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Variation in microclimateMicroclimate at the tower varied across the daily sampling period with temperatures highest and relative humidity lowest around midday and the early afternoon hours, although the time of peak temperature and nadir humidity varied by height (Fig. 3a, b). Mean temperature was highest at ground level at 11:30 (30.0 °C) when it was on average 0.2 °C hotter than at 9 m, whereas at 5 m and 9 m, it was highest at 13:30 (29.7 °C and 30.3 °C, respectively). The inverse was true for mean relative humidity, which was lowest at ground level at 11:30 (83.8%) and lowest at 5 m and 9 m at 13:30 (80.1% and 76.4%, respectively). Both variables showed substantial overlap in means and standard errors across the sampled heights during the morning hours, before diverging in the afternoon. For comparison, we extracted microclimate data from the corresponding sampling period in the BG-Sentinel trap study15, which revealed clear differences in temperature and humidity at each height sampled (Fig. 3c, d). BG-Sentinel traps were often hung beneath the forest canopy where it was considerably cooler and more humid than at the treefall gap, particularly at ground level.Figure 3Variation in microclimate by height and collection method. (a) and (b) show the mean temperature (temp,°C) + / − 1 standard error (S.E.) and relative humidity (RH, %) + / − 1 standard error (S.E.) for net collections made at the tower between 10:00 and 15:00 in this study. (c) and (d) show corresponding data extracted from the BG-Sentinel trap study15.Full size imageCommunity composition of diurnally active, anthropophilic mosquitoesA total of 2146 adult mosquitoes representing seven genera and 34 species were collected using nets (Fig. 4a), of which 99.8% (2142/2146) were female and 99.7% (2140/2146) were identified to species level. Mosquito abundance was similar at ground level and 9 m but was slightly lower at 5 m, while species richness was higher at ground level (28 species), than at 5 m (18 species) and 9 m (22 species). Psorophora was the most abundant genus (1231 mosquitoes, 57.4% of the total catch), followed by Haemagogus (32.3%), and Sabethes (6.6%). The genera Limatus (1.4%), Culex (1.2%), Wyeomyia (1.0%), and Onirion ( 0.1 for both comparisons). A linear regression showed that, across all heights, lag to first approach decreased significantly as Hg. janthinomys abundance increased (DF = 1, F = 52.1, P  More

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