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Effects of waterlogging stress on leaf morphology in mulberry seedlingsFigure 1 shows the change in the leaf morphology of mulberry seedlings under different submergence depths. The results showed that the seedlings under both SS and HS could grow well, and there were 3 slightly wilted leaves on average under FS. There were 3 wilted leaves and 2 defoliated leaves on average in the HS group after 10 days of flooding, and a few adventitious roots began to appear at the base of the stem. In the SS group, there slight wilting and falling of mulberry leaves were observed on the 15th day after submergence, and there were 5 wilting leaves and a few adventitious roots per plant. In the SS group, there were 3 defoliated leaves and 2 wilted leaves per mulberry seedling, and no adventitious roots developed. The HS group showed an average of 7 adventitious roots per plant. Additionally, there were 8 wilted leaves, 10 defoliated leaves and 4 brown spots per plant under HS.Figure 1Effect of submergence stress on leaf morphology in Morus alba: (a) The number of curled or wilted leaves per plant; (b) The number of brown spots or rotten leaves per plant; (c) The number of fallen leaves per plant; (d) The number of adventitious roots. This figure was drawn using Origin Pro 2021 v. 9.8.0.200.Full size imageEffects of waterlogging stress on initial fluorescence (Fo), and maximum fluorescence (Fm) under dark adaptation in mulberry leavesThe initial fluorescence value (Fo) and the maximum fluorescence value (Fm) of mulberry seedlings significantly decreased over time. Figure 2a shows that the Fo values of mulberry seedlings under SS, HS, and FS decreased by 31.27%, 22.51%, and 42.45%, respectively, on day 4 and were significantly different (p  More

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