, T. B., Falso, P., Gallipeau, S. & Stice, M. The cause of global amphibian declines: A developmental endocrinologist’s perspective. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 921–933. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.040865 (2010).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
2.IPBES. The IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia (eds Rounsevell, M. et al.) (IPBES, 2018).
Google Scholar 
3.Eigenbrod, F., Hecnar, S. J. & Fahrig, L. Accessible habitat: An improved measure of the effects of habitat loss and roads on wildlife populations. Landsc. Ecol. 23, 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9174-7 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Cushman, S. A. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: A review and prospectus. Biol. Conserv. 128, 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.031 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Pittman, S. E., Osbourn, M. S. & Semlitsch, R. D. Movement ecology of amphibians: A missing component for understanding population declines. Biol. Conserv. 169, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.10.020 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Heigl, F., Horvath, K., Laaha, G. & Zaller, J. G. Amphibian and reptile road-kills on tertiary roads in relation to landscape structure: Using a citizen science approach with open-access land cover data. BMC Ecol. 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-017-0134-z (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Heigl, F. & Zaller, J. G. Using a citizen science approach in higher education: A case study reporting roadkills in Austria. Hum. Comput. https://doi.org/10.15346/hc.v1i2.7 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Kyek, M., Kaufmann, P. H. & Lindner, R. Differing long term trends for two common amphibian species (Bufo bufo and Rana temporaria) in alpine landscapes of Salzburg, Austria. PLoS ONE 12, e0187148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187148 (2017).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
9.Klepsch, R. et al. Amphibienschutz an Straßen. Leitbilder zu temporären und permanenten Schutzeinrichtungen. ÖGH-Aktuell, Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Herpetologie (2011).10.Kropfberger, J. Naturschützer als Amphibientaxi. Amphibienschutzprojekte des naturschutzbund Oberösterreich. natur&land 103, 12–13 (2017).
Google Scholar 
11.Gross, M. Amphibienschutz an Niederösterreichs Straßen. natur&land 103, 16–18 (2017).
Google Scholar 
12.Kordges, T. & Weddeling, K. Immer früher? Langzeitmonitoring (1979–2013) zum Laichbeginn des Grasfrosches (Rana temporaria) im Felderbachtal in Hattingen (NRW). Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 24, 211–222 (2015).
Google Scholar 
13.Arnfield, H., Grant, R., Monk, C. & Uller, T. Factors influencing the timing of spring migration in common toads (Bufo bufo). J. Zool. 288, 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00933.x (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Timm, B. C., McGarigal, K. & Compton, B. W. Timing of large movement events of pond-breeding amphibians in Western Massachusetts USA. Biol. Conserv. 136, 442–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.015 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Dervo, B. K., Bærum, K. M., Skurdal, J. & Museth, J. Effects of temperature and precipitation on breeding migrations of amphibian species in southeastern Norway. Scientifica 2016, 3174316. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3174316 (2016).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
16.Loman, J. Breeding phenology in Rana temporaria. Local variation is due to pond temperature and population size. Ecol. Evolut. 6, 6202–6209. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2356 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Hofrichter, R. Amphibien: Evolution, Anatomie, Physiologie, Ökologie und Verbreitung, Verhalten, Bedrohung und Gefährdung (Naturbuch-Verl., 1998).
Google Scholar 
18.Hartel, T., Sas, I., Pernetta, A. P. & Geltsch, I. C. The reproductive dynamic of temperate amphibians: A review. North-Western J. Zool. 3, 127–145 (2007).
Google Scholar 
19.Becker, C. G., Fonseca, C. R., Haddad, C. F. B., Batista, R. F. & Prado, P. I. Habitat split and the global decline of amphibians. Science 318, 1775–1777. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149374 (2007).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
20.Reading, C. J. The effect of winter temperatures on the timing of breeding activity in the common toad Bufo bufo. Oecologia 117, 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050682 (1998).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
21.Tryjanowski, P., Rybacki, M. & Sparks, T. Changes in the first spawning dates of common frogs and common toads in western Poland in 1978–2002. Ann. Zool. Fennici 10, 459–464 (2003).
Google Scholar 
22.Mazgajska, J. & Mazgajski, T. D. Two amphibian species in the urban environment: Changes in the occurrence, spawning phenology and adult condition of common and green toads. Eur. Zool. J. 87, 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2020.1744743 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Scott, W. A., Pithart, D. & Adamson, J. K. Long-term United Kingdom trends in the breeding phenology of the common frog, Rana temporaria. hpet 42, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1670/07-022.1 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Ficetola, G. F. & Maiorano, L. Contrasting effects of temperature and precipitation change on amphibian phenology, abundance and performance. Oecologia 181, 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3610-9 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
25.Delpierre, N. et al. Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: From organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models. Ann. For. Sci. 73, 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0477-6 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Basler, D. & Körner, C. Photoperiod sensitivity of bud burst in 14 temperate forest tree species. Agric. For. Meteorol. 165, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.06.001 (2012).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
27.Vitasse, Y. & Basler, D. What role for photoperiod in the bud burst phenology of European beech. Eur. J. For. Res. 132, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0661-2 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Piao, S. et al. Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 1922–1940. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14619 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
29.ZAMG. PhenoWatch—ZAMG Phänologie. http://www.phenowatch.at/ (2020).30.Naturschutzbund Österreich. naturbeobachtung.at: der Treffpunkt für Naturbeobachtung in Österreich (2020).31.Citizen Science Working Group. Project roadkill. https://roadkill.at/ (2020).32.Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien—Herpetofaunistische Datenbank. https://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/forschung/1_zoologie_wirbeltiere/herpetologische_sammlung/datenbank (2021).33.Münch, D. Populationsentwicklung und klimatisch veränderte Frühjahrsaktivität von Erdkröte, Teichmolch, Bergmolch nd Kammolch an der Höfkerstraße (am NSG Hallerey in Dortmund 1981–1997). Dortmunder Beitr. Landeskde. Naturwiss. Mitt 32, 98–106 (1998).
Google Scholar 
34.Chmielewski, F.-M. & Rötzer, T. Response of tree phenology to climate change across Europe. Agric. For. Meteorol. 108, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00233-7 (2001).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
35.Menzel, A. Phenology: Its importance to the global change community. Clim. Change 54, 379–385 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Menzel, A., Sparks, T. H., Estrella, N. & Roy, D. B. Altered geographic and temporal variability in phenology in response to climate change. Glob Ecol. Biogeogr. 15, 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00247.x (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Crimmins, M. A. & Crimmins, T. M. Does an early spring indicate an early summer? Relationships between intraseasonal growing degree day thresholds. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 124, 2628–2641. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005297 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik. Beobachtungsanleitung für die Phänologie (2013).39.Meier, U. (ed.) Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH monograph = Entwicklungsstadien mono- und dikotyler Pflanzen (Blackwell-Wiss.-Verl., 1997).
Google Scholar 
40.Phillimore, A. B., Hadfield, J. D., Jones, O. R. & Smithers, R. J. Differences in spawning date between populations of common frog reveal local adaptation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 8292–8297. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913792107 (2010).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
41.Auer, I. et al. HISTALP—Historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region. Int. J. Climatol. 27, 17–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1377 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Hiebl, J. et al. A high-resolution 1961–1990 monthly temperature climatology for the greater Alpine region. metz 18, 507–530. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0403 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
43.BMVIT—Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie. Gesamtverkehrsplan für Österreich. https://www.bmk.gv.at/dam/jcr:dfd82842-234b-41c7-a267-0dc7ac76eb6b/gvp_gesamt.pdf (2012).44.European Environment Agency. Landscape fragmentation pressure and trends in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/mobility-and-urbanisation-pressure-on-ecosystems-2/assessment (2020).45.Grillmayer, R., Banko, G., Leitner, H. & Leissing, D. Wie zerschnitten ist unsere Landschaft? natur&land, 30–31 (2015).46.Weißmair, W. Monitoring ausgewählter Amphibienwanderstrecken—Endbericht 2010 Amt der Oö (Landesregierung, Abteilung Naturschutz, 2011).
Google Scholar 
47.Dick, G. & Sackl, P. Angaben zur Laichwanderung von Erdkröte, Bufo b. bufo (LINNAEUS; 1758), und Grasfrosch, Rana t. temporaria LINNAEUS, 1758, einiger Populationen im Waldviertel (Niederösterreich) sowie zu praktischen Schutzmaßnahmen. Herpetozoa 1, 13–22 (1988).
Google Scholar 
48.Wolf, M. J., Smole-Wiener, A. K. & Kleewein, A. Lebensraum- und Populationsanalyse am Beispiel der Amphibienwanderstrecke 37 Wernberg, Kärnten. Carinthia II 125, 741 (2015).
Google Scholar 
49.Kapeller, H. Amphibienschutz im Sellraintal. natur&land 103, 15 (2017).
Google Scholar 
50.Templ, B. et al. Pan European phenological database (PEP725): A single point of access for European data. Int. J. Biometeorol. 62, 1109–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1512-8 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
51.Menzel, A. et al. Climate change fingerprints in recent European plant phenology. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 2599–2612. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15000 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
52.Lanner, J., Huchler, K., Pachinger, B., Sedivy, C. & Meimberg, H. Dispersal patterns of an introduced wild bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in European alpine countries. PLoS ONE 15, e0236042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236042 (2020).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
53.Schweiger, S., Grillitsch, H., Hill, J. & Mayer, W. Die Mauereidechse, Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) in Österreich: Phylogeographie, Verbreitung, Lebensräume und Schutz. In Verbreitung, Biologie und Schutz der Mauereidechse Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (eds Laufer, H. & Schulte, U.) 44–55 (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT) e.V, 2015).
Google Scholar 
54.Maletzky, A. & Schweiger, S. Zur Situation der Erdkröte, Bufo bufo in Österreich—Verbreitung, Phänologie, Gefährdung und Schutz. In Verbreitung, Biologie und Schutz der Erdkröte Bufo bufo (LINNAEUS, 1758) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Amphibienschutzes an Straßen (eds Maletzky, A. et al.) 58–66 (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde, 2016).
Google Scholar 
55.Cabela, A., Grillitsch, H. & Tiedemann, F. Atlas zur Verbreitung und Ökologie der Amphibien und Reptilien in Österreich. Auswertung der herpetofaunistischen Datenbank der herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien (Naturhistorisches Museum, 2001).
Google Scholar 
56.Brunken, G. Amphibienwanderungen. Zwischen Land und Wasser. Merkblatt NVN/BSH 1–4 (2004).57.Hiebl, J., Reisenhofer, S., Auer, I., Böhm, R. & Schöner, W. Multi-methodical realisation of Austrian climate maps for 1971–2000. Adv. Sci. Res. 6, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-6-19-2011 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
58.RStudio. RStudio—Take control of your R code. https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio/ (2020). More

1.Fowler, D. et al. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20130164 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
2.Drake, T. W., Raymond, P. A. & Spencer, R. G. M. Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: a current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 3, 132–142 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Tanentzap, A. J. et al. Terrestrial support of lake food webs: synthesis reveals controls over cross-ecosystem resource use. Sci. Adv. 3, e1601765 (2017).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Michalzik, B., Kalbitz, K., Park, J. H., Solinger, S. & Matzner, E. Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen – a synthesis for temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 52, 173–205 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Williamson, C. E., Morris, D. P., Pace, M. L. & Olson, O. G. Dissolved organic carbon and nutrients as regulators of lake ecosystems: Resurrection of a more integrated paradigm. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 795–803 (1999).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Karlsson, J. et al. Light limitation of nutrient-poor lake ecosystems. Nature 460, 506–509 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Tanentzap, A. J. et al. Cooling lakes while the world warms: effects of forest regrowth and increased dissolved organic matter on the thermal regime of a temperate, urban lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53, 404–410 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Gillis, P. L., McGeer, J. C., Mackie, G. L., Wilkie, M. P. & Ackerman, J. D. The effect of natural dissolved organic carbon on the acute toxicity of copper to larval freshwater mussels (glochidia). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 29, 2519–2528 (2010).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Hessen, D. O. Inorganic nitrogen deposition and its impacts on N:P-ratios and lake productivity. Water 5, 327–341 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Bergström, A. K., Blomqvist, P. & Jansson, M. Effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nutrient limitation and phytoplankton biomass in unproductive Swedish lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 987–994 (2005).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Williams, C. A., Gu, H., MacLean, R., Masek, J. G. & Collatz, G. J. Disturbance and the carbon balance of US forests: a quantitative review of impacts from harvests, fires, insects, and droughts. Glob. Planet. Change 143, 66–80 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Mikkelson, K. M. et al. Bark beetle infestation impacts on nutrient cycling, water quality and interdependent hydrological effects. Biogeochemistry 115, 1–21 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Huber, C. Long lasting nitrate leaching after bark beetle attack in the highlands of the Bavarian Forest National park. J. Environ. Qual. 34, 1772–1779 (2005).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Tokuchi, N., Ohte, N., Hobara, S., Kim, S.-J. & Masanori, K. Changes in biogeochemical cycling following forest defoliation by pine wilt disease in Kiryu experimental catchment in Japan. Hydrol. Process. 18, 2727–2736 (2004).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Clow, D. W., Rhoades, C., Briggs, J., Caldwell, M. & Lewis, W. M. Responses of soil and water chemistry to mountain pine beetle induced tree mortality in Grand County, Colorado, USA. Appl. Geochem. 26, S174–S178 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Mikkelson, K. M., Dickenson, E. R., Maxwell, R. M., McCray, J. E. & Sharp, J. O. Water-quality impacts from climate-induced forest die-off. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 218–222 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Rhoades, C. C. et al. Biogeochemistry of beetle-killed forests: explaining a weak nitrate response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 1756–1760 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Hollinger, D. Y. Herbivory and the cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in isolated California oak trees. Oecologia 70, 291–297 (1986).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Chapman, S. K., Hart, S. C., Cobb, N. S., Whitham, T. G. & Koch, G. W. Insect herbivory increases litter quality and decomposition: an extension of the acceleration hypothesis. Ecology 84, 2867–2876 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.le Mellec, A., Gerold, G. & Michalzik, B. Insect herbivory, organic matter deposition and effects on belowground organic matter fluxes in a central European oak forest. Plant Soil 342, 393–403 (2011).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Gill, A. L. et al. Changes in autumn senescence in northern hemisphere deciduous trees: a meta-analysis of autumn phenology studies. Ann. Bot. 116, 875–888 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Carlisle, A., Brown, A. H. F. & White, E. J. Litter fall, leaf production and the effects of defoliation by tortrix viridana in a sessile Oak (Quercus Petraea) woodland. J. Ecol. 54, 65–85 (1966).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Volney, W. J. A. & Fleming, R. A. Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 82, 283–294 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.le Mellec, A., Habermann, M. & Michalzik, B. Canopy herbivory altering C to N ratios and soil input patterns of different organic matter fractions in a Scots pine forest. Plant Soil 325, 255–262 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
25.Lovett, G. M. et al. Insect defoliation and nitrogen cycling in forests: laboratory, plot, and watershed studies indicate that most of the nitrogen released from forest foliage as a result of defoliation by insects is redistributed within the ecosystem, whereas only a small fraction of nitrogen is lost by leaching. BioScience 52, 335–341 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Lovett, G. M. & Ruesink, A. E. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from decomposing gypsy moth frass. Oecologia 104, 133–138 (1995).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Frost, C. J. & Hunter, M. D. Insect canopy herbivory and frass deposition affect soil nutrient dynamics and export in Oak mesocosms. Ecology 85, 3335–3347 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Eimers, M. C., Watmough, S. A., Paterson, A. M., Dillon, P. J. & Yao, H. Long-term declines in phosphorus export from forested catchments in south-central Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66, 1682–1692 (2009).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Meunier, C. L., Gundale, M. J., Sánchez, I. S. & Liess, A. Impact of nitrogen deposition on forest and lake food webs in nitrogen-limited environments. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 164–179 (2016).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Kuiters, A. T. & Sarink, H. M. Leaching of phenolic compounds from leaf and needle litter of several deciduous and coniferous trees. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18, 475–480 (1986).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Madritch, M. D., Donaldson, J. R. & Lindroth, R. L. Canopy herbivory can mediate the influence of plant genotype on soil processes through frass deposition. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39, 1192–1201 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Hall, R. J., Skakun, R. S. & Aresenault, E. Remotely Sensed Data in the Mapping of Insect Defoliation. in Understanding Forest Disturbance and Spatial Pattern: Remote Sensing and GIS Approaches 85–111 (2007).33.Brandt, J. P. The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environ. Rev. 17, 101–161 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Swank, W. T., Waide, J. B., Crossley, D. A. & Todd, R. L. Insect defoliation enhances nitrate export from forest ecosystems. Oecologia 51, 297–299 (1981).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
35.Webb, J. R., Cosby, B. J., Deviney, F. A., Eshleman, K. N. & Galloway, J. N. Change in acid-base status of an appalachian mountain catchment following forest defoliation by the gypsy moth. Water Air. Soil Pollut. 85, 535–540 (1995).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Eshleman, K. N. et al. Temporal patterns of nitrogen leakage from mid-Appalachian forested watersheds: role of insect defoliation. Water Resour. Res. 34, 2005–2116 (1998).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Reynolds, B. C., Hunter, M. D. & Crossley, D. A. Jr. Effects of canopy herbivory on nutrient cycling in a northern hardwood forest in western North Carolina. Selbyana 21, 74–78 (2000).
Google Scholar 
38.Lewis, G. P. & Likens, G. E. Changes in stream chemistry associated with insect defoliation in a Pennsylvania hemlock-hardwoods forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. 238, 199–211 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Wilkinson, G. M., Walter, J., Fleck, R. & Pace, M. L. Beyond the trends: the need to understand multiannual dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 5, 281–286 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Bale, J. S. et al. Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores. Glob. Change Biol. 8, 1–16 (2002).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Jepsen, J. U., Hagen, S. B., Ims, R. A. & Yoccoz, N. G. Climate change and outbreaks of the geometrids Operophtera brumata and Epirrita autumnata in subarctic birch forest: evidence of a recent outbreak range expansion. J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 257–264 (2008).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Monteith, D. T. et al. Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry. Nature 450, 537–540 (2007).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Vuorenmaa, J. et al. Long-term changes (1990–2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 625, 1129–1145 (2018).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
44.ICP Waters contributors. Dataset: trends in annual surface water chemistry for acid-sensitive regions in Europe and North America (1990 to 2012). ICP-Waters Programme Centre (2020).45.Christenson, L. M., Lovett, G. M., Mitchell, M. J. & Groffman, P. M. The fate of nitrogen in gypsy moth frass deposited to an oak forest floor. Oecologia 131, 444–452 (2002).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Bormann, F. H. & Likens, G. E. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem: disturbance, development and the steady state based on the Hubbard Brook ecosystem study. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).47.I-M-Arnold, A. et al. Forest defoliator pests alter carbon and nitrogen cycles. R. Soc. Open Sci. 3, 160361 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
48.Hillstrom, M., Meehan, T. D., Kelly, K. & Lindroth, R. L. Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization following deposition of insect frass and greenfall from forests under elevated CO 2 and O 3. Plant Soil 336, 75–85 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Tranvik, L., Olofsson, H. & Bertilsson, S. Photochemical effects on bacterial degradation of dissolved organic matter in lake water. in Microbial Biosystems: New Frontiers, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology 193–200 (Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology Halifax, Canada, 1999).50.Bowden, R. D. et al. Litter input controls on soil carbon in a temperate deciduous forest. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78, S66–S75 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Lovett, G. M., Hart, J. E., Christenson, L. M. & Jones, C. G. Caterpillar guts and ammonia volatilization: retention of nitrogen by gypsy moth larvae consuming oak foliage. Oecologia 117, 513–516 (1998).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Lovett, G. M., Arthur, M. A., Weathers, K. C. & Griffin, J. M. Long-term changes in forest carbon and nitrogen cycling caused by an introduced pest/pathogen complex. Ecosystems 13, 1188–1200 (2010).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Bergström, A. K. & Jansson, M. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has caused nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication of lakes in the northern hemisphere. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 635–643 (2006).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Cornwell, W. K. et al. Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol. Lett. 11, 1065–1071 (2008).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Giardina, C. P., Ryan, M. G., Hubbard, R. M. & Binkley, D. Tree species and soil textural controls on carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65, 1272–1279 (2001).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Ellsworth, D. S. et al. Photosynthesis, carboxylation and leaf nitrogen responses of 16 species to elevated pCO2 across four free-air CO2 enrichment experiments in forest, grassland and desert. Glob. Change Biol. 10, 2121–2138 (2004).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Huber, C., Baumgarten, M., Göttlein, A. & Rotter, V. Nitrogen turnover and nitrate leaching after bark beetle attack in mountainous spruce stands of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 4, 391–414 (2004).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Griffin, J. M., Turner, M. G. & Simard, M. Nitrogen cycling following mountain pine beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine forests of Greater Yellowstone. Ecol. Manag 261, 1077–1089 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Turner, J. & Long, J. N. Accumulation of organic matter in a series of Douglas-fir stands. Can. J. Res. 5, 681–690 (1975).Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Turner, J. Nutrient cycling in Douglas-fir with respect to age and nutrient status. Ann. Bot. 42, 159–170 (1981).Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Gosz, J. R., Likens, G. E. & Bormann, F. H. Nutrient content of litter fall on the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Ecology 53, 770–784 (1972).Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Bridges, J. R. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with bark beetles. Microb. Ecol. 7, 131–137 (1981).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Morehouse, K., Johns, T., Kaye, J. & Kaye, M. Carbon and nitrogen cycling immediately following bark beetle outbreaks in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Foresr Ecol. Manag. 255, 2698–2708 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
64.Guseva, S. et al. Multimodel simulation of vertical gas transfer in a temperate lake. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 24, 697–715 (2020).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
65.Watkins, E. M., Schindler, D. W., Turner, M. A. & Findlay, D. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on epilithic metabolism, and nutrient and community composition in a clear-water boreal lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58, 12 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
66.Hampton, S. E. et al. Ecology under lake ice. Ecol. Lett. 20, 98–111 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
67.Currie, D. J. & Kalff, J. A comparison of the abilities of freshwater algae and bacteria to acquire and retain phosphorus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 298–310 (1984).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
68.Rochelle-Newall, E. et al. Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration on terrestrial-aquatic carbon transfer and a downstream aquatic microbial community. Aquat. Sci. 80, 1–14 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
69.Larsen, S., Andersen, T. & Hessen, D. O. Climate change predicted to cause severe increase of organic carbon in lakes. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 1186–1192 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
70.Kritzberg, E. S. et al. Browning of freshwaters: consequences to ecosystem services, underlying drivers, and potential mitigation measures. Ambio 49, 375–390 (2020).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Boisvert-Marsh, L., Périé, C. & de Blois, S. Shifting with climate? Evidence for recent changes in tree species distribution at high latitudes. Ecosphere 5, 1–33 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
72.Turner, M. G. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 91, 2833–2849 (2010).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
73.Seidl, R. et al. Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 395–402 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
74.Pureswaran, D. S., Roques, A. & Battisti, A. Forest insects and climate change. Curr. Rep. 4, 35–50 (2018).
Google Scholar 
75.Karlsson, J. et al. Terrestrial organic matter support of lake food webs: evidence from lake metabolism and stable hydrogen isotopes of consumers. Limnol. Oceanogr. 57, 1042–1048 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
76.Conrad, O. et al. System for automated geoscientific analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4. Geosci. Model. Dev. 8, 1991–2007 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
77.Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF). Provincial Digital Elevation Model – Version 3.0. (2013).78.Wang, L. & Liu, H. An efficient method for identifying and filling surface depressions in digital elevation models for hydrologic analysis and modelling. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 20, 193–213 (2006).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
79.Candau, J.-N., Fleming, R. A. & Hopkin, A. Spatiotemporal patterns of large-scale defoliation caused by the spruce budworm in Ontario since 1941. Can. J. Res. 28, 1733–1741 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
80.Pebesma, E. Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. R. J. 10, 439–446 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
81.R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).82.Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry – Provincial Mapping Unit. Ontario Integrated Hydrology Data. (2011).83.Goswami, S., Gamon, J., Vargas, S. & Tweedie, C. Relationships of NDVI, Biomass, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) for six key plant species in Barrow, Alaska. https://peerj.com/preprints/913v1 (2015) https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.913v1.84.Robinson, N. P. et al. A dynamic landsat derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) product for the conterminous United States. Remote Sens. 9, 863 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
85.Eklundh, L., Jönsson, P. & Kuusk, A. Investigating modelled and observed Terra/MODIS 500-m reflectance data for viewing and illumination effects. Adv. Space Res. 39, 119–124 (2007).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
86.Eklundh, L., Johansson, T. & Solberg, S. Mapping insect defoliation in Scots pine with MODIS time-series data. Remote Sens. Environ. 113, 1566–1573 (2009).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
87.Olsson, P.-O., Heliasz, M., Jin, H. & Eklundh, L. Mapping the reduction in gross primary productivity in subarctic birch forests due to insect outbreaks. Biogeosciences (2017) https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1703-2017.88.Jönsson, P. & Eklundh, L. TIMESAT—a program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data. Comput. Geosci. 30, 833–845 (2004).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
89.GDAL/OGR contributors. GDAL/OGR Geospatial Data Abstraction software Library. (Open Source Geospatial Foundation, 2020).90.Etten, R. J. H. & J. van. raster: Geographic analysis and modeling with raster data. (2012).91.Turner, D. P., Cohen, W. B., Kennedy, R. E., Fassnacht, K. S. & Briggs, J. M. Relationships between leaf area index and landsat TM spectral vegetation indices across three temperate zone sites. Remote Sens. Environ. 70, 52–68 (1999).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
92.Elzhov, T. V., Mullen, K. M., Spiess, A.-N. & Bolker, B. minpack.lm: R Interface to the Levenberg-Marquardt Nonlinear Least-Squares Algorithm Found in MINPACK, Plus Support for Bounds. (2016).93.Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Dataset: Ontario Land Cover Compilation v.2.0. Ont. GeoHub (2020).94.Ontario Ministry of Environment. Handbook of Analytical Methods for Environmental Samples – Volumes 1 and 2. (1983).95.Dillon, P. J. & Molot, L. A. Long-term trends in catchment export and lake retention of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, total iron, and total phosphorus: The Dorset, Ontario, study, 1978–1998. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 110, (2005).96.Skjelkvåle, B. & others. ICP Waters Programme Manual 2010 (ICP Waters Report 105/2010). (2010).97.Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., & R Core Team. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. (2020).98.Lenth, R. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. (2020). More

Experimental set-upThe experiment was performed in the MOBICOS mesocosm facility, a container-based laboratory platform34 located by the river Holtemme in Wernigerode, central Germany (51° 49′ 00.7″ N, 10° 43′ 29.26″ E). See Weitere et al.35 for detailed water quality data at this station. Each experimental unit consisted of a rectangular flume (62 cm long, 14 cm high and 8 cm wide) constantly supplied with water from the river Holtemme, with a flow rate of 1000 L h−1 per flume. The water was filtered by a self-cleaning filter with a mesh size of 50 µm in order to remove larger particles without removing most unicellular organisms. The water level in each flume was 7.5 cm. At the bottom of each flume was a tray containing 30 white ceramic tiles (2.3 × 2.3 cm), disposed in three rows of ten tiles each, and a smaller tray containing nine additional tiles, disposed in three rows of three tiles each. The tiles served as substrates for periphyton growth. Vertical nets were placed at both ends of each flume to prevent grazers from leaving the experimental facility.The study consisted of a fully factorial experiment, in which two levels of phosphorus supply (high, P+, versus low, P−) were crossed with two levels of light intensity above the flumes (high, L+, versus low, L−) and with grazer presence (G+) and absence (G−), for a total of eight treatments: P+L+G+, P+L+G−, P+L−G+, P+L−G−, P−L+G+, P−L+G−, P−L−G+, and P−L−G−. In the P− treatments, the water flowing in the flumes was kept at ambient P concentration, which was below detection limit ( More

1.Norris, K. S. & Dohl, T. P. The Structure and Functions of Cetacean Schools (1979).2.Frantzis, A. & Herzing, D. L. Mixed-species associations of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) in the Gulf of Corinth (Greece, Mediterranean Sea).” Aquatic Mammals 28.2 (2002): 188–197.3.Crossman, C., Barrett-Lennard, L. & Taylor, E. Population structure and intergeneric hybridization in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in British Columbia, Canada. Endang. Species. Res. 26, 1–12 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Espada, R., Olaya-Ponzone, L., Haasova, L., Martín, E. & García-Gómez, J. C. Hybridization in the wild between Tursiops truncatus (Montagu 1821) and Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus 1758). PLoS ONE 14, e0215020 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Herzing, D. L., Moewe, K. & Brunnick, B. J. Interspecies interactions between Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, on Great Bahama Bank Bahamas. Aquat. Mamm. 29, 335–341 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Herzing, D. L. Vocalizations and associated underwater behavior of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Aquat. Mamm. 22, 61–80 (1996).
Google Scholar 
7.Herzing, D. L. & Johnson, C. M. Interspecific interactions between Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Bahamas 1985–1995. Aquat. Mamm. 23, 85–99 (1997).
Google Scholar 
8.Orr, J. R. & Harwood, L. A. Possible aggressive behavior between a narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14, 182–185 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Puig-Lozano, R. et al. Retrospective study of traumatic intra-interspecific interactions in stranded cetaceans, Canary Islands. Front. Vet. Sci. 7, 107 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Shane, S. Relationship between pilot whales and Risso’s dolphins at Santa Catalina Island, California, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 123, 5–11 (1995).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Haelters, J. & Everaarts, E. Two cases of physical interaction between white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and juvenile harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the southern North Sea. Aquat. Mamm. 37, 198 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Jepson, P. D. & Baker, J. R. Bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) as a possible cause of acute traumatic injuries in porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Vet. Rec. 143, 614–615 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Patterson, I. A. P., Reid, R. J., Wilson, B., Grellier, K. & Ross, H. M. Evidence for infanticide in bottlenose dolphins: An explanation for violent interactions with harbour porpoises?. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 265, 1167–1170 (1998).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Ross, H. M. & Wilson, B. Violent interactions between bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 263, 283–286 (1996).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Wilson, B., Reid, R. J., Grellier, K., Thompson, P. M. & Hammond, P. S. Considering the temporal when managing the spatial: A population range expansion impacts protected areas-based management for bottlenose dolphins. Anim. Conserv. 7, 331–338 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Alonso, J. M., López, A., González, A. F. & Santos, M. B. Evidence of violent interactions between bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and other cetacean species in NW Spain. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of The European Cetacean Society (2000).17.López, A. & Rodriguez, A. Agresion de arroas (Tursiops truncatus) a toniña (Phocoena phocoena). Eubalaena 6, 23–27 (1995).
Google Scholar 
18.Methion, S. & Díaz López, B. Spatial segregation and interspecific killing of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Acta Ethol. 24, 95–106 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Parsons, K. M., Durban, J. W. & Claridge, D. E. Male-male aggression renders bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) unconscious. Aquat. Mamm. 29, 360–362 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Robinson, K. P. Agonistic intraspecific behavior in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins: Calf-directed aggression and infanticidal tendencies by adult males. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 30, 381–388 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Scott, E. M., Mann, J., Watson-Capps, J. J., Sargeant, B. L., & Connor, R. C. Aggression in bottlenose
dolphins: evidence for sexual coercion, male-male competition, and female tolerance through analysis of tooth-rake
marks and behaviour. Behaviour 21–44 (2005).22.Díaz López, B., López, A., Methion, S. & Covelo, P. Infanticide attacks and associated epimeletic behaviour in free-ranging common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 98, 1159–1167 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Cotter, M. P., Maldini, D. & Jefferson, T. A. “Porpicide” in California: Killing of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) by coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 28, E1–E15 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Forney, K. A. Environmental models of cetacean abundance: Reducing uncertainty in population trends. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1271–1286 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Gowans, S., Würsig, B. & Karczmarski, L. The social structure and strategies of delphinids: predictions based on an ecological framework. In Advances in Marine Biology Vol. 53, 195–294 (Elsevier, 2007).26.Miller, E. H. Territorial behavior. In Encyclopedia of marine mammals 1156–1166 (Academic Press, 2009).27.Díaz López, B. Bottlenose dolphins and aquaculture: Interaction and site fidelity on the north-eastern coast of Sardinia (Italy). Mar. Biol. 159, 2161–2172 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Bearzi, G., Piwetz, S. & Reeves, R. R. Odontocete adaptations to human impact and vice versa. In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Odontocetes (ed. Würsig, B.) 211–235 (Springer International Publishing, 2019) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16663-2_10.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
29.Bonizzoni, S. et al. Fish farming and its appeal to common bottlenose dolphins: Modelling habitat use in a Mediterranean embayment: Fish farming appeal to bottlenose dolphins. Aquatic Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24, 696–711 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Díaz López, B. Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) predation on a marine fin fish farm: Some underwater observations. Aquat. Mamm. 32, 305–310 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Díaz López, B., Marini, L. & Polo, F. The impact of a fish farm on a bottlenose dolphin population in the Mediterranean Sea. Thalassas 21, 65–70 (2005).
Google Scholar 
32.Piroddi, C., Bearzi, G. & Christensen, V. Marine open cage aquaculture in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: A new trophic resource for bottlenose dolphins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 440, 255–266 (2011).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Díaz López, B. The bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus foraging around a fish farm: Effects of prey abundance on dolphins’ behavior. Curr. Zool. 55, 243–248 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Castellote, M., Brotons, J. M., Chicote, C., Gazo, M. & Cerdà, M. Long-term acoustic monitoring of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in marine protected areas in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Coast. Manag. 113, 54–66 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Aznar, F. et al. Long-term changes (1990–2012) in the diet of striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba from the western Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 568, 231–247 (2017).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Calzada, N., Aguilar, A., Grau, E. & Lockyer, C. Patterns of growth and physical maturity in the western Mediterranean striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba (Cetacea: Odontoceti). Can. J. Zool. 75, 632–637 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
37.Meissner, A. M., MacLeod, C. D., Richard, P., Ridoux, V. & Pierce, G. Feeding ecology of striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, in the north-western Mediterranean Sea based on stable isotope analyses. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 92, 1677–1687 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Chen, I., Watson, A. & Chou, L.-S. Insights from life history traits of Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) in Taiwanese waters: Shorter body length characterizes northwest Pacific population. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 27, E43–E64 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Barnett, J. et al. Postmortem evidence of interactions of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) with other dolphin species in south-west England. Vet. Rec. 165, 441–444 (2009).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
40.Townsend, F. I. & Staggs, L. Atlas of Skin Diseases of Small Cetaceans (Todd Speakman, 2020).
Google Scholar 
41.Jefferson, T. A., Stacey, P. J. & Baird, R. W. A review of Killer Whale interactions with other marine mammals: Predation to co-existence. Mamm. Rev. 21, 151–180 (1991).Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Weller, D. W. et al. Observations of an interaction between sperm whales and short-finned pilot whales in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 12, 588–594 (1996).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Baird, R. W. An interaction between Pacific white-sided dolphins and a neonatal harbor porpoise. Mammalia 62, 129–133 (1998).
Google Scholar 
44.Wedekin, L. L., Daura-Jorge, F. G. & Simoes-Lopes, P. C. An aggressive interaction between bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in southern Brazil. Aquat. Mamm. 30, 391–397 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Campbell-Malone, R. et al. Gross and histologic evidence of sharp and blunt trauma in north Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) killed by vessels. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 39, 37–55 (2008).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Moore, M. et al. Criteria and case definitions for serious injury and death of pinnipeds and cetaceans caused by anthropogenic trauma. Dis. Aquat. Org. 103, 229–264 (2013).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Read, A. & Murray, K. Gross Evidence of Human-Induced Mortality in Small Cetaceans (2000).48.Gozalbes, P. et al. Cetáceos y tortugas marinas en la Comunitat Valenciana. 20 años de seguimiento (2010).49.Gómez de Segura, A., Hammond, P. S. & Raga, J. A. Influence of environmental factors on small cetacean distribution in the Spanish Mediterranean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 88, 1185–1192 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Cañadas, A., Sagarminaga, R., De Stephanis, R., Urquiola, E. & Hammond, P. S. Habitat preference modelling as a conservation tool: Proposals for marine protected areas for cetaceans in southern Spanish waters. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 15, 495–521 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Gannier, A. Diel variations of the striped dolphin distribution off the French Riviera (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Aquat. Mamm. 25, 123–134 (1999).
Google Scholar 
52.Blanco, C., Aznar, J. & Raga, J. A. Cephalopods in the diet of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba from the western Mediterranean during an epizootic in 1990. J. Zool. 237, 151–158 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Archer II, F. I. Striped dolphin: Stenella coeruleoalba. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 1127–1129 (Academic Press, 2009).54.Fraija-Fernández, N. et al. Long term boat-based surveys in the Central Spanish Mediterranean (2003–2013): Cetacean diversity and distribution. In Proceeding of the 29th Conference of the European Cetacean Society (2015).55.Blanco, C., Salomón, O. & Raga, J. A. Diet of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the western Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 81, 1053–1058 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Praca, E. & Gannier, A. Ecological niches of three teuthophageous odontocetes in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Sci. 4, 49–59 (2008).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Bearzi, G., Fortuna, C. M. & Reeves, R. R. Ecology and conservation of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the Mediterranean Sea. Mamm. Rev. 39, 92–123 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Epperly, S. P. et al. Beach strandings as an indicator of at-sea mortality of sea turtles. Bull. Mar. Sci. 59(2), 289–297 (1996).
Google Scholar 
59.Peltier, H. et al. The significance of stranding data as indicators of cetacean populations at sea: Modelling the drift of cetacean carcasses. Ecol. Ind. 18, 278–290 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Martínez-Cedeira, J. A. et al. How many strand? Offshore marking and coastal recapture of cetacean carcasses. In Abstract Book—25th Conference of the European Cetacean Society 332 (2011).61.Gulland, F. M., Dierauf, L. A. & Whitman, K. L. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal medicine (CRC Press, 2018).
Google Scholar 
62.Isidoro-Ayza, M. et al. Brucella ceti infection in dolphins from the Western Mediterranean sea. BMC Vet. Res. 10, 206 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Rubio-Guerri, C. et al. Unusual striped dolphin mass mortality episode related to cetacean morbillivirus in the Spanish Mediterranean sea. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 106 (2013).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
64.Kuiken, T. & Hartmann, M. G. Proceedings of the First ECS Workshop on Cetacean Pathology: Dissection Techniques and Tissue Sampling. Vol. 17 (1991).65.Geraci, J. R. & Lounsbury, V. J. Marine Mammals Ashore: A Field guide for Strandings (National Aquarium in Baltimore, 2005).
Google Scholar 
66.Pugliares, K. R. et al. Marine Mammal Necropsy: An Introductory Guide for Stranding Responders and Field Biologists (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2007) https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/1823.Book 

Google Scholar 
67.Long, D. J. & Jones, R. E. White shark predation and scavenging on cetaceans in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. In Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias 293–307 (1996).68.Rubio-Guerri, C. et al. Simultaneous diagnosis of Cetacean morbillivirus infection in dolphins stranded in the Spanish Mediterranean sea in 2011 using a novel Universal Probe Library (UPL) RT-PCR assay. Vet. Microbiol. 165, 109–114 (2013).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
69.Van Devanter, D. R. et al. Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 1666–1671 (1996).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
70.Alton, G. G., Jones, L. M., Angus, R. D. & Verger, J. M. Techniques for the Brucellosis Laboratory (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 1988).
Google Scholar  More

1.Schäferna, K. Amphipoda balcanica, spolu s poznámkami o jiných sladkovodních Amphipodech. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Boheme Prague 12, 1–111 (1922).
Google Scholar 
2.Martynov, A. B. Zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden der Krim. Zool. Jahrb. 60, 573–606 (1931).
Google Scholar 
3.Karaman, S. L. Beitrag zur Kenntni s der Susswasseramphiopden. Bull. Soc. Scien Skoplje IX, 93–107 (1931).
Google Scholar 
4.Schellenberg, A. Schlussel und Diagnosen der dem Susswasser-Gammarus nahestehenden Einheiten ausschlisslich der Arten des Baikalsees und Australiens. Zool. Anz. 117, 267–280 (1937).
Google Scholar 
5.Barnard, J. L. & Karaman, S. G. Classificatory revisions in gammaridean amphipoda (Crustacea), Part 2. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 95, 167–187 (1982).
Google Scholar 
6.Karaman, G. & Pinkster, S. Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (CrustaceaAmphipoda): Part I: Gammarus pulex-group and related species. Bijdr Dierkd 47, 1–97 (1977).Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Karaman, G. & Pinkster, S. Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea Amphipoda): Part II: Gammarus roeseli-group and related species. Bijdr Dierkd 47, 165–196 (1977).Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Karaman, G. & Pinkster, S. Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea-Amphipoda): Part III: Gammarus balcanicus-group and related species. Bijdr Dierkd 57, 207–260 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Jażdżewski, K. Remarks on Gammarus lacustris G.O. Sars, 1863, with description of Gammarus varsoviensis n. sp. Bijdr Dierkd 45, 71–86 (1975).Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Jażdżewski, K. & Konopacka, A. Gammarus leopoliensis nov. sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Eastern Carpathians. Bull. Zoölogisch Museum 11, 185–196 (1989).
Google Scholar 
11.Karaman, G. S. New species of the family Gammaridae from Ohrid Lake basin, Gammarus sketi, n. sp., with emphasis on the subterranean members of genus Gammarus Fabr. (Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda 191). Glasnik Odjeljenja prirodnih nauka, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti 7, 53–71 (1989).
Google Scholar 
12.Iannilli, V. & Ruffo, S. Apennine and Sardinian species of Gammarus, with the description of Gammarus elvirae n. sp. (Crustacea Amphipoda, Gammaridae). Boll. Acc. Gioenia Sci. Nat 35, 519–532 (2002).
Google Scholar 
13.Alther, R., Fišer, C. & Altermatt, F. Description of a widely distributed but overlooked amphipod species in the European Alps. Zool. J. Linn Soc.-Lond. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12477 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Grabowski, M., Wysocka, A. & Mamos, T. Molecular species delimitation methods provide new insight into taxonomy of the endemic gammarid species flock from the ancient Lake Ohrid. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.-Lond. 20, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw025 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Hupalo, K., Mamos, T., Wrzesinska, W. & Grabowski, M. First endemic freshwater Gammarus from Crete and its evolutionary history-an integrative taxonomy approach. PeerJ 6, e4457. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4457 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
16.Rudolph, K., Coleman, C. O., Mamos, T. & Grabowski, M. Description and post-glacial demography of Gammarus jazdzewskii sp. Nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Central Europe. Syst. Biodivers. 16, 587–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2018.1470118 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Hou, Z., Sket, B. & Li, S. Phylogenetic analyses of Gammaridae crustacean reveal different diversification patterns among sister lineages in the Tethyan region. Cladistics https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12055 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
18.Hou, Z. & Sket, B. A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): The family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.-Lond. 176, 323–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12318 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Sket, B. & Hou, Z. Family Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda), mainly its Echinogammarus clade in SW Europe. Further elucidation of its phylogeny and taxonomy. ABS 61 (2018).20.Mamos, T., Wattier, R., Burzyński, A. & Grabowski, M. The legacy of a vanished sea: A high level of diversification within a European freshwater amphipod species complex driven by 15 My of Paratethys regression. Mol. Ecol. 25, 795–810. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13499 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
21.Mamos, T., Wattier, R., Majda, A., Sket, B. & Grabowski, M. Morphological vs. molecular delineation of taxa across montane regions in Europe: The case study of Gammarus balcanicus Schäferna, 1922 (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res. 52, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12062 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Grabowski, M., Mamos, T., Bącela-Spychalska, K., Rewicz, T. & Wattier, R. A. Neogene paleogeography provides context for understanding the origin and spatial distribution of cryptic diversity in a widespread Balkan freshwater amphipod. PeerJ 5, e3016. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3016 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
23.Copilaş-Ciocianu, D., Zimţa, A.-A., Grabowski, M. & Petrusek, A. Survival in northern microrefugia in an endemic Carpathian gammarid (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zool. Scr. 47, 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12285 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Copilaş-Ciocianu, D. & Petrusek, A. Phylogeography of a freshwater crustacean species complex reflects a long-gone archipelago. J. Biogeogr. 44, 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12853 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Wattier, R. et al. Continental-scale patterns of hyper-cryptic diversity within the freshwater model taxon Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Sci. Rep. 10, 16536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73739-0 (2020).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
26.Meier, R. & Wheeler, Q. D. in The New Taxonomy (ed Q. D. Wheeler) 256 (CRC Press, 2008).27.Coleman, C. O. Taxonomy in times of the taxonomic impediment: Examples from the community of experts on amphipod crustaceans. J. Crustacean Biol. 35, 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240x-00002381 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
28.Puillandre, N., Brouillet, S. & Achaz, G. ASAP: Assemble species by automatic partitioning. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 21, 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13281 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
29.Kondracki, J. Karpaty. (WSiP, 1989).30.Mráz, P. & Ronikier, M. Biogeography of the Carpathians: Evolutionary and spatial facets of biodiversity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 119, 528–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12918 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Balint, M. et al. Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas 189–205 (Springer, 2011).Book 

Google Scholar 
32.Schmitt, T. & Varga, Z. Extra-Mediterranean refugia: The rule and not the exception?. Front Zool. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-9-22 (2012).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Ronikier, M. Biogeography of high-mountain plants in the Carpathians: An emerging phylogeographical perspective. Taxon 60, 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.602008 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Hájková, P. et al. Using multi-proxy palaeoecology to test a relict status of refugial populations of calcareous-fen species in the Western Carpathians. The Holocene 25, 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614566251 (2015).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Malicky, H. Chorological patterns and biome types of European Trichoptera and other freshwater insects. Arch. Hydrobiol. 96, 223–244 (1983).
Google Scholar 
36.Malicky, H. Arealdynamik und Biomgrundtypen am Beispiel der Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera). Entom Basi 22, 235–259 (2000).
Google Scholar 
37.Keresztes, L., Kolcsár, L.-P., Török, E. & Dénes, A.-L. in The Carpathians as speciation centres and barriers: From case studies to general patterns (eds L Keresztes & B. Markó) 168 (Cluj University Press, 2011).38.Bozáová, J., Čiamporová Zat’ovičová, Z., Čiampor, F., Mamos, T. & Grabowski, M. The tale of springs and streams: How different aquatic ecosystems impacted the mtDNA population structure of two riffle beetles in the Western Carpathians. PeerJ 8, e10039. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10039 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
39.Copilas-Ciocianu, D., Rutová, T., Pařil, P. & Petrusek, A. Epigean gammarids survived millions of years of severe climatic fluctuations in high latitude refugia throughout the Western Carpathians. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 112, 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.027 (2017).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
40.Grabowski, M. & Mamos, T. Contact Zones, Range Boundaries, and Vertical Distribution of Three Epigean Gammarids (Amphipoda) in the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains (Poland). Crustaceana 84, 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1163/001121611×554328 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Jażdżewski, K. Morfologia, taksonomia i występowanie w Polsce kiełży z rodzajów Gammarus Fabr. i Chaetogammarus Mart. (Crustacea, Amphipoda). 185 (Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, 1975).42.Jażdżewski, K. & Konopacka, A. Notes on the Gammaridean Amphipoda of the Dniester River Basin and Eastern Carpathians. Crustaceana. Supplement, 72–89 (1988).43.Zieliński, D. Life History of Gammarus balcanicus Schäferna, 1922 from the Bieszczady Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Poland). Crustaceana 68(1), 61–72 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
44.Zieliński, D. Life Cycle and Altitude Range of Gammarus leopoliensis Jażdżewski & Konopacka, 1989 (Amphipoda) in South-Eastern Poland. Crustaceana 71 (1998).45.Konopacka A., Jażdżewski K., Jędryczkowski W. In Monografie Bieszczadzkie, vol. VII (ed. Pawłowski, J.) (2000).46.Straškraba, M. Předběžná zpráva o rozšíření rodu Gammarus v ČSR. Věstník Československé Společnosti Zoologické 17, 212–227 (1953).
Google Scholar 
47.Straškraba, M. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amphipodenfauna Karpatenrusslands (USSR). Věstník Československé Společnosti Zoologické 21, 256–272 (1957).
Google Scholar 
48.Micherdziński, W. Kiełże rodzaju Gammarus Fabricius (Amphipoda) w wodach Polski. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 4, 527–637 (1959).
Google Scholar 
49.Straškraba, M. Amphipoden der Tschechoslovakei nach den Sammlungen von. Prof. Hrabě. I. Věstník Československé Společnosti Zoologické 26, 117–145 (1962).50.Provan, J. & Bennett, K. D. Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 564–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.010 (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
51.Tzedakis, P. C., Emerson, B. C. & Hewitt, G. M. Cryptic or mystic? Glacial tree refugia in northern Europe. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.001 (2013).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
52.Harl, J., Duda, M., Kruckenhauser, L., Sattmann, H. & Haring, E. In Search of Glacial Refuges of the Land Snail Orcula dolium (Pulmonata, Orculidae): An Integrative Approach Using DNA Sequence and Fossil Data. PLoS ONE 9, e96012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096012 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
53.Juřičková, L., Horáčková, J. & Ložek, V. Direct evidence of central European forest refugia during the last glacial period based on mollusc fossils. Quaternary Res. 82, 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.01.015 (2014).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Väinölä, R. et al. Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9020-6 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Zasadni, J. & Kłapyta, P. The tatra mountains during the last glacial maximum. J. Maps 10, 440–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.885854 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Sworobowicz, L., Mamos, T., Grabowski, M. & Wysocka, A. Lasting through the ice age: The role of the proglacial refugia in the maintenance of genetic diversity, population growth, and high dispersal rate in a widespread freshwater crustacean. Freshwater Biol. 65, 1028–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13487 (2020).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P. Bold: The barcode of life data system. Mol. Ecol. Not. 7, 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Weigand, H. et al. DNA barcode reference libraries for the monitoring of aquatic biota in Europe: Gap-analysis and recommendations for future work. STOTEN 678, 499–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.247 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Katouzian, A.-R. et al. Drastic underestimation of amphipod biodiversity in the endangered Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus biodiversity hotspots. Sci. Rep. 6, 22507. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22507 (2016).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
60.Bickford, D. et al. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.004 (2007).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
61.Delić, T., Trontelj, P., Rendoš, M. & Fišer, C. The importance of naming cryptic species and the conservation of endemic subterranean amphipods. Sci. Rep. 7, 3391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02938-z (2017).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
62.Maddison, W. P. Gene trees in species trees. Syst. Biol. 46, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.2307/2413694 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Nosil, P. Speciation with gene flow could be common. Mol. Ecol. 17, 2103–2106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03715.x (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
64.Berner, D. & Salzburger, W. The genomics of organismal diversification illuminated by adaptive radiations. Trends Genet. 31, 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2015.07.002 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
65.Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. .Biol 215, 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 (1990).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
66.Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010 (2013).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
67.Xia, X. DAMBE5: A comprehensive software package for data analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 1720–1728. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst064 (2013).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
68.Xia, X., Xie, Z., Salemi, M., Chen, L. & Wang, Y. An index of substitution saturation and its application. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00326-3 (2003).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
69.Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
70.Saitou, N. & Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454 (1987).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
71.Kimura, M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01731581 (1980).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
72.Felsenstein, J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evol. Int. J. Org. Evol. 39, 783–791 (1985).Article 

Google Scholar 
73.Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P. D. A DNA-based registry for all animal species: The barcode index number (BIN) system. PLoS ONE 8, e66213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066213 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
74.Puillandre, N., Lambert, A., Brouillet, S. & Achaz, G. ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery for primary species delimitation. Mol. Ecol. 21, 1864–1877. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05239.x (2012).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
75.Bouckaert, R. et al. BEAST 2.5: An advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. Plos Comput. Biol. 15, e1006650. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006650 (2019).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
76.Bouckaert, R. R. & Drummond, A. J. bModelTest: Bayesian phylogenetic site model averaging and model comparison. BMC Evol. Biol. 17, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0890-6 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
77.Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M. A. Posterior summarization in bayesian phylogenetics using tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67, 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032 (2018).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
78.Pons, J. et al. Sequence-based species delimitation for the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects. Syst. Biol. 55, 595–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600852011 (2006).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
79.Ezard, T., Fujisawa, T. & Barraclough, T. G. SPLITS: SPecies’ LImits by Threshold Statistics. R package version 1.0–18/r45 Available from: http://R-Forge.R-project.org/projects/splits/ (2009).80.Team, R. C. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, https://www.R-project.org/ (2020).81.Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P. & Stamatakis, A. A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics 29, 2869–2876. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt499 (2013).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
82.Kapli, P. et al. Multi-rate Poisson tree processes for single-locus species delimitation under maximum likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo. Bioinformatics 33, 1630–1638. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx025 (2017).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
83.Jones, G. Algorithmic improvements to species delimitation and phylogeny estimation under the multispecies coalescent. J. Math. Biol. 74, 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-016-1034-0 (2017).MathSciNet 
Article 
PubMed 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
84.Jones, G., Aydin, Z. & Oxelman, B. DISSECT: An assignment-free Bayesian discovery method for species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent. Bioinformatics 31, 991–998. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu770 (2015).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
85.Rabosky, D. L. Automatic detection of key innovations, rate shifts, and diversity-dependence on phylogenetic trees. PLoS ONE 9, e89543. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089543 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
86.Rabosky, D. L. et al. BAMMtools: An R package for the analysis of evolutionary dynamics on phylogenetic trees. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 701–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12199 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
87.Rozas, J. et al. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34, 3299–3302. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx248 (2017).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
88.Heled, J. & Drummond, A. Bayesian inference of population size history from multiple loci. BMC Evol. Biol. 8, 289 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
89.Leigh, J. W. & Bryant, D. POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
90.Flot, J. F., Couloux, A. & Tillier, S. Haplowebs as a graphical tool for delimiting species: A revival of Doyle’s “field for recombination” approach and its application to the coral genus Pocillopora in Clipperton. BMC Evol. Biol. 10, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-372 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
91.Stephens, M., Smith, N. J. & Donnelly, P. A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68, 978–989. https://doi.org/10.1086/319501 (2001).CAS 
Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
92.Spöri, Y. & Flot, J.-F. HaplowebMaker and CoMa: Two web tools to delimit species using haplowebs and conspecificity matrices. Methods Ecol. Evol. 11, 1434–1438. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13454 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Lal, R. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science (80-). 304, 1623–1627 (2004).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Janzen, H. H. Carbon cycling in earth systems—A soil science perspective. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104, 399–417 (2004).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Leinweber, P., Jandl, G., Baum, C., Eckhardt, K. U. & Kandeler, E. Stability and composition of soil organic matter control respiration and soil enzyme activities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40, 1496–1505 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
4.Kosugi, Y. et al. Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 147, 35–47 (2007).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Epron, D. Separating autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration: Lessons learned from trenching and related root-exclusion experiments. Soil Carbon Dyn. Integr. Methodol. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511711794.009 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
6.Musselman, R. C. & Fox, D. G. A review of the role of temperate forests in the global CO2 balance. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 41, 798–807 (1991).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Lal, R. Carbon sequestration. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363, 815–830 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Lal, R. Forest soils and carbon sequestration. For. Ecol. Manag. 220, 242–258 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
9.Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G. & Zech, W. Sorption of DOM and DOM fractions to forest soils. Geoderma 74, 281–303 (1996).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
10.Hassink, J. A model of the physical protection of organic matter in soils the capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant Soil 191, 77–87 (1997).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Saidy, A. R. et al. Effects of clay mineralogy and hydrous iron oxides on labile organic carbon stabilisation. Geoderma 173–174, 104–110 (2012).ADS 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
12.Mueller, K. E. et al. Tree species effects on coupled cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and acidity in mineral soils at a common garden experiment. Biogeochemistry 111, 601–614 (2012).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Mulder, J., De Wit, H. A., Boonen, H. W. J. & Bakken, L. R. Increased levels of aluminium in forest soils: Effects on the stores of soil organic carbon. Water Air. Soil Pollut. 130, 989–994 (2001).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Gruba, P. & Socha, J. Exploring the effects of dominant forest tree species, soil texture, altitude, and pHH2O on soil carbon stocks using generalized additive models. For. Ecol. Manag. 447, 105–114 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Chrzan, A. Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w glebie i faunie glebowej. Proc. ECOpole. 7, 23–26 (2013).
Google Scholar 
16.Ampoorter, E., Van Nevel, L., De Vos, B., Hermy, M. & Verheyen, K. Assessing the effects of initial soil characteristics, machine mass and traffic intensity on forest soil compaction. For. Ecol. Manag. 260, 1664–1676 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Meriano, M., Eyles, N. & Howard, K. W. F. Hydrogeological impacts of road salt from Canada’s busiest highway on a Lake Ontario watershed (Frenchman’s Bay) and lagoon, City of Pickering. J. Contam. Hydrol. 107, 66–81 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
18.Barbier, L., Suaire, R., Durickovic, I., Laurent, J. & Simonnot, M. O. Is a road stormwater retention pond able to intercept deicing salt?. Water Air. Soil Pollut. 229, 1–12 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Willmert, H. M., Osso, J. D., Twiss, M. R. & Langen, T. A. Winter road management effects on roadside soil and vegetation along a mountain pass in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. J. Environ. Manag. 225, 215–223 (2018).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. Detailed technical specifications. Winter maintenance of the road network administered by the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways, Lublin Branch in the years: 2012÷2016 (in Polish). (2012).21.Durickovic, I. NaCl material for winter maintenance and its environmental effect. Salt Earth https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86907 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
22.General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. We’ll recap the winter of 2019/2020 and explain what road maintenance is all about (in Polish). (2020). https://www.archiwum.gddkia.gov.pl/pl/a/37500/Podsumujemy-zime-20192020-i-wyjasnimy-o-co-chodzi-w-utrzymaniu-drog. Accessed on October 20, 2021.23.General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. Ready for all weather. The 2020/2021 winter season has begun (in Polish). (2020). https://www.archiwum.gddkia.gov.pl/pl/a/40259/Gotowi-na-kazda-pogode-Zaczal-sie-sezon-zimowy-20202021. Accessed on October 20, 2021.24.General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. Average annual daily traffic (AADT) at measuring points in 2015 on state roads (in Polish). (2015). https://www.archiwum.gddkia.gov.pl/pl/2551/GPR-2015. Accessed on October 20, 2021.25.QGIS Association. QGIS Geographic Information System. (2021). http://www.qgis.org Accessed on October 20, 2021.26.Woś, A. The Climate of Poland (in Polish) (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1999).
Google Scholar 
27.Polish State Forests. Nature and forest conditions of Suchedniów Forest Inspectorate (in Polish). A report. (2011). https://suchedniow.radom.lasy.gov.pl/documents/11058/18775352/warunki+przyrodniczo-lesne.pdf Accessed on October 20, 2021.28.Hopkins, D. W. Carbon mineralization. In Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (eds. Carter, M. R. & Gregorich, E. G.) (CRC Press, 2008).29.Buurman, P., van Lagen, B. & Velthorst, E. J. Manual for Soil and Water Analysis (Backhuys Publishers, 1996).
Google Scholar 
30.R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ Accessed on October 20, 2021..31.Navrátil, T. et al. Soil mercury distribution in adjacent coniferous and deciduous stands highly impacted by acid rain in the Ore Mountains, Czech Republic. Appl. Geochem. 75, 63–75 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
32.Gruba, P., Pietrzykowski, M. & Pasichnyk, D. Tree species affects the concentration of total mercury (Hg) in forest soils: Evidence from a forest soil inventory in Poland. Sci. Total Environ. 647, 141–148 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Obrist, D. et al. Mercury distribution across 14 U.S. Forests. Part I: Spatial patterns of concentrations in biomass, litter, and soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 3974–3981 (2011).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
34.Kupka, D., Kania, M., Pietrzykowski, M., Łukasik, A. & Gruba, P. Multiple factors influence the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) in forest soils in the vicinity of roadways. Water Air Soil Pollut. 232, 1–13 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
35.Borchers, J. G. & Perry, A. D. The influence of soil texture and aggregation on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in southwest Oregon forests and clearcuts. Can. J. For. Res. 22, 298–305 (1992).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
36.Chantigny, M. H., Angers, D. A., Kaiser, K. & Kalbitz, K. Extraction and characterization of dissolved organic matter. In Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (eds. Carter, M. & Gregorich, E. G.) (CRC Press, 2008).37.Zehetner, F., Rosenfellner, U., Mentler, A. & Gerzabek, M. H. Distribution of road salt residues, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across a highway-forest interface. Water Air Soil Pollut. 198, 125–132 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Grigalaviciene, I., Rutkoviene, V. & Marozas, V. The accumulation of heavy metals Pb, Cu and Cd at roadside forest soil. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 14, 109–115 (2005).CAS 

Google Scholar 
39.Bäckström, M., Bäckman, L., Folkeson, L., Karlsson, S. & Lind, B. Mobilisation of heavy metals by deicing salts in a roadside environment. Water Res. 38, 720–732 (2004).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
40.Singh, D. V., Bhat, J. I. A., Bhat, R. A., Dervash, M. A. & Ganei, S. A. Vehicular stress a cause for heavy metal accumulation and change in physico-chemical characteristics of road side soils in Pahalgam. Environ. Monit. Assess. 190, 1–10 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
41.Doelman, P. & Haanstra, L. Short-term and long-term effects of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc on soil microbial respiration in relation to abiotic soil factors. Plant Soil 79, 317–327 (1984).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
42.Hattori, H. Influence of heavy metals on soil mcrobial activities. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 38, 93–100 (1992).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
43.Gülser, F. & Erdoǧan, E. The effects of heavy metal pollution on enzyme activities and basal soil respiration of roadside soils. Environ. Monit. Assess. 145, 127–133 (2008).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Lofgren, S. The chemical effects of deicing salt on soil and stream water of five catchments in southeast Sweden. Water Air Soil Pollut. 130, 863–868 (2001).ADS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
45.Mason, C. F., Norton, S. A., Fernandez, I. J. & Katz, L. E. Deconstruction of the chemical effects of road salt on stream water chemistry. J. Environ. Qual. 28, 82–91 (1999).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Robinson, H. K., Hasenmueller, E. A. & Chambers, L. G. Soil as a reservoir for road salt retention leading to its gradual release to groundwater. Appl. Geochem. 83, 72–85 (2017).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Rhodes, A. L. & Guswa, A. J. Storage and release of road-salt contamination from a calcareous lake-basin fen, western Massachusetts, USA. Sci. Total Environ. 545–546, 525–545 (2016).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
48.Cunningham, M. A., Snyder, E., Yonkin, D., Ross, M. & Elsen, T. Accumulation of deicing salts in soils in an urban environment. Urban Ecosyst. 11, 17–31 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
49.Berggren, D., Mulder, J. & Westerhof, R. Prolonged leaching of mineral forest soils with dilute HCl solutions: The solubility of Al and soil organic matter. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49, 305–316 (1998).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
50.Prenzel, J. & Schulte-Bisping, H. Some chemical parameter relations in a population of German forest soils. Geoderma 64, 309–326 (1995).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Reuss, J. O., Walthall, P. M., Roswall, E. C. & Hopper, R. W. E. Aluminum solubility, calcium-aluminum exchange, and pH in acid forest soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 374–380 (1990).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Hobbie, S. E. et al. Tree species effects on soil organic matter dynamics: The role of soil cation composition. Ecosystems 10, 999–1018 (2007).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Scheel, T., Jansen, B., Van Wijk, A. J., Verstraten, J. M. & Kalbitz, K. Stabilization of dissolved organic matter by aluminium: A toxic effect or stabilization through precipitation?. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 59, 1122–1132 (2008).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Lützow, M. V. et al. Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: Mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions—A review. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 57, 426–445 (2006).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
55.Gruba, P. & Socha, J. Effect of parent material on soil acidity and carbon content in soils under silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in Poland. CATENA 140, 90–95 (2016).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Gruba, P. & Mulder, J. Tree species affect cation exchange capacity (CEC) and cation binding properties of organic matter in acid forest soils. Sci. Total Environ. 511, 655–662 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
57.Reich, P. B. et al. Linking litter calcium, earthworms and soil properties: A common garden test with 14 tree species. Ecol. Lett. 8, 811–818 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar  More

1.Jarvis, E. D. et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331 (2014).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
2.Jetz, W., Thomas, G. H., Joy, J. B., Hartmann, K. & Mooers, A. O. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491, 444–448 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
3.Claramunt, S. & Cracraft, J. A new time tree reveals Earth history’s imprint on the evolution of modern birds. Sci. Adv. 1, e1501005 (2015).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
4.Jenni, L. & Winkler, R. Moult and Ageing of European Passerines. (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).5.Ginn, H. B. & Melville, D. S. Moult in Birds (BTO guide). (British Trust for Ornithology, 1983).6.Stresemann, E. & Stresemann, V. Die Mauser der Vögel. (Friedländer, 1966).7.Jenni, L. & Winkler, R. The Biology of Moult in Birds. (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).8.Kiat, Y., Izhaki, I. & Sapir, N. The effects of long-distance migration on the evolution of moult strategies in Western-Palearctic passerines. Biol. Rev. 94, 700–720 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
9.Kiat, Y. et al. Sequential molt in a feathered dinosaur and implications for early paravian ecology and locomotion. Curr. Biol. 30, 3633–3638 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
10.Pyle, P. Identification guide to North American birds: A Compendium of Information on Identifying, Ageing, and Sexing ‘Near-Passerines’ and Passerines in the Hand. (Slate Creek Press, 1997).11.Berlow, E. L., Brose, U. & Martinez, N. D. The, “Goldilocks factor” in food webs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 4079–4080 (2008).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Dale, J., Dey, C. J., Delhey, K., Kempenaers, B. & Valcu, M. The effects of life history and sexual selection on male and female plumage colouration. Nature 529, 367–370 (2015).ADS 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
13.Kleiber, M. Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 6, 315–353 (1932).CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.McKinnon, L. et al. Lower predation risk for migratory birds at high latitudes. Science 327, 326–327 (2010).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
15.Meiri, S., Dayan, T. & Simberloff, D. Biogeographical patterns in the Western Palearctic: the fasting-endurance hypothesis and the status of Murphy’s rule. J. Biogeogr. 32, 369–375 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
16.Millar, J. S. & Hickling, G. J. Fasting endurance and the evolution of mammalian body size. Funct. Ecol. 4, 5–12 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
17.Peters, R. H. & Peters, R. H. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. vol. 2 (Cambridge University Press, 1986).18.Pérez-Granados, C. et al. Time available for moulting shapes inter- and intra-specific variability in post-juvenile moult extent in wheatears (genus Oenanthe). J. Ornithol. 162, 255–264 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Hemborg, C., Sanz, J. & Lundberg, A. Effects of latitude on the trade-off between reproduction and moult: a long-term study with Pied Flycatcher. Oecologia 129, 206–212 (2001).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
20.de la Hera, I., Díaz, J. a., Pérez-Tris, J. & Tellería, J. L. A comparative study of migratory behaviour and body mass as determinants of moult duration in passerines. J. Avian Biol. 40, 461–465 (2009).21.Kiat, Y. & Sapir, N. Age-dependent modulation of songbird summer feather moult by temporal and functional constraints. Am. Nat. 189, 184–195 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
22.Møller, A. P. The allometry of number of feathers in birds changes seasonally. Avian Res. 6, 1–5 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Rohwer, S., Ricklefs, R. E., Rohwer, V. G. & Copple, M. M. Allometry of the duration of flight feather molt in birds. PLoS Biol. 7, 1246 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
24.Rohwer, V. G. & Rohwer, S. How do birds adjust the time required to replace their flight feathers?. Auk 130, 699–707 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Barta, Z. et al. Annual routines of non-migratory birds: optimal moult strategies. Oikos 112, 580–593 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Barta, Z. et al. Optimal moult strategies in migratory birds. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 363, 211–229 (2008).27.Wunderle, J. M. Age-specific foraging proficiency in birds. Curr. Ornithol. 8, 273–324 (1991).
Google Scholar 
28.Marchetti, K. & Price, T. Differences in the foraging of juvenile and adult birds: the importance of developmental constraints. Biol. Rev. 64, 51–70 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Delhey, K. et al. Partial or complete? The evolution of post-juvenile moult strategies in passerine birds. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 2896–2908 (2020).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
30.Kiat, Y. & Izhaki, I. Why renew fresh feathers? Advantages and conditions for the evolution of complete post-juvenile moult. J. Avian Biol. 47, 47–56 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
31.Kiat, Y. & Sapir, N. Life-history trade-offs result in evolutionary optimization of feather quality. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 125, 613–624 (2018).
Google Scholar 
32.Callan, L. M., La Sorte, F. A., Martin, T. E. & Rohwer, V. G. Higher nest predation favors rapid fledging at the cost of plumage quality in nestling birds. Am. Nat. 193, 717–724 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
33.Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (Lynx Edicions, 2019).
Google Scholar 
34.Dunning Jr, J. B. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. (CRC Press, 2007).35.Billerman, S. M., Keeney, B. K., Rodewald, P. G. & Schulenberg, T. S. Birds of the World. (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2020).36.Bird species distribution maps of the world. BirdLife International (2019).37.Jetz, W. et al. Global distribution and conservation of evolutionary distinctness in birds. Curr. Biol. 24, 919–930 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
38.Rubolini, D., Liker, A., Garamszegi, L. Z., Møller, A. P. & Saino, N. Using the BirdTree.org website to obtain robust phylogenies for avian comparative studies: a primer. Curr. Zool. 61, 959–965 (2015).39.Revell, L. J. phytools: an R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things). Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 217–223 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
40.Akaike, H. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 52, 317–332 (1987).MathSciNet 
MATH 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Rabosky, D. L. No substitute for real data: a cautionary note on the use of phylogenies from birth–death polytomy resolvers for downstream comparative analyses. Evolution 69, 3207–3216 (2015).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
42.Thomas, G. H. An avian explosion. Nature 526, 516–517 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
43.Prum, R. O. et al. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526, 569–573 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Ives, A. R. & Garland, T. Jr. Phylogenetic logistic regression for binary dependent variables. Syst. Biol. 59, 9–26 (2010).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
45.Tung Ho, L. si & Ané, C. A linear-time algorithm for Gaussian and non-Gaussian trait evolution models. Syst. Biol. 63, 397–408 (2014).46.Felsenstein, J. A comparative method for both discrete and continuous characters using the threshold model. Am. Nat. 179, 145–156 (2012).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
47.Cody, M. L. A general theory of clutch size. Evolution 174–184 (1966).48.Newton, I. The Migration Ecology of Birds. (Academic Press, 2010).49.Newton, I. Speciation and Biogeography of Birds. (Academic Press, 2003).50.Terrill, R. S., Seeholzer, G. F. & Wolfe, J. D. Evolution of breeding plumages in birds: a multiple-step pathway to seasonal dichromatism in New World warblers (Aves: Parulidae). Ecol. Evol. 10, 9223–9239 (2020).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Fogden, M. P. L. The seasonality and population dynamics of equatorial forest birds in Sarawak. Ibis 114, 307–343 (1972).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Kiat, Y., Davaasuren, B., Erdenechimeg, T., Troupin, D. & Sapir, N. Large-scale longitudinal climate gradient across the Palearctic region affects passerine feather moult extent. Ecography 44, 124–133 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Kiat, Y., Vortman, Y. & Sapir, N. Feather moult and bird appearance are correlated with global warming over the last 200 years. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–7 (2019).ADS 
CAS 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Bojarinova, J. G., Lehikoinen, E. & Eeva, T. Dependence of postjuvenile moult on hatching date, condition and sex in the Great Tit. J. Avian Biol. 30, 437–446 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Ryzhanovsky, V. N. Subspecies-specific features of molt in the Common Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) from Europe and Western Siberia. Russ. J. Ecol. 48, 268–274 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
56.Slavenko, A. et al. Global patterns of body size evolution in squamate reptiles are not driven by climate. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28, 471–483 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Graham, C. H., Storch, D. & Machac, A. Phylogenetic scale in ecology and evolution. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27, 175–187 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Hone, D. W. E., Dyke, G. J., Haden, M. & Benton, M. J. Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 618–624 (2008).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
59.Xu, X. et al. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science 346, 1253293 (2014).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
60.Berv, J. S. & Field, D. J. Genomic signature of an avian Lilliput effect across the K-Pg extinction. Syst. Biol. 67, 1–13 (2018).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
61.Dececchi, T. A. & Larsson, H. C. E. Body and limb size dissociation at the origin of birds: uncoupling allometric constraints across a macroevolutionary transition. Evolution 67, 2741–2752 (2013).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
62.Puttick, M. N., Thomas, G. H. & Benton, M. J. High rates of evolution preceded the origin of birds. Evolution 68, 1497–1510 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
63.Vizcaíno, S. F. & Fariña, R. A. On the flight capabilities and distribution of the giant Miocene bird Argentavis magnificens (Teratornithidae). Lethaia 32, 271–278 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
64.McNeill Alexander, R. All-time giants: the largest animals and their problems. Palaeontology 41, 1231–1246 (1998).
Google Scholar  More

1.Zaiss, M. M. & Harris, N. L. Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites. Parasite Immunol. 38, 5–11 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
2.Cortés, A., Peachey, L. E., Jenkins, T. P., Scotti, R. & Cantacessi, C. Helminths and microbes within the vertebrate gut—not all studies are created equal. Parasitology 146, 1371–1378 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
3.Sender, R., Fuchs, S. & Milo, R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol. 14, e1002533 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
4.Claesson, M. J. et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 488, 178–184 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
5.Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W. & Knight, R. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view. Cell 148, 1258–1270 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
6.McFall-Ngai, M. et al. Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 110, 3229–3236 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
7.Hooper, L. V., Littman, D. R. & Macpherson, A. J. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science 336, 1268–1273 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
8.Tremaroli, V. & Bäckhed, F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature 489, 242–249 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
9.Brown, E. M., Sadarangani, M. & Finlay, B. B. The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine. Nat. Immunol. 14, 660–667 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
10.Kim, S., Covington, A. & Pamer, E. G. The intestinal microbiota: Antibiotics, colonization resistance, and enteric pathogens. Immunol. Rev. 279, 90–105 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
11.Ducarmon, Q. R. et al. Gut microbiota and colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 83, e00007-19 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
12.Sorbara, M. T. & Pamer, E. G. Interbacterial mechanisms of colonization resistance and the strategies pathogens use to overcome them. Mucosal Immunol. 12, 1–9 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
13.Jourdan, P. M., Lamberton, P. H. L., Fenwick, A. & Addiss, D. G. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Lancet 391, 252–265 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
14.Wammes, L. J., Mpairwe, H., Elliott, A. M. & Yazdanbakhsh, M. Helminth therapy or elimination: Epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations. Lancet Infect. Dis. 14, 1150–1162 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
15.Jenkins, T. P. et al. Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis. BMC Biol. 19, 1–17 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
16.Holm, J. B. et al. Chronic Trichuris muris infection decreases diversity of the intestinal microbiota and concomitantly increases the abundance of Lactobacilli. PLoS ONE 10, e0125495 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
17.Ducarmon, Q. R. et al. Dynamics of the bacterial gut microbiota during controlled human infection with Necator americanus larvae. Gut Microbes 12, 1840764 (2020).PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
18.Broadhurst, M. J. et al. Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1003000 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
19.Kreisinger, J., Bastien, G., Hauffe, H. C., Marchesi, J. & Perkins, S. E. Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 370, 20140295 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
20.Filyk, H. A. & Osborne, L. C. The multibiome: The intestinal ecosystem’s influence on immune homeostasis, health, and disease. EBioMedicine 13, 46–54 (2016).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
21.Cantacessi, C. et al. Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota. J. Infect. Dis. 210, 1431–1434 (2014).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
22.Li, R. W. et al. Alterations in the porcine colon microbiota induced by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris suis. Infect. Immun. 80, 2150–2157 (2012).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
23.Reynolds, L. A., Brett Finlay, B. & Maizels, R. M. Cohabitation in the intestine: Interactions among helminth parasites, bacterial microbiota, and host immunity. J. Immunol. 195, 4059–4066 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
24.Lee, S. C. et al. Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e2880 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
25.Rosa, B. A. et al. Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia. Microbiome 6, 33 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
26.Newbold, L. K. et al. Helminth burden and ecological factors associated with alterations in wild host gastrointestinal microbiota. ISME J. 11, 663–675 (2017).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
27.Baxter, N. T. et al. Intra- and interindividual variations mask interspecies variation in the microbiota of sympatric Peromyscus populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81, 396–404 (2015).ADS 
PubMed 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
28.Cooper, P. et al. Patent human infections with the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, are not associated with alterations in the faecal microbiota. PLoS ONE 8, e76573 (2013).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
29.Rapin, A. & Harris, N. L. Helminth-bacterial interactions: Cause and consequence. Trends Immunol. 39, 724–733 (2018).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
30.Cowlishaw, G. & Dunbar, R. I. Primate Conservation Biology (University of Chicago Press, 2000).Book 

Google Scholar 
31.Estrada, A. et al. Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Sci. Adv. 3, e1600946 (2017).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
32.Barelli, C. et al. The gut microbiota communities of wild arboreal and ground-feeding tropical primates are affected differently by habitat disturbance. mSystems 5, 3 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
33.Barelli, C. et al. Habitat fragmentation is associated to gut microbiota diversity of an endangered primate: Implications for conservation. Sci. Rep. 5, 14862 (2015).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
34.Barelli, C. et al. Altitude and human disturbance are associated with helminth diversity in an endangered primate, Procolobus gordonorum. PLoS ONE 14, e0225142 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
35.Barelli, C. et al. Loss of protozoan and metazoan intestinal symbiont biodiversity in wild primates living in unprotected forests. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–12 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
36.Aivelo, T. & Norberg, A. Parasite-microbiota interactions potentially affect intestinal communities in wild mammals. J. Anim. Ecol. 87, 438–447 (2018).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
37.Vlčková, K. et al. Relationships between gastrointestinal parasite infections and the fecal microbiome in free-ranging western lowland gorillas. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1202 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
38.Mann, A. E. et al. Biodiversity of protists and nematodes in the wild nonhuman primate gut. ISME J. 14, 609–622 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
39.de Winter, I. I. et al. Effects of seasonality and previous logging on faecal helminth-microbiota associations in wild lemurs. Sci. Rep. 10, 16818 (2020).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
40.Ghai, R. R. et al. Hidden population structure and cross-species transmission of whipworms (Trichuris sp.) in humans and non-human primates in Uganda. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e3256 (2014).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
41.Nutman, T. B. Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species. Parasitology 144, 263–273 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
42.Stephenson, L. S., Holland, C. V. & Cooper, E. S. The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura. Parasitology 121, S73–S95 (2000).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
43.Viney, M. E. The biology of Strongyloides spp. WormBook https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.141.2 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
44.Renelies-Hamilton, J. et al. Exploring interactions between Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides spp. and the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees in Senegal. Infect. Genet. Evol. 74, 104010 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
45.Afrin, T. et al. Sequential changes in the host gut microbiota during infection with the intestinal parasitic nematode. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 9, 217 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
46.Rubel, M. A. et al. Lifestyle and the presence of helminths is associated with gut microbiome composition in Cameroonians. Genome Biol. 21, 122 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
47.Jenkins, T. P. et al. Author Correction: A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area. Sci. Rep. 9, 8571 (2019).ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
48.Lozupone, C. A., Stombaugh, J. I., Gordon, J. I., Jansson, J. K. & Knight, R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 489, 220–230 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
49.van der Zande, H. J. P., Zawistowska-Deniziak, A. & Guigas, B. Immune regulation of metabolic homeostasis by helminths and their molecules. Trends Parasitol. 35, 795–808 (2019).PubMed 
Article 
CAS 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
50.Maeda, Y. & Takeda, K. Host–microbiota interactions in rheumatoid arthritis. Exp. Mol. Med. 51, 1–6 (2019).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
51.Biddle, A., Stewart, L., Blanchard, J. & Leschine, S. Untangling the genetic basis of fibrolytic specialization by Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in diverse gut communities. Diversity 5, 627–640 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
52.Brulc, J. M. et al. Gene-centric metagenomics of the fiber-adherent bovine rumen microbiome reveals forage specific glycoside hydrolases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1948–1953 (2009).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
53.Hale, V. L. et al. Diet versus phylogeny: A comparison of gut microbiota in captive Colobine monkey species. Microb. Ecol. 75, 515–527 (2018).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
54.Trosvik, P. et al. Multilevel social structure and diet shape the gut microbiota of the gelada monkey, the only grazing primate. Microbiome 6, 84 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
55.Liu, B. et al. Western diet feeding influences gut microbiota profiles in apoE knockout mice. Lipids Health Dis. 17, 159 (2018).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
56.Bhute, S. S. et al. Gut microbial diversity assessment of Indian Type-2-diabetics reveals alterations in Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. Front. Microbiol. 8, 214 (2017).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
57.Wang, Y. et al. Phocea, Pseudoflavonifractor and Lactobacillus intestinalis: Three potential biomarkers of gut microbiota that affect progression and complications of obesity-induced Type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 13, 835–850 (2020).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
58.Yarahmadi, M. et al. The anti-giardial effectiveness of fungal and commercial chitosan against Giardia intestinalis cysts in vitro. J. Parasit. Dis. 40, 75–80 (2016).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
59.Dinleyici, E. C. et al. Clinical efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii or metronidazole in symptomatic children with Blastocystis hominis infection. Parasitol. Res. 108, 541–545 (2011).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
60.Lepczyńska, M. & Dzika, E. The influence of probiotic bacteria and human gut microorganisms causing opportunistic infections on ST3. Gut Pathog. 11, 6 (2019).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
61.Huseyin, C. E., O’Toole, P. W., Cotter, P. D. & Scanlan, P. D. Forgotten fungi—the gut mycobiome in human health and disease. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 41, 479–511 (2017).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
62.Mittermeier, R. A., Myers, N., Gill, P. C. & Mittermeier, C. G. Hotspots: Earth’s Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (CEMEX, 2000).
Google Scholar 
63.Platts, P. J. et al. Delimiting tropical mountain ecoregions for conservation. Environ. Conserv. 38, 312–324 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
64.Ruiz-Lopez, M. J. et al. A novel landscape genetic approach demonstrates the effects of human disturbance on the Udzungwa red colobus monkey (Procolobus gordonorum). Heredity 116, 167–176 (2016).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
65.Cavada, N., Tenan, S., Barelli, C. & Rovero, F. Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on primate density at the landscape scale. Conserv. Biol. 33, 873–882 (2019).PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
66.Laurance, W. F. et al. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489, 290–294 (2012).ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
Article 

Google Scholar 
67.Rovero, F. et al. Primates decline rapidly in unprotected forests: Evidence from a monitoring program with data constraints. PLoS ONE 10, e0118330 (2015).PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
68.International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2021. IUCN red list of threatened species version 2020-2. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed 21 Apr 2021).69.Modrý, D., Pafčo, B., Petrželková, K. J. & Hasegawa, H. Parasites of Apes: An Atlas of Coproscopic Diagnostics (2018).70.Gillespie, T. R. Noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal parasite infections in free-ranging primates. Int. J. Primatol. 27, 1129–1143 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
71.Hasegawa, H. Methods of collection and identification of minute nematodes from the feces of primates, with special application to coevolutionary study of pinworms. In Primate Parasite Ecology: The Dynamics of Host-parasite Relationships (eds Huffman, M. A. & Chapman, C. A.) 29–46 (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Google Scholar 
72.Mallott, E. K., Malhi, R. S. & Garber, P. A. High-throughput sequencing of fecal DNA to identify insects consumed by wild Weddell’s saddleback tamarins (Saguinus weddelli, Cebidae, Primates) in Bolivia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 156, 474–481 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
73.Mallott, E. K., Garber, P. A. & Malhi, R. S. Integrating feeding behavior, ecological data, and DNA barcoding to identify developmental differences in invertebrate foraging strategies in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 162, 241–254 (2017).PubMed 
Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
74.Albanese, D., Fontana, P., De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D. & Donati, C. MICCA: A complete and accurate software for taxonomic profiling of metagenomic data. Sci. Rep. 5, 9743 (2015).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 
Article 

Google Scholar 
75.R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021) https://www.R-project.org.76.Lenth, R., Singmann, H., Love, J., Buerkner, P. & Herve, M. Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version, Vol. 1, 3 (2018) https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans. More