More stories

  • in

    Pathways of degradation in rangelands in Northern Tanzania show their loss of resistance, but potential for recovery

    Asner, G. P., Elmore, A. J., Olander, L. P., Martin, R. E. & Harris, A. T. Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 29, 261–299 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Board. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water: Synthesis (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005).Lind, J., Sabates-Wheeler, R., Caravani, M., Kuol, L. B. D. & Nightingale, D. M. Newly evolving pastoral and post-pastoral rangelands of Eastern Africa. Pastoralism 10, 24 (2020).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoffman, T. & Vogel, C. Climate change impacts on African rangelands. Rangelands 30, 12–17 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Joyce, L. A. et al. Climate change and North American rangelands: Assessment of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 66, 512–528 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Stringer, L. C., Reed, M. S., Dougill, A. J., Seely, M. K. & Rokitzki, M. Implementing the UNCCD: Participatory challenges. Nat. Resour. Forum 31, 198–211 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vågen, T.-G., Winowiecki, L. A., Tondoh, J. E., Desta, L. T. & Gumbricht, T. Mapping of soil properties and land degradation risk in Africa using MODIS reflectance. Geoderma 263, 216–225 (2016).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Stevens, N., Lehmann, C. E. R., Murphy, B. P. & Durigan, G. Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23, 235–244 (2017).Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Muñoz, P. et al. Land degradation, poverty and inequality (2019).Bond, W. & Keeley, J. Fire as a global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 387–394 (2005).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Lehmann, C. E. R., Archibald, S. A., Hoffmann, W. A. & Bond, W. J. Deciphering the distribution of the savanna biome. New Phytol. 191, 197–209 (2011).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Staver, A. C., Archibald, S. & Levin, S. A. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 334, 230–232 (2011).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    MATH 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Fuhlendorf, S. D., Fynn, R. W. S., McGranahan, D. A. & Twidwell, D. Heterogeneity as the basis for rangeland management in Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges, Springer Series on Environmental Management (ed. Briske, D. D.), 169–196 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).Liao, C., Agrawal, A., Clark, P. E., Levin, S. A. & Rubenstein, D. I. Landscape sustainability science in the drylands: mobility, rangelands and livelihoods. Landsc. Ecol. 35, 2433–2447 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Galvin, K. A. Transitions: pastoralists living with change. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 38, 185–198 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    López-i Gelats, F., Fraser, E. D. G., Morton, J. F. & Rivera-Ferre, M. G. What drives the vulnerability of pastoralists to global environmental change? A qualitative meta-analysis. Glob. Environ. Change 39, 258–274 (2016).Obiri, J. F. Invasive plant species and their disaster-effects in dry tropical forests and rangelands of Kenya and Tanzania. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 3, 417–428 (2011).Kioko, J., Kiringe, J. W. & Seno, S. O. Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. J. Arid Land 4, 29–35 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kotiaho, J. S. et al. The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem (2018).Western, D., Mose, V. N., Worden, J. & Maitumo, D. Predicting extreme droughts in savannah Africa: A comparison of proxy and direct measures in detecting biomass fluctuations, trends and their causes. PLoS One 10, e0136516 (2015).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Dai, A. Drought under global warming: a review. WIREs Climate Change 2, 45–65 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Holechek, J. L., Cibils, A. F., Bengaly, K. & Kinyamario, J. I. Human population growth, African pastoralism, and rangelands: A perspective. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 70, 273–280 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Midgley, G. F. & Bond, W. J. Future of African terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems under anthropogenic climate change. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 823–829 (2015).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hill, M. J. & Guerschman, J. P. The MODIS global vegetation fractional cover product 2001–2018: Characteristics of vegetation fractional cover in grasslands and savanna woodlands. Remote Sensing 12, 406 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Lake, P. S. Resistance, resilience and restoration. Ecol. Manage. Restor. 14, 20–24 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hodgson, D., McDonald, J. L. & Hosken, D. J. What do you mean, ‘resilient’?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 503–506 (2015).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Tilman, D. & Downing, J. A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367, 363–365 (1994).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fedrigo, J. K. et al. Temporary grazing exclusion promotes rapid recovery of species richness and productivity in a long-term overgrazed Campos grassland. Restor. Ecol. 26, 677–685 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ruppert, J. C. et al. Quantifying drylands’ drought resistance and recovery: the importance of drought intensity, dominant life history and grazing regime. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1258–1270 (2015).Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Homewood, K. M. Policy, environment and development in African rangelands. Environ. Sci. Policy 7, 125–143 (2004).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Caro, T. & Davenport, T. R. B. Wildlife and wildlife management in Tanzania. Conserv. Biol. 30, 716–723 (2016).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Bollig, M. & Schulte, A. Environmental change and pastoral perceptions: degradation and indigenous knowledge in two African pastoral communities. Hum. Ecol. 27, 493–514 (1999).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Veldhuis, M. P. et al. Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Science 363, 1424–1428 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Nicholson, S. E. Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over Eastern Africa. Rev. Geophys. 55, 590–635 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    2012 Population and Housing Census (National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, 2013).Kiffner, C., Nagar, S., Kollmar, C. & Kioko, J. Wildlife species richness and densities in wildlife corridors of Northern Tanzania. J. Nat. Conserv. 31, 29–37 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Foley, C. A. H. & Faust, L. J. Rapid population growth in an elephant Loxodonta africana population recovering from poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Oryx 44, 205–212 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kebacho, L. L. Large-scale circulations associated with recent interannual variability of the short rains over East Africa. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 134, 10 (2021).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wainwright, C. M., Finney, D. L., Kilavi, M., Black, E. & Marsham, J. H. Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019-January 2020 and context under future climate change. Weather 76, 26–31 (2021).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Abukari, H. & Mwalyosi, R. B. Comparing pressures on national parks in Ghana and Tanzania: The case of mole and Tarangire National Parks. Global Ecol. Conserv. 15, e00405 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kaswamila, A. An analysis of the contribution of community wildlife management areas on livelihood in Tanzania. Sustain. Natl. Res. Manag. 139–54 (2012).NTRI. Maps | NTRI – Northern Tanzania Rangelands Initiative. https://www.ntri.co.tz/maps/ (2016). Accessed: 2021-3-29.Mworia, J., Kinyamario, J. & John, E. Impact of the invader Ipomoea hildebrandtii on grass biomass, nitrogen mineralisation and determinants of its seedling establishment in Kajiado, Kenya. Afr. J. Range Forage Sci. 25, 11–16 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Manyanza, N. M. & Ojija, F. Invasion, impact and control techniques for invasive Ipomoea hildebrandtii on Maasai steppe rangelands. NATO Adv. Sci. Inst. Ser. E Appl. Sci. 17, 12 (2021).Thaiyah, A. G. et al. Acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity of Solanum incanum L in sheep in Kenya. Kenya Veterinarian 35, 1–8 (2011).
    Google Scholar 
    Roques, K. G., O’Connor, T. G. & Watkinson, A. R. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: relative influences of fire, herbivory, rainfall and density dependence. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 268–280 (2001).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Riginos, C. & Herrick, J. E. Monitoring rangeland health: a guide for pastoralists and other land managers in Eastern Africa. Version II (2010).Farr, T. G. et al. The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys. 45, RG2004 (2007).QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association (2022).Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. 202, 18–27 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Didan, K. MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006 [Data set] (NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2015).Friedl, M. & Sulla-Menashe, D. MCD12Q1 MODIS/Terra+ Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006 (NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2019).Vermote, E. MOD09A1 MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance 8-day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC 10 (2015).Funk, C. et al. The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations–a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Scientific Data 2, 1–21 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zeileis, A. & Grothendieck, G. zoo: S3 infrastructure for regular and irregular time series. arXiv:math/0505527 (2005).R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (2016).Scaramuzza, P. & Barsi, J. Landsat 7 scan line corrector-off gap-filled product development in Proceeding of Pecora 16, 23–27 (2005).
    Google Scholar 
    Huete, A. et al. Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Environ. 83, 195–213 (2002).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rikimaru, A., Roy, P. S. & Miyatake, S. Tropical forest cover density mapping. Trop. Ecol. 39–47 (2002).Diek, S., Fornallaz, F., Schaepman, M. E. & De Jong, R. Barest pixel composite for agricultural areas using landsat time series. Remote Sensing 9, 1245 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., Huete, A. R., Kerr, Y. H. & Sorooshian, S. A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sens. Environ. 48, 119–126 (1994).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Adams, B. et al. Mapping forest composition with Landsat time series: An evaluation of seasonal composites and harmonic regression. Remote Sensing 12, 610 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Nwanganga, F. & Chapple, M. Practical machine learning in R (John Wiley and Sons, Indianapolis, 2020).Adam, E., Mutanga, O., Odindi, J. & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers. Int. J. Remote Sens. 35, 3440–3458 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mansour, K., Mutanga, O., Adam, E. & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. Multispectral remote sensing for mapping grassland degradation using the key indicators of grass species and edaphic factors. Geocarto Int. 31, 477–491 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hunter, F. D. L., Mitchard, E. T. A., Tyrrell, P. & Russell, S. Inter-Seasonal time series imagery enhances classification accuracy of grazing resource and land degradation maps in a savanna ecosystem. Remote Sensing 12, 198 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Yang, L. et al. Estimating surface downward shortwave radiation over china based on the gradient boosting decision tree method. Remote Sensing 10, 185 (2018).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Pham, T. D. et al. Estimating mangrove Above-Ground biomass using extreme gradient boosting decision trees algorithm with fused Sentinel-2 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data in Can Gio biosphere reserve, Vietnam. Remote Sensing 12, 777 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Adobe Inc. Adobe illustrator.Lenth, R. V. emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka Least-Squares means. R package version 1.5.4 (2021).Royall, R. M. The effect of sample size on the meaning of significance tests. Am. Stat. 40, 313–315 (1986).MATH 

    Google Scholar 
    Rue, H., Martino, S. & Chopin, N. Approximate bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations. J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol. 71, 319–392 (2009).Lindgren, F. & Rue, H. Bayesian spatial modelling with R-INLA. J. Stat. Softw. 63, 1–25 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bakka, H. et al. Spatial modelling with R-INLA: A review. arXiv:1802.06350 [stat] (2018).Lobora, A. L. et al. Modelling habitat conversion in Miombo woodlands: Insights from Tanzania. J. Land Use Sci. 1747423X.2017.1331271 (2017).Bright, E. A., Rose, A. N., Urban, M. L. & McKee, J. LandScan 2017 High-Resolution global population data set. Tech. Rep., Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States) (2018).Gilbert, M. et al. Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010. Sci Data 5, 180227 (2018).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Yang, Y., Fang, J., Ma, W. & Wang, W. Relationship between variability in aboveground net primary production and precipitation in global grasslands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (2008).Guo, Q. et al. Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland: effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18, 3624–3631 (2012).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, X., Yue, Y. & Faraway, J. J. Bayesian Regression Modeling with INLA (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018).Côté, I. M. & Darling, E. S. Rethinking ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000438 (2010).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    O’Loughlin, J. et al. Climate variability and conflict risk in East Africa, 1990–2009. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 18344–18349 (2012).Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Ongoma, V., Chen, H., Gao, C., Nyongesa, A. M. & Polong, F. Future changes in climate extremes over Equatorial East Africa based on CMIP5 multimodel ensemble. Nat. Hazards 90, 901–920 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Homewood, K. & Rodgers, W. A. Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy. Conservation in Africa: People, policies and practice 111–128 (1987).Scoones, I. Exploiting heterogeneity: habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe. J. Arid Environ. 29, 221–237 (1995).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Goldman, M. J. & Riosmena, F. Adaptive capacity in Tanzanian Maasailand: Changing strategies to cope with drought in fragmented landscapes. Glob. Environ. Change 23, 588–597 (2013).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Selemani, I. S. & Others. Communal rangelands management and challenges underpinning pastoral mobility in Tanzania: a review. Livestock Res. Rural Dev. 26, 1–12 (2014).Middleton, N. Rangeland management and climate hazards in drylands: dust storms, desertification and the overgrazing debate. Nat. Hazards 92, 57–70 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sallu, S. M., Twyman, C. & Stringer, L. C. Resilient or vulnerable livelihoods? Assessing livelihood dynamics and trajectories in rural Botswana. Ecology and Society 15 (2010).Oba, G. & Lusigi, W. J. An overview of drought strategies and land use in African pastoral systems (Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute, 1987).Russell, S., Tyrrell, P. & Western, D. Seasonal interactions of pastoralists and wildlife in relation to pasture in an African savanna ecosystem. J. Arid Environ. 154, 70–81 (2018).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Girvetz, E. et al. Future climate projections in Africa: Where are we headed? In The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers: Investigating the Business of a Productive, Resilient and Low Emission Future 15–27 (Springer International Publishing, 2019).Lyon, B. & DeWitt, D. G. A recent and abrupt decline in the East African long rains. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39 (2012).Liebmann, B. et al. Climatology and interannual variability of boreal spring wet season precipitation in the Eastern Horn of Africa and implications for its recent decline. J. Clim. 30, 3867–3886 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Shongwe, M. E., van Oldenborgh, G. J., van den Hurk, B. & van Aalst, M. Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming. part II: East Africa. J. Clim. 24, 3718–3733 (2011).Dunning, C. M., Black, E. & Allan, R. P. Later wet seasons with more intense rainfall over Africa under future climate change. J. Clim. 31, 9719–9738 (2018).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rowell, D. P., Booth, B. B. B., Nicholson, S. E. & Good, P. Reconciling past and future rainfall trends over East Africa. J. Clim. 28, 9768–9788 (2015).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Vizy, E. K. & Cook, K. H. Mid-Twenty-First-Century changes in extreme events over Northern and Tropical Africa. J. Clim. 25, 5748–5767 (2012).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Gebremeskel Haile, G. et al. Droughts in East Africa: Causes, impacts and resilience. Earth-Sci. Rev. 193, 146–161 (2019).Kendon, E. J. et al. Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale. Nat. Commun. 10, 1794 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Finney, D. L. et al. Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall, and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa. J. Clim. 33, 2701–2718 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Prins, H. H. T. & Loth, P. E. Rainfall patterns as background to plant phenology in Northern Tanzania. J. Biogeogr. 15, 451–463 (1988).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ngondya, I. B., Treydte, A. C., Ndakidemi, P. A. & Munishi, L. K. Invasive plants: ecological effects, status, management challenges in Tanzania and the way forward. J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci. (JBES) 10, 204–217 (2017).
    Google Scholar 
    Drusch, M. et al. Sentinel-2: ESA’s optical High-Resolution mission for GMES operational services. Remote Sens. Environ. 120, 25–36 (2012).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rapinel, S. et al. Evaluation of Sentinel-2 time-series for mapping floodplain grassland plant communities. Remote Sens. Environ. 223, 115–129 (2019).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, W. et al. Accelerating savanna degradation threatens the Maasai Mara socio-ecological system. Glob. Environ. Change 60, 102030 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wonkka, C. L., Twidwell, D., Franz, T. E., Taylor, C. A. & Rogers, W. E. Persistence of a severe drought increases desertification but not woody dieback in semiarid savanna. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 69, 491–498 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vierich, H. I. D. & Stoop, W. A. Changes in West African savanna agriculture in response to growing population and continuing low rainfall. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 31, 115–132 (1990).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fynn, R. W. S. & O’Connor, T. G. Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa. J. Appl. Ecol. 37, 491–507 (2000).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, S., Chen, W., Xie, S. M., Azzari, G. & Lobell, D. B. Weakly supervised deep learning for segmentation of remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing 12, 207 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Alananga, S., Makupa, E. R., Moyo, K. J., Matotola, U. C. & Mrema, E. F. Land administration practices in Tanzania: A replica of past mistakes. Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law (2019).Huggins, C. Village land use planning and commercialization of land in Tanzania. LANDac Research Brief 1 (2016).Stein, H., Maganga, F. P., Odgaard, R., Askew, K. & Cunningham, S. The formal divide: Customary rights and the allocation of credit to agriculture in Tanzania. J. Dev. Stud. 52, 1306–1319 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hall, D. G. M., Reeve, M. J., Thomasson, A. J. & Wright, V. F. Water retention, porosity and density of field soils (No. Tech. Monograph N9, 1977).Moore, D. C. & Singer, M. J. Crust formation effects on soil erosion processes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 1117–1123 (1990).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Cotler, H. & Ortega-Larrocea, M. P. Effects of land use on soil erosion in a tropical dry forest ecosystem, Chamela watershed, Mexico. Catena 65, 107–117 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Bach, E. M., Baer, S. G., Meyer, C. K. & Six, J. Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 2182–2191 (2010).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Butz, R. J. Traditional fire management: historical fire regimes and land use change in pastoral East Africa. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18, 442–450 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    The spatio-temporal distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity and phoD gene abundance and diversity in sediment of Sancha Lake

    Smith, V. H. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: A global problem. Environ. Sc. Pollut. R. Int. 10, 126–139 (2003).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jeppesen, E., Sondergaard, M. & Jensen, J. P. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading an analysis of contemporary long term data from 35 case studies. Freshw. Biol. 50, 1747–1771 (2005).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Kim, L. H., Choi, E. & Michal, K. S. Sediment characteristics, phosphorus types and phosphorus release rates between river and lake sediments. Chemosphere 50, 53–61 (2003).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jiang, X. J., Xiang, C. & Yao, Y. Effects of biological activity, light, temperature and oxygen on phosphorus release processes at the sediment and water interface of Taihu Lake, China. Water Res. 42, 2251–2259 (2008).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, S. R., Jin, X. C. & Bu, Q. Y. Effects of dissolved oxygen supply level on phosphorus release from lake sediments. Colloids Surf. A 316, 245–252 (2008).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Miao, S. Y., De-Laune, R. D. & Jug-Sujinda, A. Influence of sediment redox conditions on release/solubility of metals and nutrients in a Louisiana Mississippi River deltaic plain freshwater lake. Sci. Total Environ. 371, 334–343 (2006).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Smits, J. G. C. & Van Beek, J. K. L. ECO: A generic eutrophication model including comprehensive sediment-water interaction. PLoS ONE 8, e68104 (2013).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Topcu, A. & Pulatsu, S. Phosphorus fractions and cycling in the sediment of a shallow eutrophic pond. Tarim Bilim. Derg. 20, 63–70 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jeppesen, E., Sondergaard, M. & Jensen, J. P. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading-an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshw. Biol. 50, 1747–1771 (2005).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Song, C. L., Cao, X. Y. & Liu, Y. B. Seasonal variations in chlorophyll a concentrations in relation to potentials of sediment phosphate release by different mechanisms in a large chinese shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu). Geomicrobiol. J. 26, 508–515 (2009).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Pop, O., Martin, U., Abel, C. & Müller, J. P. The twin-arginine signal peptide of PhoD and the TatAd/Cd proteins of Bacillus subtilis form an autonomous tat translocation system. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3268–3273 (2002).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Luo, H. W., Zhang, H. M. & Long, R. A. Depth distributions of alkaline phosphatase and phosphonate utilization genes in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 62, 61–69 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tan, H. et al. Long-term phosphorus fertilisation increased the diversity of the total bacterial community and the phoD phosphorus mineraliser group in pasture soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils 49, 661–672 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wan, W. J. et al. Spatial differences in soil microbial diversity caused by pH-driven organic phosphorus mineralization. Land Degrad. Dev. 32, 766–776 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chen, X. et al. Response of soil phoD phosphatase gene to long-term combined applications of chemical fertilizers and organic materials. Appl. Soil Ecol. 119, 197–204 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Sagnon, A. et al. Amendment with Burkina Faso phosphate rock-enriched composts alters soil chemical properties and microbial structure, and enhances sorghum agronomic performance. Sci. Rep. 12, 13945 (2022).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Chhabra, S. et al. Fertilization management affects the alkaline phosphatase bacterial community in barley rhizosphere soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 49, 31–39 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Luo, H. W., Benner, R., Long, R. A. & Hu, J. J. Subcellular localization of marine bacterial alkaline phosphatases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 212–219 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, T. X. et al. Suspended particles phoD alkaline phosphatase gene diversity in large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138615 (2020).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, H. et al. Nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential, transformation pattern and algal utilization strategies jointly drove cyanobacterial growth and their succession. J. Environ. Sci. 103, 255–267 (2021).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Sun, T. T., Huang, T. & Liu, Y. X. Effects of cyanobacterial growth and decline on the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure in sediments of Lake Chaohu. J. Lake Sci. 34, 32 (2022).ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Y., Ai, M. J., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y. Q. & Zhang, J. Q. Spirosoma lacussanchae sp. nov., a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium isolated from a freshwater reservoir. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67, 3144–3149 (2017).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Y., Zhang, J. J., Xu, W. L. & Mou, Z. S. Microbial community structure in the sediments and its relation to environmental factors in eutrophicated Sancha Lake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 1931–1946 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jia, B. Y., Tang, Y. & Fu, W. L. Relationship among sediment characteristics, eutrophication process and human activities in the Sancha Lake. China Environ. Sci. 33, 1638–1644 (2013).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Y., Zhang, J. J., Zhang, J. Q., Xu, W. L. & Mou, Z. S. Characteristics of inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from the sediments of a Eutrophic Lake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 2141 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ruban, V., Brigault, S., Demare, D. & Philippe, A. M. An investigation of the origin and mobility of phosphorus in freshwater sediments from Bort-Les-Orgues reservoir, France. J. Environ. Monit. 1, 403–407 (1999).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ruban, V., López-Sánchez, J. F. & Pardo, P. Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments: A synthesis of recent works. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 370, 224–228 (2001).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Y., Zhang, J. Q., Gong, Z. L., Fu, W. L. & Wu, D. M. Fractions and temporal and spatial distribution of phosphorus in the sediments of Sancha lake. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 17, 11731–11743 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Y., Zhang, J. Q., Gong, Z. L., Xu, W. L. & Mou, Z. S. Gcd gene diversity of quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase in the sediment of Sancha lake and its response to the environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 1–10 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Luo, G. W. et al. Long-term fertilisation regimes affect the composition of the alkaline phosphomonoesterase encoding microbial community of a vertisol and its derivative soil fractions. Biol. Fertil. Soils 53, 375–388 (2017).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Lagos, L. et al. Effect of phosphorus addition on total and alkaline phosphomonoesterase-harboring bacterial populations in ryegrass rhizosphere microsites. Biol. Fertil. Soils 52, 1007–1019 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Acuña, J. et al. Bacterial alkaline phosphomono-esterase in the rhizospheres of plants grown in chilean extreme environments. Biol. Fertil. Soils 52, 763–773 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Nicholas, A. B. et al. Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing. Nat. Methods. 10, 57–59 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Price, M. N., Dehal, P. S. & Arkin, A. P. FastTree: Computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1641–1650 (2009).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fan, X. F. & Xing, P. The vertical distribution of sediment archaeal community in the (black bloom) disturbing Zhushan Bay of Lake Taihu. Archaea 2016, 201–208 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    White, J. R., Nagarajan, N. & Pop, M. O. Statistical methods for detecting differentially abundant features in clinical metagenomic samples (differential abundance in clinical metagenomics). PLoS Comput. Biol. 5, 1–11 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hu, H., Chen, X. J., Hou, F. J., Wu, Y. P. & Cheng, Y. X. Bacterial and fungal community structures in loess plateau grasslands with different grazing intensities. Front. Microbiol. 8, 606 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dai, J. Y. et al. Bacterial alkaline phosphatases and affiliated encoding genes in natural waters: A review. J. Lake Sci. 28, 1153–1166 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chróst, R. J. & Overbeck, J. Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus availability for phytoplankton and bacterio-plankton in lake plusee (North German Eutrophic Lake). Microb. Ecol. 13, 229–248 (1987).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Margalef, O. et al. Global patterns of phosphatase activity in natural soils. Sci. Rep. 7, 1337 (2017).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhao, D. D., Luo, J. F., Huang, X. Y. & Lin, W. T. Diversity of bacterial APase phoD gene in the Pearl River water. Acta Sci. Circum. 35, 722–728 (2015).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Valdespino-Castillo, P. M. et al. Alkaline phosphatases in microbialites and bacterioplankton from Alchichica soda lake, Mexico. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 90, 504–519 (2014).CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ni, Z. K., Li, Y. & Wang, S. R. Cognizing and characterizing the organic phosphorus in lake sediments: Advances and challenges. Water Res. 220, 118663 (2022).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Han, S. S. & Wen, T. M. Phosphorus release and affecting factors in the sediments of eutrophic water. J. Ecol. 23, 98–101 (2004).
    Google Scholar 
    Wang, F. F., Qu, J. H. & Hu, Y. S. Spatio-temporal characteristics and correlation of phosphate, pH and alkaline phosphatase on water-sediment interface of Lake Taihu. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 21, 907–912 (2012).
    Google Scholar 
    Lu, Y. M. et al. Bioavailability of organic phosphorus in Lake Chaohu sediments. J. Environ. Eng. Technol. 10, 197–204 (2020).
    Google Scholar 
    LeBrun, E. S., King, R. S., Back, J. A. & Kang, S. Microbial community structure and function decoupling across a phosphorus gradient in streams. Microb. Ecol. 75, 64–73 (2018).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, J. et al. Connecting sources, fractions and algal availability of sediment phosphorus in shallow lakes: An approach to the criteria for sediment phosphorus concentrations. J. Environ. Sci. 25, 798–810 (2023).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hu, Y. J. et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on phoD-harboring bacterial community in Karst soils. Sci. Total Environ. 628–629, 53–63 (2018).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Rethinking river water temperature in a changing, human-dominated world

    Ouellet, V. et al. Sci. Total Environ. 736, 139679 (2020).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Sutadian, A. D., Muttil, N., Yilmaz, A. G. & Perera, B. J. C. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188, 58 (2016).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Murdoch, P. S., Baron, J. S. & Miller, T. L. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 36, 347–366 (2000).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hannah, D. M. & Garner, G. Prog Phys Geogr. 39, 68–92 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Abbott, B. W. et al. Nat. Geosci. 12, 533–540 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Grill, G. et al. Nature 569, 215–221 (2019).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Hermanson, L. et al. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 103, E1117–E1129 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Webb, B. W., Hannah, D. M., Moore, R. D., Brown, L. E. & Nobilis, F. Hydrol. Process. 22, 902–918 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hester, E. T. & Doyle, M. W. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 47, 571–587 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Schliemann, S. A., Grevstad, N. & Brazeau, R. H. Hydrol. Process 35, e14001 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jackson, F. L., Fryer, R. J., Hannah, D. M., Millar, C. P. & Malcolm, I. A. Sci. Total Environ. 612, 1543–1558 (2018).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    O’Sullivan, A. M., Devito, K. J. & Curry, R. A. Catena 177, 70–83 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chang, H. & Psaris, M. Sci. Total Environ. 461, 587–600 (2013).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Hester, E. T. & Bauman, K. S. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 49, 328–342 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Croghan, D., Van Loon, A. F., Sadler, J. P., Bradley, C. & Hannah, D. M. Hydrol. Process. 33, 144–159 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Levia, D. F. et al. Nat. Geosci. 13, 656–658 (2020).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Nelson, K. C. & Palmer, M. A. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc 43, 440–452 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Heggenes, J. et al. River Res. Appl. 37, 743–765 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Menberg, K., Blum, P., Kurylyk, B. L. & Bayer, P. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 4453–4466 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tissen, C., Benz, S. A., Menberg, K., Bayer, P. & Blum, P. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 104012 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hannah, D. M. et al. Hydrol. Process. 36, e14525 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Carothers, C. et al. Ecol. Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11972-260116 (2021).Dugdale, S. J., Hannah, D. M. & Malcolm, I. A. Earth Sci. Rev. 175, 97–113 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wanders, N., van Vliet, M. T. H., Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P. & van Beek, L. P. H. Water Resour. Res. 55, 2760–2778 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tavares, M. H. et al. Remote Sens. Environ. 241, 11172 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dugdale, S. J., Klaus, J. & Hannah, D. M. Water Resour. Res. 58, e2021WR031168 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mao, F. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54, 9145–9158 (2020).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Hannah, D. M. et al. Hydrol. Process. 25, 1191–1200 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Do, H. X., Gudmundsson, L., Leonard, M. & Westra, S. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 765–785 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Ostreopsis Schmidt and Coolia Meunier (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from Cook Islands and Niue (South Pacific Ocean), including description of Ostreopsis tairoto sp. nov.

    Verma, A. et al. The genetic basis of toxin biosynthesis in dinofagellates. Microorganisms 7, 222 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hallegraeff, G. M. Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: A formidable predictive challenge1. J. Phycol. 46, 220–235 (2010).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoppenrath, M., Murray, S., Chomérat, N., Horiguchi, T. Marine Benthic Dinoflagellates – Unveiling Their Worldwide Biodiversity (Kleine Senckenberg-reihe 54). E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagbuchhandlung (2014).Luo, Z. et al. Cryptic diversity within the harmful dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea in coastal Chinese waters is related to differentiated ecological niches. Harmful Algae 66, 88–96 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Litaker, R. W. et al. Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 48, 344–390 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoppenrath, M. et al. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the benthic Prorocentrum species (Dinophyceae)—A proposal and review. Harmful Algae 27, 1–28 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wells, M. L. et al. Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate. Harmful Algae 91, 101632 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rhodes, L. World-wide occurrence of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt. Toxicon 57, 400–407 (2011).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Parsons, M. L. et al. Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology. Harmful Algae 14, 107–129 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Schmidt, J. Preliminary report of the botanical results of the Danish expedition to Siam (1899–1900). Part IV Peridiniales. Bot. Tidsskr. 24, 212–221 (1901).
    Google Scholar 
    Accoroni, S. et al. Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic Ostreopsis species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. J. Phycol. 52, 1064–1084 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Verma, A., Hoppenrath, M., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., Harwood, D. T. & Murray, S. A. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae) and the description of a new species, Ostreopsis rhodesae sp. nov., from a subtropical Australian lagoon. Harmful Algae 60, 116–130 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fukuyo, Y. Taxonomical study on benthic dinoflagellates collected in coral reefs. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 47, 967–978 (1981).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Faust, M. A. Three new Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae): O. marinus sp. nov., O. belizeanus sp. nov., and O. caribbeanus sp. nov.. Phycologia 38, 92–99 (1999).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Faust, M. A. & Morton, S. L. Morphology and ecology of the marine dinoflagellate Ostreopsis labens sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 31, 456–463 (1995).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chomérat, N., Bilien, G., Couté, A. & Quod, J.-P. Reinvestigation of Ostreopsis mascarenensis Quod (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from Reunion Island (SW Indian Ocean): Molecular phylogeny and emended description. Phycologia 59, 140–153 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Boisnoir, A., Bilien, G., Lemée, R. & Chomérat, N. First insights on the diversity of the genus Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Guadeloupe Island, with emphasis on the phylogenetic position of O. heptagona. Eur. J. Protistol. 83, 125875 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Chomérat, N. et al. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. Harmful Algae 84, 95–111 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Nguyen-Ngoc, L. et al. Morphological and genetic analyses of Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales, Ostreopsidaceae) species from Vietnamese waters with a re-description of the type species, O. siamensis 1. J. Phycol. 57, 1059–1083 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Faust, M. A. Observation of sand-dwelling toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from widely differing sites, including two new species. J. Phycol. 31, 996–1003 (1995).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    David, H., Laza-Martínez, A., Miguel, I. & Orive, E. Broad distribution of Coolia monotis and restricted distribution of Coolia cf. canariensis (Dinophyceae) on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Phycologia 53, 342–352 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rhodes, L. L. et al. Toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga Cook Islands. Toxicon 56, 751–758 (2010).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Meunier, A. Coolia monotis sp. nov. in Mémoires du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Microplankton Mer Flamande, Méme partie—Les Péridiniens 8, 68–69 (1919).
    Google Scholar 
    Rhodes, L. et al. Epiphytic dinoflagellates in sub-tropical New Zealand, in particular the genus Coolia Meunier. Harmful Algae 34, 36–41 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rhodes, L., Adamson, J., Suzuki, T., Briggs, L. & Garthwaite, I. Toxic marine epiphytic dinoflagellates, Ostreopsis siamensis and Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae), in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 34, 371–383 (2000).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fraga, S., Penna, A., Bianconi, I., Paz, B. & Zapata, M. Coolia canariensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new nontoxic epiuphytic benthic dinoflagellate from the Canary Islands 1. J. Phycol. 44, 1060–1070 (2008).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Lindemann, E. Abteilung Peridineae (Dinoflagellate). In Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, 3–104 (1928).Biecheler, B. Recherches sur les Péridiniens. Bulletin biologique de France et de Belgique Supplement 36, 1–149 (1952).
    Google Scholar 
    Balech, E. Étude des dinoflagellés du sable de Roscoff. Revue Algologique, Nouvelle Serie 2, 29–52 (1956).

    Google Scholar 
    Mohammad-Noor, N. et al. Autecology and phylogeny of Coolia tropicalis and Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae), with emphasis on taxonomy of C. tropicalis based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and LSU r DNA 1. J. Phycol. 49, 536–545 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Leaw, C. P., Lim, P. T., Cheng, K. W., Ng, B. K. & Usup, G. Morphology and molecular characterization of a new species of thecate benthic dinoflagellate, Coolia malayensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) 1. J. Phycol. 46, 162–171 (2010).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ten-Hage, L., Turquet, J., Quod, J. & Couté, A. Coolia areolata sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from the southwestern Indian Ocean. Phycologia 39, 377–383 (2000).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Karafas, S., York, R. & Tomas, C. Morphological and genetic analysis of the Coolia monotis species complex with the introduction of two new species, Coolia santacroce sp. nov. and Coolia palmyrensis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae 46, 18–33 (2015).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    David, H., Laza-Martínez, A., Rodríguez, F., Fraga, S. & Orive, E. Coolia guanchica sp. nov.(Dinophyceae) a new epibenthic dinoflagellate from the Canary Islands (NE Atlantic Ocean). Eur. J. Phycol. 55, 76–88 (2020).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Sato, S. et al. Phylogeography of Ostreopsis along west Pacific coast, with special reference to a novel clade from Japan. PLoS One 6, e27983 (2011).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Penna, A. et al. Characterization of Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) isolates in the western Mediterranean Sea based on morphology, toxicity and internal transcribed spacer 5.8 S rDNA sequences. J. Phycol. 41, 212–225 (2005).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tawong, W. et al. Distribution and molecular phylogeny of the dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis in Thailand. Harmful Algae 37, 160–171 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Faimali, M. et al. Toxic effects of harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata on invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms. Mar. Environ. Res. 76, 97–107 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tubaro, A. et al. Case definitions for human poisonings postulated to palytoxins exposure. Toxicon 57, 478–495 (2011).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ciminiello, P. et al. Investigation of the toxin profile of Greek mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Toxicon 47, 174–181 (2006).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Giussani, V. et al. Active role of the mucilage in the toxicity mechanism of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Harmful Algae 44, 46–53 (2015).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Usami, M. et al. Palytoxin analogs from the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 5389–5390 (1995).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ukena, T. et al. Structure elucidation of ostreocin D, a palytoxin analog isolated from the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65, 2585–2588 (2001).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Amzil, Z. et al. Ovatoxin-a and palytoxin accumulation in seafood in relation to Ostreopsis cf. ovata blooms on the French Mediterranean coast. Mar. Drugs 10, 477–496 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ciminiello, P. et al. Unique toxin profile of a Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strain: HR LC-MS n characterization of ovatoxin-f, a new palytoxin congener. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25, 1243–1252 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Laza-Martinez, A., Orive, E. & Miguel, I. Morphological and genetic characterization of benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Coolia, Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum from the south-eastern Bay of Biscay. Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 45–65 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Holmes, M. J., Lewis, R. J., Jones, A. & Hoy, A. W. W. Cooliatoxin, the first toxin from Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae). Nat. Toxins 3, 355–362 (1995).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rhodes, L. L. & Thomas, A. E. Coolia monotis (Dinophyceae): A toxic epiphytic microalgal species found in New Zealand (Note). N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 31, 139–141 (1997).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tibiriçá, C. EJd. A. et al. Diversity and toxicity of the genus Coolia Meunier in Brazil, and detection of 44-methyl Gambierone in Coolia tropicalis. Toxins 12, 327 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Tillmann, U., Hoppenrath, M. & Gottschling, M. Reliable determination of Prorocentrum micans Ehrenb. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) based on newly collected material from the type locality. Eur. J. Phycol 54, 417–431 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Chomérat, N. et al. Taxonomy and toxicity of a bloom-forming Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Tahiti island (South Pacific Ocean): One step further towards resolving the identity of O. siamensis. Harmful Algae 98, 101888 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Rhodes, L. L. et al. The dinoflagellate genera Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis from subtropical Raoul Island and North Meyer Island, Kermadec Islands. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 51, 490–504 (2017).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Penna, A. et al. A phylogeographical study of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt. J. Biogeogr. 37, 830–841 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhang, H. et al. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Ostreopsis cf. ovata and O. lenticularis (Dinophyceae) from Hainan Island South China Sea. Phycol. Res. 66, 3–14 (2018).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Carnicer, O., García-Altares, M., Andree, K. B., Diogène, J. & Fernández-Tejedor, M. First evidence of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean Ecuadorian coast. Bot. Mar. 59, 267–274 (2016).
    Google Scholar 
    Nascimento, S. M. et al. Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) molecular phylogeny, morphology, and detection of ovatoxins in strains and field samples from Brazil. Toxins 12, 70 (2020).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Caron, D. A. et al. Defining DNA-based operational taxonomic units for microbial-eukaryote ecology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 5797–5808 (2009).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    McManus, G. B. & Katz, L. A. Molecular and morphological methods for identifying plankton: What makes a successful marriage?. J. Plankton Res. 31, 1119–1129 (2009).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    De Vargas, C. et al. Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean. Science 348, 1261605 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    del Campo, J. et al. Ecological and evolutionary significance of novel protist lineages. Eur. J. Protistol. 55, 4–11 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hallegraeff, G. Harmful algal blooms: A global overview. Man. Harmful Mar. Microalgae 33, 1–22 (2003).
    Google Scholar 
    Penna, A., Casabianca, S., Guerra, A. F., Vernesi, C. & Scardi, M. Analysis of phytoplankton assemblage structure in the Mediterranean Sea based on high-throughput sequencing of partial 18S rRNA sequences. Mar. Genom. 36, 49–55 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Zarauz, L. & Irigoien, X. Effects of Lugol’s fixation on the size structure of natural nano–microplankton samples, analyzed by means of an automatic counting method. J. Plankton Res. 30, 1297–1303 (2008).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    De Luca, D., Piredda, R., Sarno, D. & Kooistra, W. H. Resolving cryptic species complexes in marine protists: phylogenetic haplotype networks meet global DNA metabarcoding datasets. ISME J. 15, 1931–1942 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, Z. et al. Phytoplankton community and HAB species in the South China Sea detected by morphological and metabarcoding approaches. Harmful Algae 118, 102297 (2022).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Le Bescot, N. et al. Global patterns of pelagic dinoflagellate diversity across protist size classes unveiled by metabarcoding. Environ. Microbiol. 18, 609–626 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoppenrath, M. Dinoflagellate taxonomy—A review and proposal of a revised classification. Mar. Biodivers. 47, 381–403 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Boenigk, J., Ereshefsky, M., Hoef-Emden, K., Mallet, J. & Bass, D. Concepts in protistology: Species definitions and boundaries. Eur. J. Protistol. 48, 96–102 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    David, H., Laza-Martínez, A., Miguel, I. & Orive, E. Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula: Morphological and phylogenetic characterization. Harmful Algae 30, 44–55 (2013).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Aligizaki, K. & Nikolaidis, G. The presence of the potentially toxic genera Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) in the North Aegean Sea Greece. Harmful Algae 5, 717–730 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Selina, M. S. & Orlova, T. Y. First occurrence of the genus Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae) in the Sea of Japan. Bot. Mar. 53, 243–249 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kang, N. S. et al. Morphology and molecular characterization of the epiphytic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the temperate waters off Jeju Island Korea. Harmful Algae 27, 98–112 (2013).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Momigliano, P., Sparrow, L., Blair, D. & Heimann, K. The diversity of Coolia spp. (Dinophyceae Ostreopsidaceae) in the central Great Barrier Reef region. PloS One 8, e79278 (2013).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Nguyen, L. N. Morphology and distribution of the three epiphytic dinoflagellate species Coolia monotis, C. tropicalis, and C. canariensis (Ostreopsidaceae, Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Vietnamese coastal waters. Ocean Sci. 49, 211–221 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Verma, A. et al. Functional significance of phylogeographic structure in a toxic benthic marine microbial eukaryote over a latitudinal gradient along the East Australian Current. Ecol. Evol. 10, 6257–6273 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wayne Litaker, R. et al. Recognizing dinoflagellate species using ITS rDNA sequences 1. J. Phycol. 43, 344–355 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kremp, A. et al. Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the Alexandrium ostenfeldii (D inophyceae) complex: Implications for species boundaries and identities. J. Phycol. 50, 81–100 (2014).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Nascimento, S. M., da Silva, R. A., Oliveira, F., Fraga, S. & Salgueiro, F. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Coolia tropicalis, Coolia malayensis and a new lineage of the Coolia canariensis species complex (Dinophyceae) isolated from Brazil. Eur. J. Phycol. 54, 484–496 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Phua, Y. H., Roy, M. C., Lemer, S., Husnik, F. & Wakeman, K. C. Diversity and toxicity of Pacific strains of the benthic dinoflagellate Coolia (Dinophyceae), with a look at the Coolia canariensis species complex. Harmful Algae 109, 102120 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Selwood, A. I. et al. A sensitive assay for palytoxins, ovatoxins and ostreocins using LC-MS/MS analysis of cleavage fragments from micro-scale oxidation. Toxicon 60, 810–820 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ciminiello, P. et al. Isolation and structure elucidation of ovatoxin-a, the major toxin produced by Ostreopsis ovata. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 1869–1875 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Dell’Aversano, C. et al. Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the Mediterranean area. Variability in toxinprofiles and structural elucidation of unknowns through LC-HRMSn. In Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Harmful Algae, 70–73 (2014).Terajima, T., Uchida, H., Abe, N. & Yasumoto, T. Structure elucidation of ostreocin-A and ostreocin-E1, novel palytoxin analogs produced by the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis, using LC/Q-TOF MS. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 83, 381–390 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tartaglione, L. et al. Chemical, molecular, and eco-toxicological investigation of Ostreopsis sp. from Cyprus Island: Structural insights into four new ovatoxins by LC-HRMS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 408, 915–932 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Murray, J. S. et al. The role of 44-methylgambierone in ciguatera fish poisoning: Acute toxicity, production by marine microalgae and its potential as a biomarker for Gambierdiscus spp. Harmful Algae 97, 101853 (2020).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Nakajima, I., Oshima, Y. & Yasumoto, T. Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates found in coral reef. Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates in Okinawa. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 47, 1029–1033 (1981).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Boente-Juncal, A. et al. Structure elucidation and biological evaluation of maitotoxin-3, a homologue of gambierone, from Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins 11, 79 (2019).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Stuart, J. et al. Geographical distribution, molecular and toxin diversity of the dinoflagellate species Gambierdiscus honu in the Pacific region. Harmful Algae 118, 102308 (2022).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Smith, K. F. et al. A new Gambierdiscus species (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga, Cook Islands: Gambierdiscus cheloniae sp. nov. Harmful Algae 60, 45–56 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Guillard, R. R. L. Culture of Marine Invertebrates Animals 29–60 (Plenum Press, 1975).Book 

    Google Scholar 
    Chomérat, N., iti Gatti, C. M., Nézan, É. & Chinain, M. Studies on the benthic genus Sinophysis (Dinophysales, Dinophyceae) II. S. canaliculata from Rapa Island (French Polynesia). Phycologia 56, 193–203 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Abràmoff, M. D., Magalhães, P. J. & Ram, S. J. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int. 11, 36–42 (2004).
    Google Scholar 
    Verma, A. et al. Molecular phylogeny, morphology and toxigenicity of Ostreopsis cf. siamensis (Dinophyceae) from temperate south-east Australia. Phycol. Res. 64, 146–159 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Kearse, M. et al. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28, 1647–1649 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33, 1870–1874 (2016).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817–818 (1998).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574 (2003).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Murray, J. S. et al. Acute toxicity of gambierone and quantitative analysis of gambierones produced by cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates. Toxins 13, 333 (2021).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Murray, J. S., Boundy, M. J., Selwood, A. I. & Harwood, D. T. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously monitor maitotoxins and selected ciguatoxins in algal cultures and P-CTX-1B in fish. Harmful Algae 80, 80–87 (2018).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in light of new developments in terrestrial palynology

    Benca, J. P., Duijnstee, I. A. & Looy, C. V. Fossilized pollen malformations as indicators of past environmental stress and meiotic disruption: Insights from modern conifers. Paleobiology, 1–34 (2022).Marshall, J. E., Lakin, J., Troth, I. & Wallace-Johnson, S. M. Uv-b radiation was the devonian-carboniferous boundary terrestrial extinction kill mechanism. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba0768 (2020).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Looy, C. V., Twitchett, R. J., Dilcher, D. L., Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J. H. & Visscher, H. Life in the end-permian dead zone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 7879–7883 (2001).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Foster, C. & Afonin, S. Abnormal pollen grains: An outcome of deteriorating atmospheric conditions around the permian-triassic boundary. J. Geol. Soc. 162, 653–659 (2005).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hochuli, P. A., Schneebeli-Hermann, E., Mangerud, G. & Bucher, H. Evidence for atmospheric pollution across the permian-triassic transition. Geology 45, 1123–1126 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Galasso, F., Bucher, H. & Schneebeli-Hermann, E. Mapping monstrosity: Malformed sporomorphs across the smithian/spathian boundary interval and beyond (salt range, pakistan). Global Planet. Change 219, 103975 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Van de Schootbrugge, B. et al. Floral changes across the triassic/jurassic boundary linked to flood basalt volcanism. Nat. Geosci. 2, 589–594 (2009).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Lindström, S. et al. Volcanic mercury and mutagenesis in land plants during the end-triassic mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw4018 (2019).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Gravendyck, J., Schobben, M., Bachelier, J. B. & Kürschner, W. M. Macroecological patterns of the terrestrial vegetation history during the end-triassic biotic crisis in the central european basin: A palynological study of the bonenburg section (nw-germany) and its supra-regional implications. Global Planet. Change 194, 103286 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vilas-Boas, M., Pereira, Z., Cirilli, S., Duarte, L. V. & Fernandes, P. New data on the palynology of the triassic-jurassic boundary of the silves group, lusitanian basin, portugal. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 290, 104426 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Galasso, F., Feist-Burkhardt, S. & Schneebeli-Hermann, E. The palynology of the toarcian oceanic anoxic event at dormettingen, southwest germany, with emphasis on changes in vegetational dynamics. Rev. Palaeobotany Palynol. 304, 104701 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Galasso, F., Feist-Burkhardt, S. & Schneebeli-Hermann, E. Do spores herald the toarcian oceanic anoxic event?. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 306, 104748 (2022).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hay, W. W. & Floegel, S. New thoughts about the cretaceous climate and oceans. Earth Sci. Rev. 115, 262–272 (2012).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Faucher, G., Erba, E., Bottini, C. & Gambacorta, G. Calcareous nannoplankton response to the latest cenomanian oceanic anoxic event 2 perturbation. RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA (2017).Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L. & Fan, J.-X. The ics international chronostratigraphic chart. Epis. J. Int. Geosci. 36, 199–204 (2013).
    Google Scholar 
    Caron, M. & Homewood, P. Evolution of early planktic foraminifers. Mar. Micropaleontol. 7, 453–462 (1983).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jarvis, I. et al. Microfossil assemblages and the cenomanian-turonian (late cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event. Cretac. Res. 9, 3–103 (1988).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Huber, B. T., Leckie, R. M., Norris, R. D., Bralower, T. J. & CoBabe, E. Foraminiferal assemblage and stable isotopic change across the cenomanian-turonian boundary in the subtropical north atlantic. J. Foraminiferal Res. 29, 392–417 (1999).
    Google Scholar 
    Culver, S. J. & Rawson, P. F. Biotic response to global change: The last 145 million years (Cambridge University Press, 2006).Erba, E. Calcareous nannofossils and mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Mar. Micropaleontol. 52, 85–106 (2004).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Gebhardt, H., Kuhnt, W. & Holbourn, A. Foraminiferal response to sea level change, organic flux and oxygen deficiency in the cenomanian of the tarfaya basin, southern morocco. Mar. Micropaleontol. 53, 133–157 (2004).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Hardenbol, J. et al. Mesozoic and cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of european basins. Soc. Sediment. Geol. (1998).Miller, K. G. et al. The phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science 310, 1293–1298 (2005).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Voigt, S., Gale, A. S. & Voigt, T. Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the late cenomanian of northwest europe; an integrated palaeoenvironmental analysis. Cretac. Res. 27, 836–858 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Haq, B. U. Cretaceous eustasy revisited. Global Planet. Change 113, 44–58 (2014).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Sames, B. et al. Short-term sea-level changes in a greenhouse world-a view from the cretaceous. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 441, 393–411 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E. & Pratt, L. M. Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the cenomanian/turonian boundary. Nature 335, 714–717 (1988).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tsikos, H. et al. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the cenomanian-turonian oceanic anoxic event: Correlation and implications based on three key localities. J. Geol. Soc. 161, 711–719 (2004).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jarvis, I., Lignum, J. S., Gröcke, D. R., Jenkyns, H. C. & Pearce, M. A. Black shale deposition, atmospheric co2 drawdown, and cooling during the cenomanian-turonian oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography26 (2011).van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G.-J. & Damsté, J. S. S. Organic matter provenance, palaeoproductivity and bottom water anoxia during the cenomanian/turonian oceanic anoxic event in the newfoundland basin (northern proto north atlantic ocean). Org. Geochem. 50, 11–18 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Owens, J. D., Lyons, T. W. & Lowery, C. M. Quantifying the missing sink for global organic carbon burial during a cretaceous oceanic anoxic event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 499, 83–94 (2018).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bralower, T. J. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and assemblages of the cenomanian-turonian boundary interval: Implications for the origin and timing of oceanic anoxia. Paleoceanography 3, 275–316 (1988).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Leckie, R. M., Bralower, T. J. & Cashman, R. Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: Biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-cretaceous. Paleoceanography 17, 13–1 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Slater, S. M., Bown, P., Twitchett, R. J., Danise, S. & Vajda, V. Global record of “ghost’’ nannofossils reveals plankton resilience to high co2 and warming. Science 376, 853–856 (2022).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Forster, A., Schouten, S., Moriya, K., Wilson, P. A. & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the cenomanian/turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial atlantic. Paleoceanography22 (2007).Barclay, R. S., McElwain, J. C. & Sageman, B. B. Carbon sequestration activated by a volcanic co2 pulse during ocean anoxic event 2. Nat. Geosci. 3, 205–208 (2010).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Damsté, J. S. S., van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G.-J., Pross, J. & Schouten, S. A co2 decrease-driven cooling and increased latitudinal temperature gradient during the mid-cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 293, 97–103 (2010).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Heimhofer, U. et al. Vegetation response to exceptional global warmth during oceanic anoxic event 2. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–8 (2018).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Huber, B. T., MacLeod, K. G., Watkins, D. K. & Coffin, M. F. The rise and fall of the cretaceous hot greenhouse climate. Global Planet. Change 167, 1–23 (2018).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Robinson, S. A. et al. Southern hemisphere sea-surface temperatures during the cenomanian-turonian: Implications for the termination of oceanic anoxic event 2. Geology 47, 131–134 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Voigt, S., Gale, A. S. & Flögel, S. Midlatitude shelf seas in the cenomanian-turonian greenhouse world: Temperature evolution and north atlantic circulation. Paleoceanography19 (2004).Van Helmond, N. et al. Freshwater discharge controlled deposition of cenomanian-turonian black shales on the nw european epicontinental shelf (wunstorf, north germany). Clim. Past Discuss 10, 3755–3786 (2014).ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Li, Y.-X., Montanez, I. P., Liu, Z. & Ma, L. Astronomical constraints on global carbon-cycle perturbation during oceanic anoxic event 2 (oae2). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 462, 35–46 (2017).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    O’Brien, C. L. et al. Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from tex86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes. Earth Sci. Rev. 172, 224–247 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jones, C. E. & Jenkyns, H. C. Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the jurassic and cretaceous. Am. J. Sci. 301, 112–149 (2001).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Snow, L. J., Duncan, R. A. & Bralower, T. J. Trace element abundances in the rock canyon anticline, pueblo, colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to caribbean plateau construction and oxygen anoxic event 2. Paleoceanography20 (2005).Kuroda, J. et al. Contemporaneous massive subaerial volcanism and late cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256, 211–223 (2007).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Turgeon, S. C. & Creaser, R. A. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 454, 323–326 (2008).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Floegel, S. et al. Simulating the biogeochemical effects of volcanic co2 degassing on the oxygen-state of the deep ocean during the cenomanian/turonian anoxic event (oae2). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 305, 371–384 (2011).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tegner, C. et al. Magmatism and eurekan deformation in the high arctic large igneous province: 40ar-39ar age of kap washington group volcanics, north greenland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 303, 203–214 (2011).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Du Vivier, A. D. et al. Marine 187os/188os isotope stratigraphy reveals the interaction of volcanism and ocean circulation during oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 389, 23–33 (2014).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Du Vivier, A., Selby, D., Condon, D., Takashima, R. & Nishi, H. Pacific 187os/188os isotope chemistry and u-pb geochronology: Synchroneity of global os isotope change across oae 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428, 204–216 (2015).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Meyers, P. A. Why are the (delta )13corg values in phanerozoic black shales more negative than in modern marine organic matter?. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 15, 3085–3106 (2014).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jenkyns, H. C., Dickson, A. J., Ruhl, M. & Van den Boorn, S. H. Basalt-seawater interaction, the plenus cold event, enhanced weathering and geochemical change: Deconstructing oceanic anoxic event 2 (cenomanian-turonian, late cretaceous). Sedimentology 64, 16–43 (2017).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Scaife, J. et al. Sedimentary mercury enrichments as a marker for submarine large igneous province volcanism? evidence from the mid-cenomanian event and oceanic anoxic event 2 (late cretaceous). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 18, 4253–4275 (2017).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Schröder-Adams, C. J., Herrle, J. O., Selby, D., Quesnel, A. & Froude, G. Influence of the high arctic igneous province on the cenomanian/turonian boundary interval, sverdrup basin, high canadian arctic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 511, 76–88 (2019).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Jolet, P., Philip, J., Thomel, G., Lopez, G. & Tronchetti, G. Nouvelles données biostratigraphiques sur la limite cénomanien-turonien. la coupe de cassis (sud-est de la france): Proposition d’un hypostratotype européen. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences-Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science325, 703–709 (1997).Bown, P. R. & Young, J. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy (Springer, 1998).Green, T., Renne, P. R. & Keller, C. B. Continental flood basalts drive phanerozoic extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2120441119 (2022).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Percival, L. M. et al. Does large igneous province volcanism always perturb the mercury cycle? Comparing the records of oceanic anoxic event 2 and the end-cretaceous to other mesozoic events. Am. J. Sci. 318, 799–860 (2018).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Salazar, L. et al. Diversity patterns of ferns along elevational gradients in andean tropical forests. Plant Ecol. Divers. 8, 13–24 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Mehltreter, K., Walker, L. R. & Sharpe, J. M. Fern ecology (Cambridge University Press, 2010).Carvajal-Hernández, C. I., Gómez-Díaz, J. A., Kessler, M. & Krömer, T. Influence of elevation and habitat disturbance on the functional diversity of ferns and lycophytes. Plant Ecol. Divers. 11, 335–347 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kürschner, W. M., Batenburg, S. J. & Mander, L. Aberrant classopollis pollen reveals evidence for unreduced (2 n) pollen in the conifer family cheirolepidiaceae during the triassic-jurassic transition. Proc. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 280, 20131708 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Traverse, A. Paleopalynology Vol. 28 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2007).Tyson, R. V. Palynofacies investigation of callovian (middle jurassic) sediments from dsdp site 534, blake-bahama basin, western central atlantic. Mar. Pet. Geol. 1, 3–13 (1984).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    RV, T. Sedimentary organic matter: Organic facies and palynofacieschapman & hall. London, 615pp (1995).Vakhrameyev, V. Classopollis pollen as an indicator of jurassic and cretaceous climate. Int. Geol. Rev. 24, 1190–1196 (1982).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Vakhrameev, V. Range and palaeoecology of mesozoic conifers, the cheirolepidiaceae. Paleontol. Zh. 1, 19–34 (1970).
    Google Scholar 
    WATSON, J. Some lower cretaceous conifers of the cheirolepidiaceae from the usa and england. Palaeontology 20, 715–749 (1977).
    Google Scholar 
    Fonseca, C., Mendonça Filho, J. G., Lézin, C., De Oliveira, A. D. & Duarte, L. V. Organic matter deposition and paleoenvironmental implications across the cenomanian-turonian boundary of the subalpine basin (se france): Local and global controls. Int. J. Coal Geol. 218, 103364 (2020).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Benca, J. P., Duijnstee, I. A. & Looy, C. V. Uv-b-induced forest sterility: Implications of ozone shield failure in earth’s largest extinction. Sci. Adv. 4, e1700618 (2018).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wilson, L. A study in variation of picea glauca (moench) voss pollen. Grana 4, 380–387 (1963).
    Google Scholar 
    Lindström, S., McLoughlin, S. & Drinnan, A. N. Intraspecific variation of taeniate bisaccate pollen within permian glossopterid sporangia, from the prince charles mountains, antarctica. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158, 673–684 (1997).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Leitch, A. & Leitch, I. Ecological and genetic factors linked to contrasting genome dynamics in seed plants. New Phytol. 194, 629–646 (2012).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Coffin, M. F. & Eldholm, O. Large igneous provinces: crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Rev. Geophys. 32, 1–36 (1994).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Wignall, P. B. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth Sci. Rev. 53, 1–33 (2001).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    McElwain, J. C., Wade-Murphy, J. & Hesselbo, S. P. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into gondwana coals. Nature 435, 479–482 (2005).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bond, D. P., Wignall, P. B., Keller, G. & Kerr, A. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update. Volcan., Impacts, Mass Extinc.: Causes Effects 505, 29–55 (2014).
    Google Scholar 
    Burgess, S., Bowring, S., Fleming, T. & Elliot, D. High-precision geochronology links the ferrar large igneous province with early-jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 415, 90–99 (2015).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Burgess, S. D., Muirhead, J. D. & Bowring, S. A. Initial pulse of siberian traps sills as the trigger of the end-permian mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–6 (2017).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Ernst, R. E. & Youbi, N. How large igneous provinces affect global climate, sometimes cause mass extinctions, and represent natural markers in the geological record. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478, 30–52 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ruhl, M. et al. Reduced plate motion controlled timing of early jurassic karoo-ferrar large igneous province volcanism. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo0866 (2022).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Dickens, G. R., Paull, C. K. & Wallace, P. Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir. Nature 385, 426–428 (1997).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Courtillot, V. E. & Renne, P. R. On the ages of flood basalt events. C.R. Geosci. 335, 113–140 (2003).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rampino, M. R., Rodriguez, S., Baransky, E. & Cai, Y. Global nickel anomaly links siberian traps eruptions and the latest permian mass extinction. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–6 (2017).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Clapham, M. E. & Renne, P. R. Flood basalts and mass extinctions. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 47, 275–303 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    McElwain, J. C., Popa, M. E., Hesselbo, S. P., Haworth, M. & Surlyk, F. Macroecological responses of terrestrial vegetation to climatic and atmospheric change across the triassic/jurassic boundary in east greenland. Paleobiology 33, 547–573 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Van de Schootbrugge, B. et al. End-triassic calcification crisis and blooms of organic-walled ‘disaster species’. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 244, 126–141 (2007).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ruckwied, K., Götz, A. E., Pálfy, J. & Török, Á. Palynology of a terrestrial coal-bearing series across the triassic/jurassic boundary (mecsek mts, hungary). Central Euro. Geol. 51, 1–15 (2008).Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Götz, A., Ruckwied, K., Pálfy, J. & Haas, J. Palynological evidence of synchronous changes within the terrestrial and marine realm at the triassic/jurassic boundary (csővár section, hungary). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 156, 401–409 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Hochuli, P. A., Hermann, E., Vigran, J. O., Bucher, H. & Weissert, H. Rapid demise and recovery of plant ecosystems across the end-permian extinction event. Global Planet. Change 74, 144–155 (2010).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bonis, N. et al.Palaeoenvironmental changes and vegetation history during the Triassic-Jurassic transition (LPP Contribution Series No. 29, 2010).Bonis, N. R. & Kürschner, W. M. Vegetation history, diversity patterns, and climate change across the triassic/jurassic boundary. Paleobiology 38, 240–264 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Visscher, H. et al. Environmental mutagenesis during the end-permian ecological crisis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 12952–12956 (2004).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar  More

  • in

    Diagnosing destabilization risk in global land carbon sinks

    Fernández-Martínez, M. et al. Global trends in carbon sinks and their relationships with CO2 and temperature. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 73–79 (2019).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Scheffer, M. et al. Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature 461, 53–59 (2009).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Dakos, V. et al. Slowing down as an early warning signal for abrupt climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 14308–14312 (2008).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Gasser, T. et al. Path-dependent reductions in CO2 emission budgets caused by permafrost carbon release. Nat. Geosci. 11, 830–835 (2018).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Zhu, Z. et al. Greening of the Earth and its drivers. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 791–795 (2016).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Bastos, A. et al. Contrasting effects of CO2 fertilization, land-use change and warming on seasonal amplitude of Northern Hemisphere CO2 exchange. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 12361–12375 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Pugh, T. A. M. et al. Role of forest regrowth in global carbon sink dynamics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 4382–4387 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, S. et al. Recent global decline of CO2 fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis. Science 370, 1295–1300 (2020).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Peñuelas, J. et al. Assessment of the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems based on data from field experiments and long-term monitored field gradients in Catalonia. Environ. Exp. Bot. 152, 49–59 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Terrer, C. et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 684–689 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Gatti, L. V. et al. Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature 595, 388–393 (2021).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Carpenter, S. R. & Brock, W. A. Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition. Ecol. Lett. 9, 311–318 (2006).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Dakos, V., Nes, E. H. & Scheffer, M. Flickering as an early warning signal. Theor. Ecol. 6, 309–317 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Sillmann, J., Daloz, A. S., Schaller, N. & Schwingshackl, C. in Climate Change 3rd edn (ed. Letcher, T. M.) 359–372 (Elsevier, 2021).Reichstein, M. et al. Climate extremes and the carbon cycle. Nature 500, 287–295 (2013).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, X. et al. A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations. Nature 506, 212–215 (2014).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Barnosky, A. D. et al. Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature 486, 52–58 (2012).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Buermann, W. et al. Climate-driven shifts in continental net primary production implicated as a driver of a recent abrupt increase in the land carbon sink. Biogeosciences 13, 1597–1607 (2016).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Luyssaert, S. et al. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database. Glob. Change Biol. 13, 2509–2537 (2007).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Peñuelas, J. et al. Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1438–1445 (2017).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Fernández-Martínez, M. et al. Nutrient availability as the key regulator of global forest carbon balance. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 471–476 (2014).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fernández-Martínez, M. et al. Spatial variability and controls over biomass stocks, carbon fluxes and resource-use efficiencies in forest ecosystems. Trees Struct. Funct. 28, 597–611 (2014).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ciais, P. et al. Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO2 gradient. Nature 568, 221–225 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Tilman, D., Lehman, C. L. & Thomson, K. T. Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1857–1861 (1997).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    de Mazancourt, C. et al. Predicting ecosystem stability from community composition and biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 16, 617–625 (2013).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Sakschewski, B. et al. Resilience of Amazon forests emerges from plant trait diversity. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 1032–1036 (2016).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fernández‐Martínez, M. et al. The role of climate, foliar stoichiometry and plant diversity on ecosystem carbon balance. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 7067–7078 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Musavi, T. et al. Stand age and species richness dampen interannual variation of ecosystem-level photosynthetic capacity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0048 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Anderegg, W. R. L. et al. Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought. Nature 561, 538–541 (2018).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    IPBES: Summary for Policymakers. In The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (eds Díaz, S. et al.) 1–56 (IPBES, 2019).Heath, J. P. Quantifying temporal variability in population abundances. Oikos 115, 573–581 (2006).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I. A., Martín-Vide, J. & Peñuelas, J. The consecutive disparity index, D, as measure of temporal variability in ecological studies. Ecosphere 9, e02527 (2018).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kreft, H. & Jetz, W. Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 5925–5930 (2007).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Ackerman, D. E., Chen, X. & Millet, D. B. Global nitrogen deposition (2° × 2.5° grid resolution) simulated with GEOS-Chem for 1984–1986, 1994–1996, 2004–2006, and 2014–2016 (University of Minnesota, 2018); https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/197613.Harris, I., Jones, P. D. D., Osborn, T. J. J. & Lister, D. H. H. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations—the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 623–642 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Graven, H. D. et al. Enhanced seasonal exchange of CO2 by northern ecosystems since 1960. Science 341, 1085–1089 (2013).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Wang, K. et al. Causes of slowing-down seasonal CO2 amplitude at Mauna Loa. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 4462–4477 (2020).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Knops, J. M. H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441, 629–632 (2006).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Liang, J. et al. Positive biodiversity–productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science 354, aaf8957–aaf8957 (2016).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Gessner, M. O. et al. Diversity meets decomposition. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 372–380 (2010).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Peguero, G. et al. Fast attrition of springtail communities by experimental drought and richness–decomposition relationships across Europe. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 2727–2738 (2019).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Díaz, S. & Cabido, M. Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 646–655 (2001).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Cardinale, B. J. Biodiversity improves water quality through niche partitioning. Nature 472, 86–91 (2011).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Ciais, P. et al. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437, 529–533 (2005).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Scheffer, M. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society (Princeton University Press, 2009).Ostfeld, R. & Keesing, F. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 232–237 (2000).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Chevallier, F. et al. CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D21307 (2010).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Chevallier, F. et al. Toward robust and consistent regional CO2 flux estimates from in situ and spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO2. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 1065–1070 (2014).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rödenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M. & Heimann, M. CO2 flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1919–1964 (2003).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Rödenbeck, C., Zaehle, S., Keeling, R. & Heimann, M. How does the terrestrial carbon exchange respond to interannual climatic variations? A quantification based on atmospheric CO2 data. Biogeosciences 15, 2481–2498 (2018).Sitch, S. et al. Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Biogeosciences 12, 653–679 (2015).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Fernández‐Martínez, M. & Peñuelas, J. Measuring temporal patterns in ecology: the case of mast seeding. Ecol. Evol. 11, 2990–2996 (2021).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: An introduction with R 2nd edn (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017).Ohlson, J. A. & Kim, S. Linear Valuation Without OLS: The Theil–Sen Estimation Approach (SSRN, 2015); https://ssrn.com/abstract=2276927.Komsta, L. Package mblm, 0.12.1: Median-based linear models (2013).Keeling, C. D. et al. in A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems (eds Ehleringer, J. R. et al.) 83–113 (Springer Verlag, 2005).Leroux, B. G., Lei, X. & Breslow, N. in Statistical Models in Epidemiology, the Environment and Clinical Trials (eds Halloran, M. & Berry, D.) 179–191 (Springer-Verlag, 2000).Lee, D. CARBayes: an R package for Bayesian spatial modeling with conditional autoregressive priors. J. Stat. Softw. 55, 1–24 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gonzalez, A. et al. Scaling‐up biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. Ecol. Lett. 15, ele.13456 (2020).
    Google Scholar 
    R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020). More

  • in

    Cell aggregation is associated with enzyme secretion strategies in marine polysaccharide-degrading bacteria

    Strains belonging to the same species display distinct growth dynamics on the marine polysaccharide alginateWe first quantified the growth dynamics of the 12 Vibrionaceae strains (Supplementary Table 1) on alginate in well-mixed batch cultures. Growth of populations was initiated at approximately the same inoculum density (105 colony forming units (c.f.u.) ml−1). We tracked the growth dynamics by measuring the optical density at 600 nm and compared the maximum population size reached over the course of 36 h (Fig. 1 and S1). We found significant differences in the maximal optical density achieved by different strains within each species (Fig. 1 and S1). In V. splendidus, strains 12B01 and FF6 reached a lower maximum population size compared to strains 1S124 and 13B01 (Fig. 1 and S1A). In V. cyclitrophicus, strain ZF270 reached a lower maximum population size compared to strains 1F175, 1F111, and ZF28 (Fig. 1 and S1A). Similarly, in V. sp. F13, strain 9ZC77 reached a lower maximum population size than strains 9CS106, 9ZC13, and ZF57 (Fig. 1 and S1A). These findings suggest that some strains are limited in their growth abilities in well-mixed environments, perhaps as a consequence of differences in the amount and activity of enzymes they release (Supplementary Table 1).Fig. 1: Vibrionaceae strains differ in their growth dynamics on the marine polysaccharide alginate under well-mixed conditions.Maximum optical density (measured at 600 nm) achieved by populations of strains belonging to Vibrio splendidus, Vibrio cyclitrophicus, and Vibrio sp. F13 during the course of a 36 h growth cycle on the same concentration (0.1% weight/volume) of the polysaccharide alginate. Points and error bars indicate the mean of measurements across populations within each ecotype (npopulations = 3) and the 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between strains within one species (One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test; V. splendidus: p  More

  • in

    Disentangling the causes of temporal variation in the opportunity for sexual selection

    Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. (John Murray, 1871).Andersson, M. Sexual Selection. (Princeton University Press, 1994).Shuster, S. & Wade, M. J. Mating Systems and Strategies. (Princeton University Press, 2003).Gosden, T. P. & Svensson, E. I. Spatial and temporal dynamics in a sexual selection mosaic. Evolution 62, 845–856 (2008).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Kasumovic, M. M., Bruce, M. J., Andrade, M. C. B. & Herberstein, M. E. Spatial and temporal demographic variation drives within-season fluctuations in sexual selection. Evolution 62, 2316–2325 (2008).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Mobley, K. B. & Jones, A. G. Environmental, demographic, and genetic mating system variation among five geographically distinct dusky pipefish (Syngnathus floridae) populations. Mol. Ecol. 18, 1476–1490 (2009).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Hoffer, J. N., Mariën, J., Ellers, J. & Koene, J. M. Sexual selection gradients change over time in a simultaneous hermaphrodite. eLife 6, e25139 (2017).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Sih, A., Montiglio, P.-O., Wey, T. W. & Fogarty, S. Altered physical and social conditions produce rapidly reversible mating systems in water striders. Behav. Ecol. 28, 632–639 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Preston, B. T., Stevenson, I. R., Pemberton, J. M. & Wilson, K. Dominant rams lose out by sperm depletion. Nature 409, 681–682 (2001).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Cornwallis, C. K. & Uller, T. Towards an evolutionary ecology of sexual traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 145–152 (2010).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Forsgren, E., Amundsen, T., Borg, A. A. & Bjelvenmark, J. Unusually dynamic sex roles in a fish. Nature 429, 551–554 (2004).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Hare, R. M. & Simmons, L. W. Sexual selection maintains a female-specific character in a species with dynamic sex roles. Behav. Ecol. 32, 609–616 (2021).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fox, R. J., Donelson, J. M., Schunter, C., Ravasi, T. & Gaitán-Espitia, J. D. Beyond buying time: the role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 374, 20180174 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Ingleby, F. C., Hunt, J. & Hosken, D. J. The role of genotype-by-environment interactions in sexual selection. J. Evol. Biol. 23, 2031–2045 (2010).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Lindström, J., Pike, T. W., Blount, J. D. & Metcalfe, N. B. Optimization of resource allocation can explain the temporal dynamics and honesty of sexual signals. Am. Nat. 174, 515–525 (2009).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Janicke, T., David, P. & Chapuis, E. Environment-dependent sexual selection: Bateman’s parameters under varying levels of food availability. Am. Nat. 185, 756–768 (2015).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Morimoto, J., Pizzari, T. & Wigby, S. Developmental environment effects on sexual selection in male and female Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE 11, e0154468 (2016).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Cattelan, S., Evans, J. P., Garcia-Gonzalez, F., Morbiato, E. & Pilastro, A. Dietary stress increases the total opportunity for sexual selection and modifies selection on condition-dependent traits. Ecol. Lett. 23, 447–456 (2020).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Glavaschi, A., Cattelan, S., Grapputo, A. & Pilastro, A. Imminent risk of predation reduces the relative strength of postcopulatory sexual selection in the guppy. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 375, 20200076 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Clark, D. C., DeBano, S. J. & Moore, A. J. The influence of environmental quality on sexual selection in Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Behav. Ecol. 8, 46–53 (1997).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Emlen, S. & Oring, L. Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197, 215–223 (1977).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Liker, A., Freckleton, R. P. & Székely, T. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nat. Commun. 4, 1–6 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Wacker, S. et al. Operational sex ratio but not density affects sexual selection in a fish. Evolution 67, 1937–1949 (2013).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Wacker, S., Ness, M. H., Östlund-Nilsson, S. & Amundsen, T. Social structure affects mating competition in a damselfish. Coral Reefs 36, 1279–1289 (2017).Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar 
    Janicke, T. & Morrow, E. H. Operational sex ratio predicts the opportunity and direction of sexual selection across animals. Ecol. Lett. 21, 384–391 (2018).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Procter, D. S., Moore, A. J. & Miller, C. W. The form of sexual selection arising from male-male competition depends on the presence of females in the social environment. J. Evol. Biol. 25, 803–812 (2012).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Eldakar, O. T., Dlugos, M. J., Pepper, J. W. & Wilson, D. S. Population structure mediates sexual conflict in Water striders. Science 326, 816–816 (2009).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Martin, A. M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Coltman, D. W. & Pelletier, F. Demographic drivers of age-dependent sexual selection. J. Evol. Biol. 29, 1437–1446 (2016).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Pilakouta, N. & Ålund, M. Sexual selection and environmental change: what do we know and what comes next? Curr. Zool. 67, 293–298 (2021).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Kahn, A. T., Dolstra, T., Jennions, M. D. & Backwell, P. R. Y. Strategic male courtship effort varies in concert with adaptive shifts in female mating preferences. Behav. Ecol. 24, 906–913 (2013).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Jordan, L. A. & Brooks, R. C. Recent social history alters male courtship preferences. Evolution 66, 280–287 (2012).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Wilson, D. R., Nelson, X. J. & Evans, C. S. Seizing the opportunity: Subordinate male fowl respond rapidly to variation in social context. Ethology 115, 996–1004 (2009).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Gwynne, D. T., Bailey, W. J. & Annells, A. The sex in short supply for matings varies over small Spatial scales in a Katydid (Kawanaphila nartee, Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 42, 157–162 (1998).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fedina, T. Y. & Lewis, S. M. Female mate choice across mating stages and between sequential mates in flour beetles. J. Evol. Biol. 20, 2138–2143 (2007).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Clark, H. L. & Backwell, P. R. Y. Temporal and spatial variation in female mating preferences in a fiddler crab. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 69, 1779–1784 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Serbezov, D., Bernatchez, L., Olsen, E. M. & Vøllestad, L. A. Mating patterns and determinants of individual reproductive success in brown trout (Salmo trutta) revealed by parentage analysis of an entire stream living population. Mol. Ecol. 19, 3193–3205 (2010).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Gerlach, N. M., McGlothlin, J. W., Parker, P. G. & Ketterson, E. D. Reinterpreting Bateman gradients: multiple mating and selection in both sexes of a songbird species. Behav. Ecol. 23, 1078–1088 (2012).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dubuc, C., Ruiz-Lambides, A. & Widdig, A. Variance in male lifetime reproductive success and estimation of the degree of polygyny in a primate. Behav. Ecol. 25, 878–889 (2014).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Breuer, T. et al. Variance in the male reproductive success of western gorillas: acquiring females is just the beginning. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 64, 515–528 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Germain, R. R., Hallworth, M. T., Kaiser, S. A., Sillett, T. S. & Webster, M. S. Variance in within-pair reproductive success influences the opportunity for selection annually and over the lifetimes of males in a multi-brooded songbird. Evolution 75, 915–930 (2021).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Lande, R. & Arnold, S. J. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37, 1210–1226 (1983).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Klug, H., Heuschele, J., Jennions, M. D. & Kokko, H. The mismeasurement of sexual selection. J. Evol. Biol. 23, 447–462 (2010).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Jennions, M. D., Kokko, H. & Klug, H. The opportunity to be misled in studies of sexual selection. J. Evol. Biol. 25, 591–598 (2012).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Krakauer, A. H., Webster, M. S., Duval, E. H., Jones, A. G. & Shuster, S. M. The opportunity for sexual selection: not mismeasured, just misunderstood. J. Evol. Biol. 24, 2064–2071 (2011).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Hebets, E. A., Stafstrom, J. A., Rodriguez, R. L. & Wilgers, D. J. Enigmatic ornamentation eases male reliance on courtship performance for mating success. Anim. Behav. 81, 963–972 (2011).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Fitzpatrick, J. L. & Lüpold, S. Sexual selection and the evolution of sperm quality. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 20, 1180–1189 (2014).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Jones, A. G. On the opportunity for sexual selection, the Bateman gradient and the maximum intensity of sexual selection. Evolution 63, 1673–1684 (2009).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Henshaw, J. M., Kahn, A. T. & Fritzsche, K. A rigorous comparison of sexual selection indexes via simulations of diverse mating systems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E300–E308 (2016).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Evans, J. P. & Garcia-Gonzalez, F. The total opportunity for sexual selection and the integration of pre- and post-mating episodes of sexual selection in a complex world. J. Evol. Biol. 29, 2338–2361 (2016).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Downhower, J. F., Blumer, L. S. & Brown, L. Opportunity for selection: an appropriate measure for evaluating variation in the potential for selection? Evolution 41, 1395–1400 (1987).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Klug, H. & Stone, L. More than just noise: Chance, mating success, and sexual selection. Ecol. Evol. 11, 6326–6340 (2021).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Anthes, N., Häderer, I. K., Michiels, N. K. & Janicke, T. Measuring and interpreting sexual selection metrics: evaluation and guidelines. Methods Ecol. Evol. 8, 918–931 (2016).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Klug, H., Lindström, K. & Kokko, H. Who to include in measures of sexual selection is no trivial matter. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1094–1102 (2010).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Collet, J. M., Dean, R. F., Worley, K., Richardson, D. S. & Pizzari, T. The measure and significance of Bateman’s principles. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20132973 (2014).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Collet, J., Richardson, D. S., Worley, K. & Pizzari, T. Sexual selection and the differential effect of polyandry. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 8641–8645 (2012).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    McDonald, G. C., Spurgin, L. G., Fairfield, E. A., Richardson, D. S. & Pizzari, T. Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection favor aggressive, young males in polyandrous groups of red junglefowl. Evolution 71, 1653–1669 (2017).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Morimoto, J. et al. Sex peptide receptor-regulated polyandry modulates the balance of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila. Nat. Commun. 10, 283 (2019).Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Shuster, S. M., Willen, R. M., Keane, B. & Solomon, N. G. Alternative mating tactics in socially monogamous prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7, 7 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Dowling, J. & Webster, M. S. Working with what you’ve got: unattractive males show greater mate-guarding effort in a duetting songbird. Biol. Lett. 13, 20160682 (2017).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Pizzari, T. & McDonald, G. C. Sexual selection in socially structured, polyandrous populations: Some insights from the fowl. Adv. Study Behav. 51, 77–141 (2019).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Archer, M. S. & Elgar, M. A. Female preference for multiple partners: sperm competition in the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer). Anim. Behav. 58, 669–675 (1999).Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Qvarnström, A. & Forsgren, E. Should females prefer dominant males? Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 498–501 (1998).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Webster, M. S., Tarvin, K. A., Tuttle, E. M. & Pruett-Jones, S. Promiscuity drives sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird. Evolution 61, 2205–2211 (2007).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Brunton, D. H. Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). Auk 105, 553–564 (1988).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Johnson, L. S., Hicks, B. G. & Masters, B. S. Increased cuckoldry as a cost of breeding late for male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon). Behav. Ecol. 13, 670–675 (2002).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Boinski, S. Mating patterns in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi): implications for seasonal sexual dimorphism. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21, 13–21 (1987).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    McDonald, G. C., Spurgin, L. G., Fairfield, E. A., Richardson, D. S. & Pizzari, T. Differential female sociality is linked with the fine-scale structure of sexual interactions in replicate groups of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20191734 (2019).Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Carleial, R. et al. Temporal dynamics of competitive fertilization in social groups of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) shed new light on avian sperm competition. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 375, 20200081 (2020).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Lessells, C. M. & Birkhead, T. R. Mechanisms of sperm competition in birds: mathematical models. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27, 325–337 (1990).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Taborsky, T., Oliveira, R. F. & Brockmann, H. J. The Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Tactics: Concepts and Questions. in Alternative Reproductive Tactics: An Integrative Approach (Cambridge University Press, 2008).Ghislandi, P. G. et al. Resource availability, mating opportunity and sexual selection intensity influence the expression of male alternative reproductive tactics. J. Evol. Biol. 31, 1035–1046 (2018).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Lehtonen, T. K., Wong, B. B. M. & Lindström, K. Fluctuating mate preferences in a marine fish. Biol. Lett. 6, 21–23 (2010).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Chaine, A. S. & Lyon, B. E. Adaptive plasticity in female mate choice dampens sexual selection on male ornaments in the lark bunting. Science 319, 459–462 (2008).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J. Stat. Softw. 82, 1–26 (2017).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Oklander, L. I., Kowalewski, M. & Corach, D. Male reproductive strategies in black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Am. J. Primatol. 76, 43–55 (2014).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Pröhl, H. & Hödl, W. Parental investment, potential reproductive rates, and mating system in the strawberry dart-poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 46, 215–220 (1999).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Turnell, B. R. & Shaw, K. L. High opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection under field conditions. Evolution 69, 2094–2104 (2015).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Gill, L. F., van Schaik, J., von Bayern, A. M. P. & Gahr, M. L. Genetic monogamy despite frequent extrapair copulations in “strictly monogamous” wild jackdaws. Behav. Ecol. 31, 247–260 (2020).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Carleial, R., McDonald, G. C. & Pizzari, T. Dynamic phenotypic correlates of social status and mating effort in male and female red junglefowl, Gallus gallus. J. Evol. Biol. 33, 22–40 (2020).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    McDonald, G. C. & Pizzari, T. Structure of sexual networks determines the operation of sexual selection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E53–E61 (2018).Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Janicke, T., Häderer, I. K., Lajeunesse, M. J. & Anthes, N. Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom. Sci. Adv. 2, e1500983 (2016).Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 
    Webster, M. S., Pruett-Jones, S., Westneat, D. F. & Arnold, S. J. Measuring the effects of pairing success, extra-pair copulations and mate quality on the opportunity for sexual selection. Evolution 49, 1147–1157 (1995).PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Etches, R. J. Reproduction in Poultry. (CABI, 1996).Schielzeth, H. Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients: Interpretation of regression coefficients. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1, 103–113 (2010).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Løvlie, H., Cornwallis, C. K. & Pizzari, T. Male mounting alone reduces female promiscuity in the fowl. Curr. Biol. 15, 1222–1227 (2005).Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 
    Berglund, A. Many mates make male pipefish choosy. Behaviour 132, 213–218 (1995).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Carleial, R., Pizzari, T., Richardson, D. S. & McDonald, G. C. Data for: Disentangling the causes of temporal variation in the opportunity for sexual selection. figshare Dataset (2023) https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21902133.v1.McLain, D. K., Burnette, L. B. & Deeds, D. A. Within season variation in the intensity of sexual selection on body size in the bug Margus obscurator (Hemiptera Coreidae). Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 5, 75–86 (1993).Article 

    Google Scholar 
    Schlicht, E. & Kempenaers, B. Effects of social and extra-pair mating on sexual selection in Blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Evolution 67, 1420–1434 (2013).PubMed 

    Google Scholar  More