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CORRESPONDENCE
06 July 2021

Integrate conservation reserves for China’s homeless elephants

Nian Yang

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Wenwen Li

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Peng Liu

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Li Zhang

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Nian Yang

Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.

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Wenwen Li

First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.

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Peng Liu

The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Li Zhang

Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.

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Fifteen Asian elephants caught the world’s attention as they trekked northwards for about 500 kilometres from Xishuangbanna prefecture in China’s southwestern province of Yunnan (see go.nature.com/3wofhfc). Their epic journey is widely considered to be a quest for better resources — almost 40% of the animals’ habitat in Xishuangbanna has been lost to commercial development over the past 20 years. We call for an integrated system of national park reserves for China’s elephants. This should be protected and take into account their foraging habits, migration patterns and other phased activities.Conservation efforts have nearly doubled China’s Asian elephant population to about 300 individuals over 40 years (L. Zhang et al. PLoS ONE 10, e0124834; 2015). However, the destruction of habitat by extensive planting of cash crops such as rubber and tea has put them in conflict with humans. The government paid out about 22 million yuan (US$3.25 million) in compensation last year alone (unpublished data).Reconnecting, restoring and expanding existing habitats would cut the cost of such conflicts and boost profits from ecosystem services (see, for example, P. Liu et al. Ecosyst. Serv. 38, 100949; 2019).

Nature 595, 172 (2021)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01820-3

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06 July 2021

UK biodiversity: close gap between reality and rhetoric

Sophus O. S. E. zu Ermgassen

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Joseph W. Bull

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Sophus O. S. E. zu Ermgassen

Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, Canterbury, UK.

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In a bid to position the United Kingdom as a global environmental leader before this year’s United Nations biodiversity conference (COP15) and climate-change conference (COP26), the UK government has announced biodiversity initiatives to halt species declines by 2030 and to protect 30% of its land area (see, for example, go.nature.com/3x4yk1k). These plans are at odds with its current spending on conservation.The government’s conservation funding fell by 42% in real terms between 2008 and 2018 to just 0.02% of gross domestic product (GDP; see go.nature.com/2udg3od). It missed 14 of its 20 international biodiversity commitments (Aichi targets) in 2020 (see go.nature.com/3dor8ra). This year it commissioned the Dasgupta Review, which calls for economic changes to stop biodiversity loss (see go.nature.com/3jozldl).However, even taking into account the May announcement of a 47% increase in Natural England’s funding (see go.nature.com/2t96qjn), the country still spends less than other nations with comparable GDP (see A. Seidl et al. Nature Ecol. Evol. 5, 530–539; 2021 and go.nature.com/2udg3od). The United Kingdom needs to reconsider its public expenditure priorities if it is to close the gap between rhetoric and reality.

Nature 595, 172 (2021)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01819-w

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Brown trout can get hooked on methamphetamine, a highly addictive drug found in waterways around the world. Credit: Getty

Ecology
06 July 2021
Meth-addicted trout swim for a hit

Fish that have been exposed to the highly addictive stimulant for several weeks show signs of withdrawal if deprived of the drug.

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Human drug use can spill over into streams and rivers, because the chemicals pass through wastewater systems that weren’t designed to extract them. To study the effects of a common illicit drug on wildlife, Pavel Horký at the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague and his colleagues looked to brown trout, Salmo trutta.For 8 weeks, the researchers held 60 trout in a tank spiked with methamphetamine at a concentration of 1 microgram per litre, and 60 control trout in a meth-free tank. The fish were then placed in a tank containing two separate streams of water — one with methamphetamine and one without — between which they could swim freely. Trout that had spent 2 months swimming in meth-spiked water were found on the meth side in 50.5% of observations, compared with only 41.5% for control trout. The authors interpret this preference as a sign of addiction.Fish from the drugged tank were also markedly less mobile for the first 96 hours after their last exposure to meth, suggesting that they were experiencing withdrawal. The researchers warn that fish that become addicted to drugs could congregate around wastewater discharges, with unknown ecological effects.

J. Exp. Biol. (2021)

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Study site and soil samplingThe soil was collected at 5 − 20 cm (Ap horizon) from an agricultural field in Southern Germany (Freising, Bavaria, 48°23’53.8“N, 11°38’39.7“E) in December 2017. The sampling area is situated within the lower Bavarian upland, and characterized by a mean annual temperature of 7.8 °C and mean annual precipitation of 786 mm. The soil type is a Cambisol (silty clay loam; 32% clay, 53% silt, and 14% sand) with a considerable amount of loess mixed with underlying Neogene sandy sediments. The soil was selected to represent a widely distributed soil type and land use. The collected soil was oven-dried (2 days, 40 °C), sieved ( More