1.Pan, Y. et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993 (2011).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
2.Bradford, M. A. et al. Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 625–630 (2014).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
3.Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J. P. J., Ferreira, L. V. & Melack, J. M. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia 122, 380–388 (2000).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
4.González, G. et al. Decay of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) wood in moist and dry boreal, temperate, and tropical forest fragments. Ambio 37, 588–597 (2008).
Google Scholar
5.Stokland, J., Siitonen, J. & Jonsson, B. G. Biodiversity in Dead Wood (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012).6.Lustenhouwer, N. et al. A trait-based understanding of wood decomposition by fungi. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 11551–11558 (2020).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
7.Ulyshen, M. D. Wood decomposition as influenced by invertebrates. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 91, 70–85 (2016).
Google Scholar
8.Pretzsch, H., Biber, P., Schütze, G., Uhl, E. & Rötzer, T. Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nat. Commun. 5, 4967 (2014).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
9.Büntgen, U. et al. Limited capacity of tree growth to mitigate the global greenhouse effect under predicted warming. Nat. Commun. 10, 2171 (2019).ADS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
10.Seidl, R. et al. Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 395–402 (2017).ADS
Google Scholar
11.Hubau, W. et al. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 579, 80–87 (2020).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
12.Portillo-Estrada, M. et al. Climatic controls on leaf litter decomposition across European forests and grasslands revealed by reciprocal litter transplantation experiments. Biogeosciences 13, 1621–1633 (2016).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
13.Christenson, L. et al. Winter climate change influences on soil faunal distribution and abundance: implications for decomposition in the northern forest. Northeast. Nat. 24, B209–B234 (2017).
Google Scholar
14.Keenan, T. F. et al. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise. Nature 499, 324–327 (2013).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
15.Stephenson, N. L. et al. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature 507, 90–93 (2014).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
16.Martin, A., Dimke, G., Doraisami, M. & Thomas, S. Carbon fractions in the world’s dead wood. Nat. Commun. 12, 889 (2021).17.Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838 (2019).ADS
Google Scholar
18.Marshall, D. J., Pettersen, A. K., Bode, M. & White, C. R. Developmental cost theory predicts thermal environment and vulnerability to global warming. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 406–411 (2020).
Google Scholar
19.Buczkowski, G. & Bertelsmeier, C. Invasive termites in a changing climate: a global perspective. Ecol. Evol. 7, 974–985 (2017).PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
20.Diaz, S., Settele, J. & Brondizio, E. Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovermental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019).21.van Klink, R. et al. Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances. Science 368, 417–420 (2020).ADS
Google Scholar
22.Seibold, S. et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature 574, 671–674 (2019).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
23.Harris, N. L. et al. Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 234–240 (2021).ADS
Google Scholar
24.Jacobsen, R. M., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Kauserud, H., Mundra, S. & Birkemoe, T. Exclusion of invertebrates influences saprotrophic fungal community and wood decay rate in an experimental field study. Funct. Ecol. 32, 2571–2582 (2018).
Google Scholar
25.Skelton, J. et al. Fungal symbionts of bark and ambrosia beetles can suppress decomposition of pine sapwood by competing with wood-decay fungi. Fungal Ecol. 45, 100926 (2020).
Google Scholar
26.Wu, D., Seibold, S., Ruan, Z., Weng, C. & Yu, M. Island size affects wood decomposition by changing decomposer distribution. Ecography 44, 456–468 (2021).
Google Scholar
27.Harmon, M. E. et al. Release of coarse woody detritus-related carbon: a synthesis across forest biomes. Carbon Balance Manag. 15, 1 (2020).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
28.Wall, D. H. et al. Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent. Glob. Change Biol. 14, 2661–2677 (2008).ADS
Google Scholar
29.Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. & Charnov, E. L. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251 (2001).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
30.Baldrian, P. et al. Responses of the extracellular enzyme activities in hardwood forest to soil temperature and seasonality and the potential effects of climate change. Soil Biol. Biochem. 56, 60–68 (2013).CAS
Google Scholar
31.A’Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H., Kandeler, E. & Boddy, L. Interactive effects of temperature and soil moisture on fungal-mediated wood decomposition and extracellular enzyme activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 70, 151–158 (2014).
Google Scholar
32.IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC, 2014).33.Smyth, C. E., Kurz, W. A., Trofymow, J. A. & CIDET Working Group. Including the effects of water stress on decomposition in the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector CBM-CFS3. Ecol. Modell. 222, 1080–1091 (2011).
Google Scholar
34.Weedon, J. T. et al. Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species? Ecol. Lett. 12, 45–56 (2009).
Google Scholar
35.Griffiths, H. M., Ashton, L. A., Evans, T. A., Parr, C. L. & Eggleton, P. Termites can decompose more than half of deadwood in tropical rainforest. Curr. Biol. 29, R118–R119 (2019).CAS
Google Scholar
36.Birkemoe, T., Jacobsen, R. M., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A. & Biedermann, P. H. W. in Saproxylic Insects (ed. Ulyshen, M. D.) 377–427 (Springer, 2018).37.Harvell, M. C. E. et al. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158–2162 (2002).ADS
CAS
Google Scholar
38.Berkov, A. in Saproxylic Insects (ed. Ulyshen, M. D.) 547–580 (Springer, 2018).39.Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B. & Gower, S. T. Environmental controls on carbon dioxide flux from black spruce coarse woody debris. Oecologia 132, 374–381 (2002).ADS
Google Scholar
40.Peršoh, D. & Borken, W. Impact of woody debris of different tree species on the microbial activity and community of an underlying organic horizon. Soil Biol. Biochem. 115, 516–525 (2017).
Google Scholar
41.Campbell, J., Donato, D., Azuma, D. & Law, B. Pyrogenic carbon emission from a large wildfire in Oregon, United States. J. Geophys. Res. 112, G04014 (2007).ADS
Google Scholar
42.van Leeuwen, T. T. et al. Biomass burning fuel consumption rates: a field measurement database. Biogeosciences 11, 7305–7329 (2014).ADS
Google Scholar
43.McDowell, N. G. et al. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 368, eaaz9463 (2020).CAS
Google Scholar
44.Ulyshen, M. D. & Wagner, T. L. Quantifying arthropod contributions to wood decay. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 345–352 (2013).
Google Scholar
45.Bässler, C., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Karasch, P., Brandl, R. & Halbwachs, H. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have larger fruit bodies than saprotrophic fungi. Fungal Ecol. 17, 205–212 (2015).
Google Scholar
46.Ryvarden, L. & Gilbertson, R. L. The Polyporaceae of Europe (Fungiflora, 1994).47.Eriksson, J. & Ryvarden, L. The Corticiaceae of North Europe Parts 1–8 (Fungiflora, 1987).48.Boddy, L., Hynes, J., Bebber, D. P. & Fricker, M. D. Saprotrophic cord systems: dispersal mechanisms in space and time. Mycoscience 50, 9–19 (2009).
Google Scholar
49.Moore, D. Fungal Morphogenesis (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).50.Clemencon, H. Anatomy of the Hymenomycetes (Univ. Lausanne, 1997).51.R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).52.Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4302–4315 (2017).
Google Scholar
53.Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Google Scholar
54.Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: an Introduction with R 2nd edn (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017).55.Robinson, D. Implications of a large global root biomass for carbon sink estimates and for soil carbon dynamics. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 2753–2759 (2007).CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
56.Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Ecological Zones for FAO Forest Reporting: 2010 Update, Forest Resource Assessment Working Paper (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012).57.Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016).58.Christensen, M. et al. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. For. Eco. Man. 210, 267–282 (2005).
Google Scholar
59.Kobayashi, T. et al. Production of global land cover data – GLCNMO2013. J. Geogr. Geol. 9, 1–15 (2017).
Google Scholar
60.Harmon, M. E., Woodall, C. W., Fasth, B., Sexton, J. & Yatkov, M. Differences between Standing and Downed Dead Tree Wood Density Reduction Factors: A Comparison across Decay Classes and Tree Species Research Paper NRS-15 (US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011).61.Hararuk, O., Kurz, W. A. & Didion, M. Dynamics of dead wood decay in Swiss forests. For. Ecosyst. 7, 36 (2020).
Google Scholar
62.Gora, E. M., Kneale, R. C., Larjavaara, M. & Muller-Landau, H. C. Dead wood necromass in a moist tropical forest: stocks, fluxes, and spatiotemporal variability. Ecosystems 22, 1189–1205 (2019).CAS
Google Scholar
63.Hérault, B. et al. Modeling decay rates of dead wood in a neotropical forest. Oecologia 164, 243–251 (2010).ADS
Google Scholar
64.Thünen-Institut für Waldökosysteme. Der Wald in Deutschland – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der dritten Bundeswaldinventur (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, 2014).65.Puletti, N. et al. A dataset of forest volume deadwood estimates for Europe. Ann. For. Sci. 76, 68 (2019).
Google Scholar
66.Richardson, S. J. et al. Deadwood in New Zealand’s indigenous forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 258, 2456–2466 (2009).
Google Scholar
67.Shorohova, E. & Kapitsa, E. Stand and landscape scale variability in the amount and diversity of coarse woody debris in primeval European boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 356, 273–284 (2015).
Google Scholar
68.Szymañski, C., Fontana, G. & Sanguinetti, J. Natural and anthropogenic influences on coarse woody debris stocks in Nothofagus–Araucaria forests of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Austral Ecol. 42, 48–60 (2017).
Google Scholar
69.Link, K. G. et al. A local and global sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. PLoS One 13, e0200917 (2018).70.Saugier, B., Roy, J. & Mooney, H. A. in Terrestrial Global Productivity (eds J. Roy, B. Saugier & H. A. Mooney) 543–557 (Academic Press, 2001). More