Philippa Kaur

Asner, G. P., Elmore, A. J., Olander, L. P., Martin, R. E. & Harris, A. T. Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 29, 261–299 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Board. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water: Synthesis (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005).Lind, J., Sabates-Wheeler, R., Caravani, M., Kuol, L. B. D. & Nightingale, D. M. Newly evolving pastoral and post-pastoral rangelands of Eastern Africa. Pastoralism 10, 24 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hoffman, T. & Vogel, C. Climate change impacts on African rangelands. Rangelands 30, 12–17 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Joyce, L. A. et al. Climate change and North American rangelands: Assessment of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 66, 512–528 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Stringer, L. C., Reed, M. S., Dougill, A. J., Seely, M. K. & Rokitzki, M. Implementing the UNCCD: Participatory challenges. Nat. Resour. Forum 31, 198–211 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vågen, T.-G., Winowiecki, L. A., Tondoh, J. E., Desta, L. T. & Gumbricht, T. Mapping of soil properties and land degradation risk in Africa using MODIS reflectance. Geoderma 263, 216–225 (2016).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Stevens, N., Lehmann, C. E. R., Murphy, B. P. & Durigan, G. Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23, 235–244 (2017).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Muñoz, P. et al. Land degradation, poverty and inequality (2019).Bond, W. & Keeley, J. Fire as a global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 387–394 (2005).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lehmann, C. E. R., Archibald, S. A., Hoffmann, W. A. & Bond, W. J. Deciphering the distribution of the savanna biome. New Phytol. 191, 197–209 (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Staver, A. C., Archibald, S. & Levin, S. A. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 334, 230–232 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
MATH 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Fuhlendorf, S. D., Fynn, R. W. S., McGranahan, D. A. & Twidwell, D. Heterogeneity as the basis for rangeland management in Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges, Springer Series on Environmental Management (ed. Briske, D. D.), 169–196 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).Liao, C., Agrawal, A., Clark, P. E., Levin, S. A. & Rubenstein, D. I. Landscape sustainability science in the drylands: mobility, rangelands and livelihoods. Landsc. Ecol. 35, 2433–2447 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galvin, K. A. Transitions: pastoralists living with change. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 38, 185–198 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
López-i Gelats, F., Fraser, E. D. G., Morton, J. F. & Rivera-Ferre, M. G. What drives the vulnerability of pastoralists to global environmental change? A qualitative meta-analysis. Glob. Environ. Change 39, 258–274 (2016).Obiri, J. F. Invasive plant species and their disaster-effects in dry tropical forests and rangelands of Kenya and Tanzania. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 3, 417–428 (2011).Kioko, J., Kiringe, J. W. & Seno, S. O. Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. J. Arid Land 4, 29–35 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kotiaho, J. S. et al. The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem (2018).Western, D., Mose, V. N., Worden, J. & Maitumo, D. Predicting extreme droughts in savannah Africa: A comparison of proxy and direct measures in detecting biomass fluctuations, trends and their causes. PLoS One 10, e0136516 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Dai, A. Drought under global warming: a review. WIREs Climate Change 2, 45–65 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Holechek, J. L., Cibils, A. F., Bengaly, K. & Kinyamario, J. I. Human population growth, African pastoralism, and rangelands: A perspective. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 70, 273–280 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Midgley, G. F. & Bond, W. J. Future of African terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems under anthropogenic climate change. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 823–829 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hill, M. J. & Guerschman, J. P. The MODIS global vegetation fractional cover product 2001–2018: Characteristics of vegetation fractional cover in grasslands and savanna woodlands. Remote Sensing 12, 406 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Lake, P. S. Resistance, resilience and restoration. Ecol. Manage. Restor. 14, 20–24 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hodgson, D., McDonald, J. L. & Hosken, D. J. What do you mean, ‘resilient’?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 503–506 (2015).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tilman, D. & Downing, J. A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367, 363–365 (1994).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Fedrigo, J. K. et al. Temporary grazing exclusion promotes rapid recovery of species richness and productivity in a long-term overgrazed Campos grassland. Restor. Ecol. 26, 677–685 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ruppert, J. C. et al. Quantifying drylands’ drought resistance and recovery: the importance of drought intensity, dominant life history and grazing regime. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1258–1270 (2015).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Homewood, K. M. Policy, environment and development in African rangelands. Environ. Sci. Policy 7, 125–143 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Caro, T. & Davenport, T. R. B. Wildlife and wildlife management in Tanzania. Conserv. Biol. 30, 716–723 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bollig, M. & Schulte, A. Environmental change and pastoral perceptions: degradation and indigenous knowledge in two African pastoral communities. Hum. Ecol. 27, 493–514 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Veldhuis, M. P. et al. Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Science 363, 1424–1428 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Nicholson, S. E. Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over Eastern Africa. Rev. Geophys. 55, 590–635 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
2012 Population and Housing Census (National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, 2013).Kiffner, C., Nagar, S., Kollmar, C. & Kioko, J. Wildlife species richness and densities in wildlife corridors of Northern Tanzania. J. Nat. Conserv. 31, 29–37 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Foley, C. A. H. & Faust, L. J. Rapid population growth in an elephant Loxodonta africana population recovering from poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Oryx 44, 205–212 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kebacho, L. L. Large-scale circulations associated with recent interannual variability of the short rains over East Africa. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 134, 10 (2021).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Wainwright, C. M., Finney, D. L., Kilavi, M., Black, E. & Marsham, J. H. Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019-January 2020 and context under future climate change. Weather 76, 26–31 (2021).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Abukari, H. & Mwalyosi, R. B. Comparing pressures on national parks in Ghana and Tanzania: The case of mole and Tarangire National Parks. Global Ecol. Conserv. 15, e00405 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kaswamila, A. An analysis of the contribution of community wildlife management areas on livelihood in Tanzania. Sustain. Natl. Res. Manag. 139–54 (2012).NTRI. Maps | NTRI – Northern Tanzania Rangelands Initiative. https://www.ntri.co.tz/maps/ (2016). Accessed: 2021-3-29.Mworia, J., Kinyamario, J. & John, E. Impact of the invader Ipomoea hildebrandtii on grass biomass, nitrogen mineralisation and determinants of its seedling establishment in Kajiado, Kenya. Afr. J. Range Forage Sci. 25, 11–16 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Manyanza, N. M. & Ojija, F. Invasion, impact and control techniques for invasive Ipomoea hildebrandtii on Maasai steppe rangelands. NATO Adv. Sci. Inst. Ser. E Appl. Sci. 17, 12 (2021).Thaiyah, A. G. et al. Acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity of Solanum incanum L in sheep in Kenya. Kenya Veterinarian 35, 1–8 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Roques, K. G., O’Connor, T. G. & Watkinson, A. R. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: relative influences of fire, herbivory, rainfall and density dependence. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 268–280 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Riginos, C. & Herrick, J. E. Monitoring rangeland health: a guide for pastoralists and other land managers in Eastern Africa. Version II (2010).Farr, T. G. et al. The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys. 45, RG2004 (2007).QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association (2022).Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. 202, 18–27 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Didan, K. MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006 [Data set] (NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2015).Friedl, M. & Sulla-Menashe, D. MCD12Q1 MODIS/Terra+ Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006 (NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2019).Vermote, E. MOD09A1 MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance 8-day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC 10 (2015).Funk, C. et al. The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations–a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Scientific Data 2, 1–21 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Zeileis, A. & Grothendieck, G. zoo: S3 infrastructure for regular and irregular time series. arXiv:math/0505527 (2005).R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (2016).Scaramuzza, P. & Barsi, J. Landsat 7 scan line corrector-off gap-filled product development in Proceeding of Pecora 16, 23–27 (2005).
Google Scholar 
Huete, A. et al. Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Environ. 83, 195–213 (2002).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rikimaru, A., Roy, P. S. & Miyatake, S. Tropical forest cover density mapping. Trop. Ecol. 39–47 (2002).Diek, S., Fornallaz, F., Schaepman, M. E. & De Jong, R. Barest pixel composite for agricultural areas using landsat time series. Remote Sensing 9, 1245 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., Huete, A. R., Kerr, Y. H. & Sorooshian, S. A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sens. Environ. 48, 119–126 (1994).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Adams, B. et al. Mapping forest composition with Landsat time series: An evaluation of seasonal composites and harmonic regression. Remote Sensing 12, 610 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Nwanganga, F. & Chapple, M. Practical machine learning in R (John Wiley and Sons, Indianapolis, 2020).Adam, E., Mutanga, O., Odindi, J. & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers. Int. J. Remote Sens. 35, 3440–3458 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mansour, K., Mutanga, O., Adam, E. & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. Multispectral remote sensing for mapping grassland degradation using the key indicators of grass species and edaphic factors. Geocarto Int. 31, 477–491 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hunter, F. D. L., Mitchard, E. T. A., Tyrrell, P. & Russell, S. Inter-Seasonal time series imagery enhances classification accuracy of grazing resource and land degradation maps in a savanna ecosystem. Remote Sensing 12, 198 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Yang, L. et al. Estimating surface downward shortwave radiation over china based on the gradient boosting decision tree method. Remote Sensing 10, 185 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Pham, T. D. et al. Estimating mangrove Above-Ground biomass using extreme gradient boosting decision trees algorithm with fused Sentinel-2 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data in Can Gio biosphere reserve, Vietnam. Remote Sensing 12, 777 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Adobe Inc. Adobe illustrator.Lenth, R. V. emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka Least-Squares means. R package version 1.5.4 (2021).Royall, R. M. The effect of sample size on the meaning of significance tests. Am. Stat. 40, 313–315 (1986).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Rue, H., Martino, S. & Chopin, N. Approximate bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations. J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol. 71, 319–392 (2009).Lindgren, F. & Rue, H. Bayesian spatial modelling with R-INLA. J. Stat. Softw. 63, 1–25 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bakka, H. et al. Spatial modelling with R-INLA: A review. arXiv:1802.06350 [stat] (2018).Lobora, A. L. et al. Modelling habitat conversion in Miombo woodlands: Insights from Tanzania. J. Land Use Sci. 1747423X.2017.1331271 (2017).Bright, E. A., Rose, A. N., Urban, M. L. & McKee, J. LandScan 2017 High-Resolution global population data set. Tech. Rep., Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States) (2018).Gilbert, M. et al. Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010. Sci Data 5, 180227 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Yang, Y., Fang, J., Ma, W. & Wang, W. Relationship between variability in aboveground net primary production and precipitation in global grasslands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (2008).Guo, Q. et al. Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland: effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18, 3624–3631 (2012).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X., Yue, Y. & Faraway, J. J. Bayesian Regression Modeling with INLA (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018).Côté, I. M. & Darling, E. S. Rethinking ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000438 (2010).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
O’Loughlin, J. et al. Climate variability and conflict risk in East Africa, 1990–2009. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 18344–18349 (2012).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Ongoma, V., Chen, H., Gao, C., Nyongesa, A. M. & Polong, F. Future changes in climate extremes over Equatorial East Africa based on CMIP5 multimodel ensemble. Nat. Hazards 90, 901–920 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Homewood, K. & Rodgers, W. A. Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy. Conservation in Africa: People, policies and practice 111–128 (1987).Scoones, I. Exploiting heterogeneity: habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe. J. Arid Environ. 29, 221–237 (1995).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Goldman, M. J. & Riosmena, F. Adaptive capacity in Tanzanian Maasailand: Changing strategies to cope with drought in fragmented landscapes. Glob. Environ. Change 23, 588–597 (2013).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Selemani, I. S. & Others. Communal rangelands management and challenges underpinning pastoral mobility in Tanzania: a review. Livestock Res. Rural Dev. 26, 1–12 (2014).Middleton, N. Rangeland management and climate hazards in drylands: dust storms, desertification and the overgrazing debate. Nat. Hazards 92, 57–70 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sallu, S. M., Twyman, C. & Stringer, L. C. Resilient or vulnerable livelihoods? Assessing livelihood dynamics and trajectories in rural Botswana. Ecology and Society 15 (2010).Oba, G. & Lusigi, W. J. An overview of drought strategies and land use in African pastoral systems (Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute, 1987).Russell, S., Tyrrell, P. & Western, D. Seasonal interactions of pastoralists and wildlife in relation to pasture in an African savanna ecosystem. J. Arid Environ. 154, 70–81 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Girvetz, E. et al. Future climate projections in Africa: Where are we headed? In The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers: Investigating the Business of a Productive, Resilient and Low Emission Future 15–27 (Springer International Publishing, 2019).Lyon, B. & DeWitt, D. G. A recent and abrupt decline in the East African long rains. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39 (2012).Liebmann, B. et al. Climatology and interannual variability of boreal spring wet season precipitation in the Eastern Horn of Africa and implications for its recent decline. J. Clim. 30, 3867–3886 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Shongwe, M. E., van Oldenborgh, G. J., van den Hurk, B. & van Aalst, M. Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming. part II: East Africa. J. Clim. 24, 3718–3733 (2011).Dunning, C. M., Black, E. & Allan, R. P. Later wet seasons with more intense rainfall over Africa under future climate change. J. Clim. 31, 9719–9738 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rowell, D. P., Booth, B. B. B., Nicholson, S. E. & Good, P. Reconciling past and future rainfall trends over East Africa. J. Clim. 28, 9768–9788 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Vizy, E. K. & Cook, K. H. Mid-Twenty-First-Century changes in extreme events over Northern and Tropical Africa. J. Clim. 25, 5748–5767 (2012).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gebremeskel Haile, G. et al. Droughts in East Africa: Causes, impacts and resilience. Earth-Sci. Rev. 193, 146–161 (2019).Kendon, E. J. et al. Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale. Nat. Commun. 10, 1794 (2019).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Finney, D. L. et al. Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall, and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa. J. Clim. 33, 2701–2718 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Prins, H. H. T. & Loth, P. E. Rainfall patterns as background to plant phenology in Northern Tanzania. J. Biogeogr. 15, 451–463 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ngondya, I. B., Treydte, A. C., Ndakidemi, P. A. & Munishi, L. K. Invasive plants: ecological effects, status, management challenges in Tanzania and the way forward. J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci. (JBES) 10, 204–217 (2017).
Google Scholar 
Drusch, M. et al. Sentinel-2: ESA’s optical High-Resolution mission for GMES operational services. Remote Sens. Environ. 120, 25–36 (2012).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rapinel, S. et al. Evaluation of Sentinel-2 time-series for mapping floodplain grassland plant communities. Remote Sens. Environ. 223, 115–129 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Li, W. et al. Accelerating savanna degradation threatens the Maasai Mara socio-ecological system. Glob. Environ. Change 60, 102030 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wonkka, C. L., Twidwell, D., Franz, T. E., Taylor, C. A. & Rogers, W. E. Persistence of a severe drought increases desertification but not woody dieback in semiarid savanna. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 69, 491–498 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vierich, H. I. D. & Stoop, W. A. Changes in West African savanna agriculture in response to growing population and continuing low rainfall. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 31, 115–132 (1990).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fynn, R. W. S. & O’Connor, T. G. Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa. J. Appl. Ecol. 37, 491–507 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wang, S., Chen, W., Xie, S. M., Azzari, G. & Lobell, D. B. Weakly supervised deep learning for segmentation of remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing 12, 207 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Alananga, S., Makupa, E. R., Moyo, K. J., Matotola, U. C. & Mrema, E. F. Land administration practices in Tanzania: A replica of past mistakes. Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law (2019).Huggins, C. Village land use planning and commercialization of land in Tanzania. LANDac Research Brief 1 (2016).Stein, H., Maganga, F. P., Odgaard, R., Askew, K. & Cunningham, S. The formal divide: Customary rights and the allocation of credit to agriculture in Tanzania. J. Dev. Stud. 52, 1306–1319 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hall, D. G. M., Reeve, M. J., Thomasson, A. J. & Wright, V. F. Water retention, porosity and density of field soils (No. Tech. Monograph N9, 1977).Moore, D. C. & Singer, M. J. Crust formation effects on soil erosion processes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 1117–1123 (1990).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Cotler, H. & Ortega-Larrocea, M. P. Effects of land use on soil erosion in a tropical dry forest ecosystem, Chamela watershed, Mexico. Catena 65, 107–117 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bach, E. M., Baer, S. G., Meyer, C. K. & Six, J. Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 2182–2191 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Butz, R. J. Traditional fire management: historical fire regimes and land use change in pastoral East Africa. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18, 442–450 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Hatton, P. J., Castanha, C., Torn, M. S. & Bird, J. A. Litter type control on soil C and N stabilization dynamics in a temperate forest. Glob. Change Biol. 21(3), 1358–1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12786 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Lladó, S., López-Mondéjar, R. & Baldrian, P. Forest soil bacteria: Diversity, involvement in ecosystem processes, and response to global change. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 81(2), e00063–16. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00063-16 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ranjard, L. & Richaume, A. Quantitative and qualitative microscale distribution of bacteria in soil. Res. Microbiol. 152(8), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01251-7 (2001).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nannipieri, P., Badalucco, L., Benbi, D. K., & Nieder, R. Handbook of processes and modelling in the soil-plant system. Biological Processes, 57–82 (2003).Wixon, D. L. & Balser, T. C. Complexity, climate change and soil carbon: A systems approach to microbial temperature response. Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 26(5), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.995 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van Der Heijden, M. G., Bardgett, R. D. & Van Straalen, N. M. The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 11(3), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01139.x (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Tisdall, J. M. Possible role of soil microorganisms in aggregation in soils. Plant Soil 159, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000100 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ingham, E. R. Soil biology primer, Chapter 4: Soil fungus. Soil and Water Conservation 22–23 (Soil and Water Conservation Society, 2009).
Google Scholar 
Stevens, W. B., Sainju, U. M., Caesar, A. J., West, M. & Gaskin, J. F. Soil-aggregating bacterial community as affected by irrigation, tillage, and cropping system in the northern great plains. Soil Sci. 179(1), 11–20 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Islam, K. R. Lecture on Soil Physics, Personal Collection of K. Islam (Ohio State University, 2008).
Google Scholar 
López-Mondéjar, R., Zühlke, D., Becher, D., Riedel, K. & Baldrian, P. Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition by forest soil bacteria proceeds by the action of structurally variable enzymatic systems. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 25279. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25279 (2016).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wardle, D. A., Nilsson, M. C. & Zackrisson, O. Fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus. Science 320(5876), 629–629. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154960 (2008).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Shelobolina, E., Roden, E., Benzine, J. & Xiong, M. Y. Using phyllosilicate-Fe (II)-oxidizing soil bacteria to improve Fe and K plant nutrition. U.S. Patent Application 14/924,397 (Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, 2016).
Google Scholar 
Kumar, A., & Verma, J. P. The role of microbes to improve crop productivity and soil health. In Ecological Wisdom Inspired Restoration Engineering 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0149-0_14 (2019).Dick, W. Lecture on Biochemistry Process in Soil Microbiology, Personal Collection of W. Dick (The Ohio State University School of Environment and Natural Resources, 2009).
Google Scholar 
Reed, S. C., Cleveland, C. C. & Townsend, A. R. Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42, 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sylvia, D. M., Fuhrmann, J. J., Hartel, P. G. & Zuberer, D. A. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology (No. QR111 S674 2005) 2nd edn. (Prentice Hall, 2005).
Google Scholar 
Torsvik, V., Daae, F. L., Sandaa, R. A. & Øvreås, L. Novel techniques for analysing microbial diversity in natural and perturbed environments. J. Biotechnol. 64(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00103-5 (1998).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Roesch, L. F. W. et al. Pyrosequencing enumerates and contrasts soil microbial diversity. ISME J. 1(4), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.53 (2007).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rousk, J., Brookes, P. C. & Bååth, E. The microbial PLFA composition as affected by pH in an arable soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42(3), 516–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.026 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Brockett, B. F., Prescott, C. E. & Grayston, S. J. Soil moisture is the major factor influencing microbial community structure and enzyme activities across seven biogeoclimatic zones in western Canada. Soil Biol. Biochem. 44(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.09.003 (2012).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Urbanová, M., Šnajdr, J. & Baldrian, P. Composition of fungal and bacterial communities in forest litter and soil is largely determined by dominant trees. Soil Biol. Biochem. 84, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.011 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Binkley, D. & Vitousek, P. M. Soil nutrient availability. In Plant Physiological, Field Methods and Instrumentation (eds Pearey, R. W. et al.) 75–96 (Champan and Hall, 1989).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Ruess, J. O. & Innis, G. S. A grassland nitrogen flow simulation mode. Ecology 58, 348–429. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935612 (1977).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kumar, M., Sharma, C. M. & Rajwar, G. S. Physico-chemical properties of forest soil along altitudinal gradient in Garhwal Himalaya. J. Hill Res. 17(2), 60–64 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Smit, E. et al. Diversity and seasonal fluctuations of the dominant members of the bacterial soil community in a wheat field as determined by cultivation and molecular methods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(5), 2284–2291. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.5.2284-2291.2001 (2001).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Qazi, P. H. Bioprospecting Himalayan microbial diversity. ENVIS Newsletter on Himalayan Ecology 12(4). http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/ENVIS%20Newsletter/vol%2012(4).pdf (2015).Pradhan, S. et al. Bacterial biodiversity from Roopkund glacier, Himalayan Mountain ranges, India. Extremophiles 14, 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-010-0318-3 (2010).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Shivaji, S. et al. Bacterial diversity of soil in the vicinity of Pindari glacier, Himalayan Mountain ranges, India, using culturable bacteria and soil 16S rRNA gene clones. Extremophiles 15, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-010-0333-4 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Das, J. & Dangar, T. K. Microbial population dynamics, especially stress tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis, in partially anaerobic rice field soils during post-harvest period of the Himalayan, island, brackish water and coastal habitats of India. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24, 1403–1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9620-3 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lyngwi, N. A., Koijam, K., Sharma, D. & Joshi, S. R. Cultivable bacterial diversity along the altitudinal zonation and vegetation range of tropical Eastern Himalaya. Rev. Biol. Trop. 61(1), 467–490. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v61i1.11141 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pandey, S., Singh, S., Yadav, A. N., Nain, L. & Saxena, A. K. Phylogenetic diversity and characterization of novel and efficient cellulase producing bacterial isolates from various extreme environments. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 77(7), 1474–1480. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.130121 (2013).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Venkatachalam, S., Gowdaman, V. & Prabagaran, S. R. Culturable and culture-independent bacterial diversity and the prevalence of cold-adapted enzymes from the Himalayan Mountain ranges of India and Nepal. Microb. Ecol. 69, 472–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0476-4 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Saxena, A. K., Yadav, A. N., Kaushik, R., Tyagi, S. P., & Shukla, L. Biotechnological applications of microbes isolated from cold environments in agriculture and allied sectors. In International Conference on Low Temperature Science and Biotechnological Advances, Vol. 104 (Society of Low Temperature Biology, 2015).Singh, R. N. et al. First high-quality draft genome sequence of a plant growth promoting and cold active enzyme producing psychrotrophic Arthrobacter agilis strain L77. Stand. Genom. Sci. 11, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-016-0176-4 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Mushtaq, H. et al. Biochemical characterization and functional analysis of heat stable high potential protease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain HM48 from soils of Dachigam National Park in Kashmir Himalaya. Biomolecules 11(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010117 (2021).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Maharana, A. K. & Ray, P. Isolation and screening of cold active extracellular enzymes producing psychrotrophic bacteria from soil of Jammu City. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia 10(1), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1120 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rehakova, K., Chlumska, Z. & Dolezal, J. Soil cyanobacterial and microalgal diversity in dry mountains of Ladakh, NW Himalaya, as related to site, altitude, and vegetation. Microb. Ecol. 62, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9878-8 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rehakova, K. et al. Bacterial community of cushion plant Thylacospermum ceaspitosum on elevational gradient in the Himalayan cold desert. Front. Microbiol. 6, 304. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00304 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gupta, P. & Vakhlu, J. Culturable bacterial diversity and hydrolytic enzymes from Drass, a cold desert in India. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 9, 1866–1876. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2015.7424 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yadav, A. N. et al. Culturable diversity and functional annotation of psychrotrophic bacteria from cold desert of Leh Ladakh (India). World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1768-z (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Farooq, S., Nazir, R., Ganai, B. A., Mushtaq, H. & Dar, G. J. Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial diversity of Himalayan Thajwas glacial soil, India. Biologia 77, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00915-6 (2022).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ahmad, N., Johri, S., Abdin, M. Z. & Qazi, G. N. Molecular characterization of bacterial population in the forest soil of Kashmir, India. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9868-2 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Thakur, D., Yadav, A., Gogoi, B. K. & Bora, T. C. Isolation and screening of Streptomyces in soil of protected forest areas from the states of Assam and Tripura, India, for antimicrobial metabolites. J. Mycol. Méd. 17(4), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2007.08.001 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rina, K., Hiral, P., Payal, P., Dharaiya, N. & Patel, R. K. Study on microbial diversity of Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. ICFAI Univ. J. Life Sci. 3(1), 34–41 (2009).
Google Scholar 
Das, S., Saikia, P., Baruah, P. P. & Chakraborty, A. Isolation and identification of soil bacteria collected from Dibru-Saikhowa, the National Park and Biosphere Reserve Forest of Assam, India. Int. J. Sci. Res. (IJSR), 1937–1940 (2016).De Mandal, S., Lalremsanga, H. T. & Kumar, N. S. Bacterial diversity of Murlen National Park located in Indo-Burman Biodiversity hotspot region: A metagenomic approach. Genom. Data 5, 25–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2015.04.025 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Megha, B., Sejal, P., Puja, P. & Jasrai, Y. T. Isolation and identification of soil microflora of national parks of Gujarat, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 4(3), 421–429 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Kumar, A., Singh, R. D., Patra, A. K., Sahu, S. K. & Singh, M. Impact of oak and pine canopy cover on soil biochemical and microbial indicators of Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Himalaya, India. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 11(3), 1599–1607. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.11.3.47 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dhiman, P., Mehta, J. P., Singh, P. & andSharesthBaldotra, S. S.,. Effect of prescribe fire on bacterial abundance and their enzymatic activity in burnt and unburnt soil of Chilla Forest, Raja Ji National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Plant Arch. 18(1), 1125–1128 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Behera, P. et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the structure and function of sediment bacterial communities of a tropical mangrove forest. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 3893–3908 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Sharma, P. & Thakur, D. Antimicrobial biosynthetic potential and diversity of culturable soil actinobacteria from forest ecosystems of Northeast India. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60968-6 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dar, G. H., Bhagat, R. C. & Khan, M. A. Biodiversity of the Kashmir Himalaya (Valley Book House, 2002).
Google Scholar 
Shameem, S. A., Kangroo, N. I. & Bhat, G. A. Comparative assessment of edaphic features and herbaceous diversity in lower Dachigam national park, Kashmir, Himalaya. J. Ecol. Nat. Environ. 3(6), 196–204 (2011).
Google Scholar 
Thakur, M., Sharma, L. K., Charoo, S. A. & Sathyakumar, S. Conflict bear translocation: Investigating population genetics and fate of bear translocation in Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India. PLoS One 10, e0132005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132005 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ahmad, K., Qureshi, Q., Agoramoorthy, G. & Nigam, P. Habitat use patterns and food habits of the Kashmir red deer or Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 28(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2015.1018955 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jammu and Kashmir Forest Department (JKFD). Handbook of Forest Statistics (Jammu and Kashmir Forest Department, 2011).
Google Scholar 
Anderson, J. M. & Ingram, J. S. I. A Handbook of Methods 62–65 (CAB International, 1993).
Google Scholar 
Joshi, S. R., Chauhan, M. A. N. J. U., Sharma, G. D. & Mishra, R. R. Effect of deforestation on microbes, VAM fungi and their enzymatic activity in Eastern Himalaya. In Studies in Himalayan Ecobiology 141–152 (Today and Tommorows Publication, 1991).
Google Scholar 
Jackson, M. L. Soil Chemical Analysis 151–154 (Prentice-Hall, 1958). https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19590850311.Book 

Google Scholar 
Gardner, W. H. Water content. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. Phys. Mineral. Methods 5, 493–544 (1986).
Google Scholar 
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37(1), 29–38 (1934).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bremner, J. M. Determination of nitrogen in soil by the Kjeldahl method. J. Agric. Sci. 55(1), 1–23 (1960).Article 

Google Scholar 
Coursey, D. G. & Eggins, H. O. W. Microorganismes responsables de l’altération de l’huile de palme pendant le stockage. Oléagineux 16, 227–233 (1961).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kumar, R., Acharya, C. & Joshi, S. R. Isolation and analyses of uranium tolerant Serratia marcescens strains and their utilization for aerobic uranium U (VI) bioadsorption. J. Microbiol. 49, 568–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0366-0 (2011).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Team, R. C. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.R-project.org (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017).Bergey, D. H. & Holt, J. G. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1994).
Google Scholar 
Gürtler, V. & Stanisich, V. A. New approaches to typing and identification of bacteria using the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology 142(1), 3–16 (1996).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T. & Ryan, P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4, 1–9 (2001).
Google Scholar 
Sorensen, T. A. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biol. Skar. 5, 1–34 (1948).
Google Scholar 
Muhumuza, M. & Balkwill, K. Factors affecting the success of conserving biodiversity in national parks: A review of case studies from Africa. Int. J. Biodivers. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/798101 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yaqoob, A., Yunus, M., Bhat, G. A. & Singh, D. P. Phytodiversity and seasonal variations in the soil characteristics of shrublands of Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Clim. Change Environ. Sustain. 3(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.5958/2320-642X.2015.00015.0 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mir, Z. R., Noor, A., Habib, B. & Veeraswami, G. G. Seasonal population density and winter survival strategies of endangered Kashmir gray langur (Semnopithecus ajax) in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Springer Plus 4, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1366-z (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Buchan, G. D. Soil temperature regime. In Soil and Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods (eds Smith, K. A. & Mullins, C.) 539–594 (Marcel Dekker, 2001).
Google Scholar 
Buchan, G. D. Temperature effects in soil. In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series (Springer, 2011).
Google Scholar 
Chiemeka, I. U. Soil temperature profile at Uturu, Nigeria. Pac. J. Sci. Technol. 11(1), 478–482 (2010).
Google Scholar 
Decker, K. L. M., Wang, D., Waite, C. & Scherbatskoy, T. Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67(4), 1234–1242. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.1234 (2003).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Abu-Hamdeh, N. H. & Reeder, R. C. Soil thermal conductivity effects of density, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64(4), 1285–1290. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6441285x (2000).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lu, S., Ren, T., Gong, Y. & Horton, R. An improved model for predicting soil thermal conductivity from water content at room temperature. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0041 (2007).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Elizbarashvili, E. S., Urushadze, T. F., Elizbarashvili, M. E., Elizbarashvili, S. E. & Schaefer, M. K. Temperature regime of some soil types in Georgia. Eurasian Soil Sci. 43(4), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229310040083 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Walter, H. & Burnett, J. H. Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation Vol. 539, xviii+-539 (Oliver and Boyd, 1971).
Google Scholar 
Callaway, R. M. Positive interactions and interdependence in plant communities. Springer Science Business Media https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6224-7 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Song, Y. et al. Effects of vegetation height and density on soil temperature variations. Chin. Sci. Bull. 58(8), 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5596-y (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dimri, B. M., Singh, S. B., Baneriee, S. K. & Singh, B. Relation of age and dominance of tree species with soil chemical attributes in Kalimpong and Kurseong District of West Bengal. Indian For. 113(4), 307–311 (1987).
Google Scholar 
Jackson, R. B., Mooney, H. A. & Schulze, E. D. A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94(14), 7362–7366. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.14.7362 (1997).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wilson, S. D. Competition between grasses and woody plants. In Population Biology of Grasses (ed. Cheplick, G. P.) 231–254 (Cambridge University Press, 1998).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Reth, S., Reichstein, M. & Falge, E. The effect of soil water content, soil temperature, soil pH-value and the root mass on soil CO2 efflux—A modified model. Plant Soil 268, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-0175-5 (2005).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zinke, P. J. The pattern of influence of individual forest trees on soil properties. Ecology 43(1), 130–133 (1962).Article 

Google Scholar 
Patric, J. H. Forest management and nutrient cycling in eastern hardwoods Vol. 324 (Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1975).
Google Scholar 
Mroz, G. D., Jurgensen, M. F. & Frederick, D. J. Soil nutrient changes following whole tree harvesting on three northern hardwood sites. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49(6), 1552–1557. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900060044x (1985).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Maggs, J. & Hewett, B. Organic C and nutrients in surface soils from some primary rainforests, derived grasslands and secondary rainforests on the Atherton Tableland in North East Queensland. Soil Res. 31(3), 343–350 (1993).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hart, S. C. & Perry, D. A. Transferring soils from high-to low-elevation forests increases nitrogen cycling rates: Climate change implications. Glob. Change Biol. 5(1), 23–32 (1999).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Atlas, R. M. Diversity of microbial communities. Adv. Microb. Ecol., 1–47 (1984).Dimitriu, P. A. & Grayston, S. J. Relationship between soil properties and patterns of bacterial β-diversity across reclaimed and natural boreal forest soils. Microb. Ecol. 59, 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9590-0 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bele, S. S. Soil Testing and Soil Microbiology 79–108 (Satyam Publishers and Distributors, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3927-5.Book 

Google Scholar 
Cattelan, A. J., Hartel, P. G. & Fuhrmann, J. J. Bacterial composition in the rhizosphere of nodulating and non-nodulating soybean. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62(6), 1549–1555. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060011x (1998).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Silva, P. D. & Nahas, E. Bacterial diversity in soil in response to different plans, phosphate fertilizers and liming. Braz. J. Microbiol. 33, 304–310 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Begum, K. et al. Isolation and characterization of bacteria with biochemical and pharmacological importance from soil samples of Dhaka City. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(1), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v16i1.33390 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Liu, D., Liu, Y., Fang, S. & Tian, Y. Tree species composition influenced microbial diversity and nitrogen availability in rhizosphere soil. Plant Soil Environ. 61(10), 438–443. https://doi.org/10.17221/94/2015-PSE (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chodak, M., Klimek, B., Azarbad, H. & Jaźwa, M. Functional diversity of soil microbial communities under Scots pine, Norway spruce, silver birch and mixed boreal forests. Pedobiologia 58(2–3), 81–88 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gartzia-Bengoetxea, N., Kandeler, E., de Arano, I. M. & Arias-González, A. Soil microbial functional activity is governed by a combination of tree species composition and soil properties in temperate forests. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 100, 57–64 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Shameem, S. A., Mushtaq, H., Wani, A. A., Ahmad, N. & Hai, A. Phytodiversity of herbaceous vegetation in disturbed and undisturbed forest ecosystems of Pahalgam valley, Kashmir Himalaya, India. Br. J. Environ. Clim. Change 7(3), 148–167 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Felske, A., Wolterink, A., Van Lis, R. & Akkermans, A. D. Phylogeny of the main bacterial 16S rRNA sequences in Drentse A grassland soils (The Netherlands). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(3), 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.3.871-879.1998 (1998).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chodak, M., Gołębiewski, M., Morawska-Płoskonka, J., Kuduk, K. & Niklińska, M. Soil chemical properties affect the reaction of forest soil bacteria to drought and rewetting stress. Ann. Microbiol. 65, 1627–1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-1002-0 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lugo, M. A. et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizospheric bacteria diversity along an altitudinal gradient in South American Puna grassland. Microb. Ecol. 55, 705–713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9313-3 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang, Q., Wang, S., Fan, B. & Yu, X. Litter production, leaf litter decomposition and nutrient return in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in south China: Effect of planting conifers with broadleaved species. Plant Soil 297, 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9333-2 (2007).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Nüsslein, K. & Tiedje, J. M. Soil bacterial community shift correlated with change from forest to pasture vegetation in a tropical soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(8), 3622–3626. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.8.3622-3626.1999 (1999).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hackl, E., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Bodrossy, L. & Sessitsch, A. Comparison of diversities and compositions of bacterial populations inhabiting natural forest soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(9), 5057–5065. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.9.5057-5065.2004 (2004).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Chan, C. et al. Vegetation cover of forest, shrub and pasture strongly influences soil bacterial community structure as revealed by 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 64(3), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00488.x (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Adamczyk, B., Kitunen, V. & Smolander, A. Protein precipitation by tannins in soil organic horizon and vegetation in relation to tree species. Biol. Fertil. Soils 45(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-008-0308-0 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kanerva, S., Kitunen, V., Loponen, J. & Smolander, A. Phenolic compounds and terpenes in soil organic horizon layers under silver birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine. Biol. Fertil. Soils 44(4), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0234-6 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ushio, M., Balser, T. C. & Kitayama, K. Effects of condensed tannins in conifer leaves on the composition and activity of the soil microbial community in a tropical montane forest. Plant Soil 365(1), 157–170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42952341 (2013).Lomolino, M. V. Elevation gradients of species-density: Historical and prospective views. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 10(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00229.x (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thomson, B. C. et al. Vegetation affects the relative abundances of dominant soil bacterial taxa and soil respiration rates in an upland grassland soil. Microb. Ecol. 59(2), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9575-z (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
May, R. M. Patterns of species abundance and diversity. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds Cody, M. L. & Diamond, J. M.) 81–120 (Harvard University, 1975).
Google Scholar 
Kapur, M. & Jain, R. K. Microbial diversity: Exploring the unexplored. World Federation of Culture Collection Newsletter 39, 12–16 (2004).
Google Scholar 
Bryant, J. A. et al. Microbes on mountainsides: Contrasting elevational patterns of bacterial and plant diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105(Suppl 1), 11505–11511 (2008).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Fierer, N. et al. Microbes do not follow the elevational diversity patterns of plants and animals. Ecology 92(4), 797–804. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1170.1 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar  More

Strains belonging to the same species display distinct growth dynamics on the marine polysaccharide alginateWe first quantified the growth dynamics of the 12 Vibrionaceae strains (Supplementary Table 1) on alginate in well-mixed batch cultures. Growth of populations was initiated at approximately the same inoculum density (105 colony forming units (c.f.u.) ml−1). We tracked the growth dynamics by measuring the optical density at 600 nm and compared the maximum population size reached over the course of 36 h (Fig. 1 and S1). We found significant differences in the maximal optical density achieved by different strains within each species (Fig. 1 and S1). In V. splendidus, strains 12B01 and FF6 reached a lower maximum population size compared to strains 1S124 and 13B01 (Fig. 1 and S1A). In V. cyclitrophicus, strain ZF270 reached a lower maximum population size compared to strains 1F175, 1F111, and ZF28 (Fig. 1 and S1A). Similarly, in V. sp. F13, strain 9ZC77 reached a lower maximum population size than strains 9CS106, 9ZC13, and ZF57 (Fig. 1 and S1A). These findings suggest that some strains are limited in their growth abilities in well-mixed environments, perhaps as a consequence of differences in the amount and activity of enzymes they release (Supplementary Table 1).Fig. 1: Vibrionaceae strains differ in their growth dynamics on the marine polysaccharide alginate under well-mixed conditions.Maximum optical density (measured at 600 nm) achieved by populations of strains belonging to Vibrio splendidus, Vibrio cyclitrophicus, and Vibrio sp. F13 during the course of a 36 h growth cycle on the same concentration (0.1% weight/volume) of the polysaccharide alginate. Points and error bars indicate the mean of measurements across populations within each ecotype (npopulations = 3) and the 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between strains within one species (One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test; V. splendidus: p  More

Benson, E. S. Sci. Context 29, 107–128 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Buckmaster, C. A. Lab Anim. 44, 237 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kelly, M. J. et al. J. Zool. 244, 473–488 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Spagnuolo, O. S. B., Lemerle, M. A., Holekamp, K. E. & Wiesel, I. Mamm. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00309-4 (2022).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Mountain lion P-22 compassionately euthanized following complete health evaluation results. wildlife.ca.gov, https://wildlife.ca.gov/News/mountain-lion-p-22-compassionately-euthanized-following-complete-health-evaluation-results (17 December 2022).Road Ecology Center, UC Davis. California roadkill observation system, https://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/ (accessed 19 December 2022).Wong-Parodi, G. & Feygina, I. Environ. Commun. 15, 571–593 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carmi, N., Arnon, S. & Orion, N. J. Environ. Educ. 46, 183–201 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Manfredo, M. J., Urquiza-Haas, E. G., Don Carlos, A. W., Bruskotter, J. T. & Dietsch, A. M. Biol. Conserv. 241, 108297 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schueler, D. S. & Newberry, M. G. III Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 19, 259–273 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jennings, L. Public gets to name Dallas Zoo’s baby giraffe. Dallas Zoo https://zoohoo.dallaszoo.com/2014/11/05/public-gets-to-name-dallas-zoos-baby-giraffe/ (5 November 2014).Verma, A., van der Wal, R. & Fischer, A. Ambio 44(Suppl 4), 648–660 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Macdonald, D. W., Jacobsen, K. S., Burnham, D., Johnson, P. J. & Loveridge, A. J. Animals 6, 26 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Jones, M. D., Shanahan, E. A. & McBeth, M. K. The Science of Stories: Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in Public Policy Analysis (Palgrave MacMillan, 2014). More

Moore, J. An overview of parasite-induced behavioral alterations – and some lessons from bats. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 11–17 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nunn, C. L. & Altizer, S. Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution (Oxford University Press, 2006).Book 

Google Scholar 
Hutchings, M. R., Athanasiadou, S., Kyriazakis, I. & Gordon, I. J. Nutrition and Behaviour Group Symposium on ‘Exploitation of medicinal properties of plants by animals and man through food intake and foraging behaviour’: Can animals use foraging behaviour to combat parasites?. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 62, 361–370 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hawley, D. M., Etienne, R. S., Ezenwa, V. O. & Jolles, A. E. Does animal behavior underlie covariation between hosts’ exposure to infectious agents and susceptibility to infection? Implications for disease dynamics. Integr. Comp. Biol. 51, 528–539 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rimbach, R. et al. Brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 370, 20140110 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Friant, S., Ziegler, T. E. & Goldberg, T. L. Changes in physiological stress and behaviour in semi-free-ranging red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) following antiparasitic treatment. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283, 20161201 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hudson, P. J. & Dobson, A. P. Macroparasites: Observed patterns in naturally fluctuating animal populations. In Ecology of infectious diseases in natural populations (eds Grenfell, B. T. & Dobson, A. P.) 144–176 (Cambridge University Press, 1995). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511629396.006.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Murray, D. L., Lloyd, B. K. & Cary, J. R. Do parasitism and nutritional status interact to affect production in snowshoe hares?. Ecology 79, 1209–1222 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Coop, R. L. & Holmes, P. H. Nutrition and parasite interaction. Int. J. Parasitol. 26, 951–962 (1996).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Møller, A. P., de Lope, F., Moreno, J., González, G. & Pérez, J. J. Ectoparasites and host energetics: House martin bugs and house martin nestlings. Oecologia 98, 263–268 (1994).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Munger, J. C. & Karasov, W. H. Sublethal parasites and host energy budgets: Tapeworm infection in white-footed mice. Ecology 70, 904–921 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hicks, O. et al. The energetic cost of parasitism in a wild population. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20180489 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sánchez, C. A. et al. On the relationship between body condition and parasite infection in wildlife: A review and meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 21, 1869–1884 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kyriazakis, I., Tolkamp, B. J. & Hutchings, M. R. Towards a functional explanation for the occurrence of anorexia during parasitic infections. Anim. Behav. 56, 265–274 (1998).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Hart, B. L. Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: Five strategies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 14, 273–294 (1990).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Lopes, P. C., Block, P. & König, B. Infection-induced behavioural changes reduce connectivity and the potential for disease spread in wild mice contact networks. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–10 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pelletier, F. & Festa-Bianchet, M. Effects of body mass, age, dominance and parasite load on foraging time of bighorn rams. Ovis canadensis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 56, 546–551 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bonneaud, C. et al. Assessing the cost of mounting an immune response. Am. Nat. 161, 367–379 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hart, B. L. The behavior of sick animals. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 21, 225–237 (1991).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Poulin, R. Meta-analysis of parasite-induced behavioural changes. Anim. Behav. 48, 137–146 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Janson, C. H. Toward an experiemental socioecology of primates. Examples from Argentine brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus). In Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates (eds Janson, C. H. et al.) 309–325 (Plenum Press, 1996).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, J. G. Seasonal variation in use of time and space by the wedge-capped capuchin monkey, Cebus olivaceus: Implications for foraging theory. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.431 (1986).Article 

Google Scholar 
Saj, T., Sicotte, P. & Paterson, J. D. Influence of human food consumption on the time budget of vervets. Int. J. Primatol. 20, 977–994 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ghai, R. R., Fugère, V., Chapman, C. A., Goldberg, T. L. & Davies, T. J. Sickness behaviour associated with non-lethal infections in wild primates. Proc. Biol. Sci. 282, 20151436 (2015).
Google Scholar 
Blersch, R. et al. Sick and tired: Sickness behaviour, polyparasitism and food stress in a gregarious mammal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 75, 169 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Müller-Klein, N. et al. Physiological and social consequences of gastrointestinal nematode infection in a nonhuman primate. Behav. Ecol. 30, 322–335 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chapman, C. A. et al. Social behaviours and networks of vervet monkeys are influenced by gastrointestinal parasites. PLoS ONE 11, e0161113 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Owen-Ashley, N. T. & Wingfield, J. C. Acute phase responses of passerine birds: characterization and seasonal variation. J. Ornithol. 148, 583–591 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Owen-Ashley, N. T. & Wingfield, J. C. Seasonal modulation of sickness behavior in free-living northwestern song sparrows (Melospiza melodia morphna). J. Exp. Biol. 209, 3062–3070 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Janson, C. H. & Di Bitetti, M. S. Experimental analysis of food detection in capuchin monkeys: Effects of distance, travel speed, and resource size. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 41, 17–24 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Di Bitetti, M. S. Food-associated calls in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). PhD Thesis. (Stony Brook University, New York, 2001).Di Bitetti, M. S. & Janson, C. H. Reproductive socioecology of tufted capuchins (Cebus apella nigritus) in Norteastern Argentina. Int. J. Primatol. 22, 127–142 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Janson, C., Baldovino, M. C. & Di Bitetti, M. The group life cycle and demography of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus [apella] nigritus) in Iguazú National Park, Argentina. In Long-Term Field Studies of Primates (eds Kappeler, P. M. & Watts, D. P.) 185–212 (Springer, Berlin, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22514-7_9.Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, J. C. & Galán Saúco, V. Bananas and plantains. (Crop production science in horticulture series N. 19, CAB International, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936587.0000Tiddi, B., Pfoh, R. & Agostini, I. The impact of food provisioning on parasite infection in wild black capuchin monkeys: A network approach. Primates 60, 297–306 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Agostini, I., Vanderhoeven, E., Di Bitetti, M. S. & Beldomenico, P. M. Experimental testing of reciprocal effects of nutrition and parasitism in wild black capuchin monkeys. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–11 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
de Vries, H., Netto, W. J. & Hanegraaf, P. L. H. Matman: a program for the analysis of sociometric matrices and behavioural transition matrices. Behaviour 125, 157–175 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Martin, P. & Bateson, P. Measuring Behaviour (Cambridge University Press, 1993). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511810893.Book 

Google Scholar 
Cox, D. D. & Todd, A. C. Survey of gastrointestinal parasitism in Wisconsin dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 141, 706–709 (1962).CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ballweber, L. R., Beugnet, F., Marchiondo, A. A. & Payne, P. A. American association of veterinary parasitologists’ review of veterinary fecal flotation methods and factors influencing their accuracy and use—Is there really one best technique?. Vet. Parasitol. 204, 73–80 (2014).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Godfrey, S. S. Networks and the ecology of parasite transmission: a framework for wildlife parasitology. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 2, 235–245 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sosa, S., Sueur, C. & Puga-Gonzalez, I. Network measures in animal social network analysis: Their strengths, limits, interpretations and uses. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2020, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar 
Sosa, S. et al. A multilevel statistical toolkit to study animal social networks: The Animal Network Toolkit Software (ANTs) R package. Sci. Rep. 10, 12507 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Croft, D. P., Madden, J. R., Franks, D. W. & James, R. Hypothesis testing in animal social networks. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 502–507 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Farine, D. R. Animal social network inference and permutations for ecologists in R using asnipe. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 1187–1194 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach (2nd ed). Ecological Modelling (Springer, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.11.004Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Barton, K. MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package version 1.15.6. 63 (2016). citeulike:11961261Carlton, E. D., Demas, G. E. & French, S. S. Leptin, a neuroendocrine mediator of immune responses, inflammation, and sickness behaviors. Horm. Behav. 62, 272–279 (2012).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tizard, I. Sickness behavior, its mechanisms and significance. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 9, 87–99 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Inoue, W. & Luheshi, G. N. Acute starvation alters lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in leptin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 299, R1709-19 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Macdonald, L., Radler, M., Paolini, A. G. & Kent, S. Calorie restriction attenuates LPS-induced sickness behavior and shifts hypothalamic signaling pathways to an antiinflammatory bias. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301, 172–184 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Wisse, B. E. et al. Physiological regulation of hypothalamic IL-1β gene expression by leptin and glucocorticoids: implications for energy homeostasis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 287, R1107–R1113 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pohl, J., Woodside, B. & Luheshi, G. N. Changes in hypothalamically mediated acute-phase inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in diet-induced obese rats. Endocrinology 150, 4901–4910 (2009).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bretscher, P. On analyzing how the Th1/Th2 phenotype of an immune response is determined: classical observations must not be ignored. Front. Immunol. 10, 1–7 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Poppi, D. P., Sykes, A. R. & Dynes, R. A. The effect of endoparasitism on host nutrition – the implications for nutrient manipulation. Proc. New Zeal. Soc. Anim. Prod. 50, 237–243 (1990).
Google Scholar 
Coulson, G., Cripps, J. K., Garnick, S., Bristow, V. & Beveridge, I. Parasite insight: assessing fitness costs, infection risks and foraging benefits relating to gastrointestinal nematodes in wild mammalian herbivores. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 373, 197 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Worsley-Tonks, K. E. L. & Ezenwa, V. O. Anthelmintic treatment affects behavioural time allocation in a free-ranging ungulate. Anim. Behav. 108, 47–54 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jones, O. R., Anderson, R. M. & Pilkington, J. G. Parasite-induced anorexia in a free-ranging mammalian herbivore: An experimental test using Soay sheep. Can. J. Zool. 84, 685–692 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cripps, J. K., Martin, J. K. & Coulson, G. Anthelmintic treatment does not change foraging strategies of female eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus. PLoS ONE 11, e0147384 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Giles, N. Predation risk and reduced foraging activity in fish: experiments with parasitized and non-parasitized three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.. J. Fish Biol. 31, 37–44 (1987).Article 

Google Scholar 
Knutie, S. A., Wilkinson, C. L., Wu, Q. C., Ortega, C. N. & Rohr, J. R. Host resistance and tolerance of parasitic gut worms depend on resource availability. Oecologia 183, 1031–1040 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Lopes, P. C., French, S. S., Woodhams, D. C. & Binning, S. A. Metabolic response of dolphins to short-term fasting reveals physiological changes that differ from the traditional fasting model. J. Exp. Biol. 224, jeb225847 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Behringer, D. C., Butler, M. J. & Shields, J. D. Ecology: Avoidance of disease by social lobsters. Nature 441, 421 (2006).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Poirotte, C. et al. Mandrills use olfaction to socially avoid parasitized conspecifics. Sci. Adv. 3, e1601721 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar  More

Benca, J. P., Duijnstee, I. A. & Looy, C. V. Fossilized pollen malformations as indicators of past environmental stress and meiotic disruption: Insights from modern conifers. Paleobiology, 1–34 (2022).Marshall, J. E., Lakin, J., Troth, I. & Wallace-Johnson, S. M. Uv-b radiation was the devonian-carboniferous boundary terrestrial extinction kill mechanism. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba0768 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Looy, C. V., Twitchett, R. J., Dilcher, D. L., Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J. H. & Visscher, H. Life in the end-permian dead zone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 7879–7883 (2001).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Foster, C. & Afonin, S. Abnormal pollen grains: An outcome of deteriorating atmospheric conditions around the permian-triassic boundary. J. Geol. Soc. 162, 653–659 (2005).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hochuli, P. A., Schneebeli-Hermann, E., Mangerud, G. & Bucher, H. Evidence for atmospheric pollution across the permian-triassic transition. Geology 45, 1123–1126 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Galasso, F., Bucher, H. & Schneebeli-Hermann, E. Mapping monstrosity: Malformed sporomorphs across the smithian/spathian boundary interval and beyond (salt range, pakistan). Global Planet. Change 219, 103975 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van de Schootbrugge, B. et al. Floral changes across the triassic/jurassic boundary linked to flood basalt volcanism. Nat. Geosci. 2, 589–594 (2009).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Lindström, S. et al. Volcanic mercury and mutagenesis in land plants during the end-triassic mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw4018 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gravendyck, J., Schobben, M., Bachelier, J. B. & Kürschner, W. M. Macroecological patterns of the terrestrial vegetation history during the end-triassic biotic crisis in the central european basin: A palynological study of the bonenburg section (nw-germany) and its supra-regional implications. Global Planet. Change 194, 103286 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vilas-Boas, M., Pereira, Z., Cirilli, S., Duarte, L. V. & Fernandes, P. New data on the palynology of the triassic-jurassic boundary of the silves group, lusitanian basin, portugal. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 290, 104426 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galasso, F., Feist-Burkhardt, S. & Schneebeli-Hermann, E. The palynology of the toarcian oceanic anoxic event at dormettingen, southwest germany, with emphasis on changes in vegetational dynamics. Rev. Palaeobotany Palynol. 304, 104701 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Galasso, F., Feist-Burkhardt, S. & Schneebeli-Hermann, E. Do spores herald the toarcian oceanic anoxic event?. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 306, 104748 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hay, W. W. & Floegel, S. New thoughts about the cretaceous climate and oceans. Earth Sci. Rev. 115, 262–272 (2012).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Faucher, G., Erba, E., Bottini, C. & Gambacorta, G. Calcareous nannoplankton response to the latest cenomanian oceanic anoxic event 2 perturbation. RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA (2017).Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L. & Fan, J.-X. The ics international chronostratigraphic chart. Epis. J. Int. Geosci. 36, 199–204 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Caron, M. & Homewood, P. Evolution of early planktic foraminifers. Mar. Micropaleontol. 7, 453–462 (1983).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jarvis, I. et al. Microfossil assemblages and the cenomanian-turonian (late cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event. Cretac. Res. 9, 3–103 (1988).Article 

Google Scholar 
Huber, B. T., Leckie, R. M., Norris, R. D., Bralower, T. J. & CoBabe, E. Foraminiferal assemblage and stable isotopic change across the cenomanian-turonian boundary in the subtropical north atlantic. J. Foraminiferal Res. 29, 392–417 (1999).
Google Scholar 
Culver, S. J. & Rawson, P. F. Biotic response to global change: The last 145 million years (Cambridge University Press, 2006).Erba, E. Calcareous nannofossils and mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Mar. Micropaleontol. 52, 85–106 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Gebhardt, H., Kuhnt, W. & Holbourn, A. Foraminiferal response to sea level change, organic flux and oxygen deficiency in the cenomanian of the tarfaya basin, southern morocco. Mar. Micropaleontol. 53, 133–157 (2004).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Hardenbol, J. et al. Mesozoic and cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of european basins. Soc. Sediment. Geol. (1998).Miller, K. G. et al. The phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science 310, 1293–1298 (2005).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Voigt, S., Gale, A. S. & Voigt, T. Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the late cenomanian of northwest europe; an integrated palaeoenvironmental analysis. Cretac. Res. 27, 836–858 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Haq, B. U. Cretaceous eustasy revisited. Global Planet. Change 113, 44–58 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Sames, B. et al. Short-term sea-level changes in a greenhouse world-a view from the cretaceous. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 441, 393–411 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E. & Pratt, L. M. Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the cenomanian/turonian boundary. Nature 335, 714–717 (1988).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Tsikos, H. et al. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the cenomanian-turonian oceanic anoxic event: Correlation and implications based on three key localities. J. Geol. Soc. 161, 711–719 (2004).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jarvis, I., Lignum, J. S., Gröcke, D. R., Jenkyns, H. C. & Pearce, M. A. Black shale deposition, atmospheric co2 drawdown, and cooling during the cenomanian-turonian oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography26 (2011).van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G.-J. & Damsté, J. S. S. Organic matter provenance, palaeoproductivity and bottom water anoxia during the cenomanian/turonian oceanic anoxic event in the newfoundland basin (northern proto north atlantic ocean). Org. Geochem. 50, 11–18 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Owens, J. D., Lyons, T. W. & Lowery, C. M. Quantifying the missing sink for global organic carbon burial during a cretaceous oceanic anoxic event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 499, 83–94 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bralower, T. J. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and assemblages of the cenomanian-turonian boundary interval: Implications for the origin and timing of oceanic anoxia. Paleoceanography 3, 275–316 (1988).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Leckie, R. M., Bralower, T. J. & Cashman, R. Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: Biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-cretaceous. Paleoceanography 17, 13–1 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Slater, S. M., Bown, P., Twitchett, R. J., Danise, S. & Vajda, V. Global record of “ghost’’ nannofossils reveals plankton resilience to high co2 and warming. Science 376, 853–856 (2022).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Forster, A., Schouten, S., Moriya, K., Wilson, P. A. & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the cenomanian/turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial atlantic. Paleoceanography22 (2007).Barclay, R. S., McElwain, J. C. & Sageman, B. B. Carbon sequestration activated by a volcanic co2 pulse during ocean anoxic event 2. Nat. Geosci. 3, 205–208 (2010).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Damsté, J. S. S., van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G.-J., Pross, J. & Schouten, S. A co2 decrease-driven cooling and increased latitudinal temperature gradient during the mid-cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 293, 97–103 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Heimhofer, U. et al. Vegetation response to exceptional global warmth during oceanic anoxic event 2. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–8 (2018).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Huber, B. T., MacLeod, K. G., Watkins, D. K. & Coffin, M. F. The rise and fall of the cretaceous hot greenhouse climate. Global Planet. Change 167, 1–23 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Robinson, S. A. et al. Southern hemisphere sea-surface temperatures during the cenomanian-turonian: Implications for the termination of oceanic anoxic event 2. Geology 47, 131–134 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Voigt, S., Gale, A. S. & Flögel, S. Midlatitude shelf seas in the cenomanian-turonian greenhouse world: Temperature evolution and north atlantic circulation. Paleoceanography19 (2004).Van Helmond, N. et al. Freshwater discharge controlled deposition of cenomanian-turonian black shales on the nw european epicontinental shelf (wunstorf, north germany). Clim. Past Discuss 10, 3755–3786 (2014).ADS 

Google Scholar 
Li, Y.-X., Montanez, I. P., Liu, Z. & Ma, L. Astronomical constraints on global carbon-cycle perturbation during oceanic anoxic event 2 (oae2). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 462, 35–46 (2017).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
O’Brien, C. L. et al. Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from tex86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes. Earth Sci. Rev. 172, 224–247 (2017).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jones, C. E. & Jenkyns, H. C. Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the jurassic and cretaceous. Am. J. Sci. 301, 112–149 (2001).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Snow, L. J., Duncan, R. A. & Bralower, T. J. Trace element abundances in the rock canyon anticline, pueblo, colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to caribbean plateau construction and oxygen anoxic event 2. Paleoceanography20 (2005).Kuroda, J. et al. Contemporaneous massive subaerial volcanism and late cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256, 211–223 (2007).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Turgeon, S. C. & Creaser, R. A. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 454, 323–326 (2008).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Floegel, S. et al. Simulating the biogeochemical effects of volcanic co2 degassing on the oxygen-state of the deep ocean during the cenomanian/turonian anoxic event (oae2). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 305, 371–384 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Tegner, C. et al. Magmatism and eurekan deformation in the high arctic large igneous province: 40ar-39ar age of kap washington group volcanics, north greenland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 303, 203–214 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Du Vivier, A. D. et al. Marine 187os/188os isotope stratigraphy reveals the interaction of volcanism and ocean circulation during oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 389, 23–33 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Du Vivier, A., Selby, D., Condon, D., Takashima, R. & Nishi, H. Pacific 187os/188os isotope chemistry and u-pb geochronology: Synchroneity of global os isotope change across oae 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428, 204–216 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Meyers, P. A. Why are the (delta )13corg values in phanerozoic black shales more negative than in modern marine organic matter?. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 15, 3085–3106 (2014).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jenkyns, H. C., Dickson, A. J., Ruhl, M. & Van den Boorn, S. H. Basalt-seawater interaction, the plenus cold event, enhanced weathering and geochemical change: Deconstructing oceanic anoxic event 2 (cenomanian-turonian, late cretaceous). Sedimentology 64, 16–43 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Scaife, J. et al. Sedimentary mercury enrichments as a marker for submarine large igneous province volcanism? evidence from the mid-cenomanian event and oceanic anoxic event 2 (late cretaceous). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 18, 4253–4275 (2017).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Schröder-Adams, C. J., Herrle, J. O., Selby, D., Quesnel, A. & Froude, G. Influence of the high arctic igneous province on the cenomanian/turonian boundary interval, sverdrup basin, high canadian arctic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 511, 76–88 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Jolet, P., Philip, J., Thomel, G., Lopez, G. & Tronchetti, G. Nouvelles données biostratigraphiques sur la limite cénomanien-turonien. la coupe de cassis (sud-est de la france): Proposition d’un hypostratotype européen. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences-Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science325, 703–709 (1997).Bown, P. R. & Young, J. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy (Springer, 1998).Green, T., Renne, P. R. & Keller, C. B. Continental flood basalts drive phanerozoic extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2120441119 (2022).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Percival, L. M. et al. Does large igneous province volcanism always perturb the mercury cycle? Comparing the records of oceanic anoxic event 2 and the end-cretaceous to other mesozoic events. Am. J. Sci. 318, 799–860 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Salazar, L. et al. Diversity patterns of ferns along elevational gradients in andean tropical forests. Plant Ecol. Divers. 8, 13–24 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Mehltreter, K., Walker, L. R. & Sharpe, J. M. Fern ecology (Cambridge University Press, 2010).Carvajal-Hernández, C. I., Gómez-Díaz, J. A., Kessler, M. & Krömer, T. Influence of elevation and habitat disturbance on the functional diversity of ferns and lycophytes. Plant Ecol. Divers. 11, 335–347 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kürschner, W. M., Batenburg, S. J. & Mander, L. Aberrant classopollis pollen reveals evidence for unreduced (2 n) pollen in the conifer family cheirolepidiaceae during the triassic-jurassic transition. Proc. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 280, 20131708 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Traverse, A. Paleopalynology Vol. 28 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2007).Tyson, R. V. Palynofacies investigation of callovian (middle jurassic) sediments from dsdp site 534, blake-bahama basin, western central atlantic. Mar. Pet. Geol. 1, 3–13 (1984).Article 

Google Scholar 
RV, T. Sedimentary organic matter: Organic facies and palynofacieschapman & hall. London, 615pp (1995).Vakhrameyev, V. Classopollis pollen as an indicator of jurassic and cretaceous climate. Int. Geol. Rev. 24, 1190–1196 (1982).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vakhrameev, V. Range and palaeoecology of mesozoic conifers, the cheirolepidiaceae. Paleontol. Zh. 1, 19–34 (1970).
Google Scholar 
WATSON, J. Some lower cretaceous conifers of the cheirolepidiaceae from the usa and england. Palaeontology 20, 715–749 (1977).
Google Scholar 
Fonseca, C., Mendonça Filho, J. G., Lézin, C., De Oliveira, A. D. & Duarte, L. V. Organic matter deposition and paleoenvironmental implications across the cenomanian-turonian boundary of the subalpine basin (se france): Local and global controls. Int. J. Coal Geol. 218, 103364 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Benca, J. P., Duijnstee, I. A. & Looy, C. V. Uv-b-induced forest sterility: Implications of ozone shield failure in earth’s largest extinction. Sci. Adv. 4, e1700618 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Wilson, L. A study in variation of picea glauca (moench) voss pollen. Grana 4, 380–387 (1963).
Google Scholar 
Lindström, S., McLoughlin, S. & Drinnan, A. N. Intraspecific variation of taeniate bisaccate pollen within permian glossopterid sporangia, from the prince charles mountains, antarctica. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158, 673–684 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Leitch, A. & Leitch, I. Ecological and genetic factors linked to contrasting genome dynamics in seed plants. New Phytol. 194, 629–646 (2012).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Coffin, M. F. & Eldholm, O. Large igneous provinces: crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Rev. Geophys. 32, 1–36 (1994).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Wignall, P. B. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth Sci. Rev. 53, 1–33 (2001).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
McElwain, J. C., Wade-Murphy, J. & Hesselbo, S. P. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into gondwana coals. Nature 435, 479–482 (2005).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bond, D. P., Wignall, P. B., Keller, G. & Kerr, A. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update. Volcan., Impacts, Mass Extinc.: Causes Effects 505, 29–55 (2014).
Google Scholar 
Burgess, S., Bowring, S., Fleming, T. & Elliot, D. High-precision geochronology links the ferrar large igneous province with early-jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 415, 90–99 (2015).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Burgess, S. D., Muirhead, J. D. & Bowring, S. A. Initial pulse of siberian traps sills as the trigger of the end-permian mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–6 (2017).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Ernst, R. E. & Youbi, N. How large igneous provinces affect global climate, sometimes cause mass extinctions, and represent natural markers in the geological record. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478, 30–52 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ruhl, M. et al. Reduced plate motion controlled timing of early jurassic karoo-ferrar large igneous province volcanism. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo0866 (2022).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Dickens, G. R., Paull, C. K. & Wallace, P. Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir. Nature 385, 426–428 (1997).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Courtillot, V. E. & Renne, P. R. On the ages of flood basalt events. C.R. Geosci. 335, 113–140 (2003).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rampino, M. R., Rodriguez, S., Baransky, E. & Cai, Y. Global nickel anomaly links siberian traps eruptions and the latest permian mass extinction. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–6 (2017).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Clapham, M. E. & Renne, P. R. Flood basalts and mass extinctions. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 47, 275–303 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
McElwain, J. C., Popa, M. E., Hesselbo, S. P., Haworth, M. & Surlyk, F. Macroecological responses of terrestrial vegetation to climatic and atmospheric change across the triassic/jurassic boundary in east greenland. Paleobiology 33, 547–573 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Van de Schootbrugge, B. et al. End-triassic calcification crisis and blooms of organic-walled ‘disaster species’. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 244, 126–141 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ruckwied, K., Götz, A. E., Pálfy, J. & Török, Á. Palynology of a terrestrial coal-bearing series across the triassic/jurassic boundary (mecsek mts, hungary). Central Euro. Geol. 51, 1–15 (2008).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Götz, A., Ruckwied, K., Pálfy, J. & Haas, J. Palynological evidence of synchronous changes within the terrestrial and marine realm at the triassic/jurassic boundary (csővár section, hungary). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 156, 401–409 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hochuli, P. A., Hermann, E., Vigran, J. O., Bucher, H. & Weissert, H. Rapid demise and recovery of plant ecosystems across the end-permian extinction event. Global Planet. Change 74, 144–155 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Bonis, N. et al.Palaeoenvironmental changes and vegetation history during the Triassic-Jurassic transition (LPP Contribution Series No. 29, 2010).Bonis, N. R. & Kürschner, W. M. Vegetation history, diversity patterns, and climate change across the triassic/jurassic boundary. Paleobiology 38, 240–264 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Visscher, H. et al. Environmental mutagenesis during the end-permian ecological crisis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 12952–12956 (2004).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar  More

Fernández-Martínez, M. et al. Global trends in carbon sinks and their relationships with CO2 and temperature. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 73–79 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Scheffer, M. et al. Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature 461, 53–59 (2009).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Dakos, V. et al. Slowing down as an early warning signal for abrupt climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 14308–14312 (2008).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Gasser, T. et al. Path-dependent reductions in CO2 emission budgets caused by permafrost carbon release. Nat. Geosci. 11, 830–835 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zhu, Z. et al. Greening of the Earth and its drivers. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 791–795 (2016).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bastos, A. et al. Contrasting effects of CO2 fertilization, land-use change and warming on seasonal amplitude of Northern Hemisphere CO2 exchange. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 12361–12375 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Pugh, T. A. M. et al. Role of forest regrowth in global carbon sink dynamics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 4382–4387 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wang, S. et al. Recent global decline of CO2 fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis. Science 370, 1295–1300 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Peñuelas, J. et al. Assessment of the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems based on data from field experiments and long-term monitored field gradients in Catalonia. Environ. Exp. Bot. 152, 49–59 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Terrer, C. et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 684–689 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Gatti, L. V. et al. Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature 595, 388–393 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Carpenter, S. R. & Brock, W. A. Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition. Ecol. Lett. 9, 311–318 (2006).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Dakos, V., Nes, E. H. & Scheffer, M. Flickering as an early warning signal. Theor. Ecol. 6, 309–317 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sillmann, J., Daloz, A. S., Schaller, N. & Schwingshackl, C. in Climate Change 3rd edn (ed. Letcher, T. M.) 359–372 (Elsevier, 2021).Reichstein, M. et al. Climate extremes and the carbon cycle. Nature 500, 287–295 (2013).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X. et al. A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations. Nature 506, 212–215 (2014).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Barnosky, A. D. et al. Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature 486, 52–58 (2012).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Buermann, W. et al. Climate-driven shifts in continental net primary production implicated as a driver of a recent abrupt increase in the land carbon sink. Biogeosciences 13, 1597–1607 (2016).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Luyssaert, S. et al. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database. Glob. Change Biol. 13, 2509–2537 (2007).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Peñuelas, J. et al. Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1438–1445 (2017).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Fernández-Martínez, M. et al. Nutrient availability as the key regulator of global forest carbon balance. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 471–476 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Fernández-Martínez, M. et al. Spatial variability and controls over biomass stocks, carbon fluxes and resource-use efficiencies in forest ecosystems. Trees Struct. Funct. 28, 597–611 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ciais, P. et al. Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO2 gradient. Nature 568, 221–225 (2019).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tilman, D., Lehman, C. L. & Thomson, K. T. Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1857–1861 (1997).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
de Mazancourt, C. et al. Predicting ecosystem stability from community composition and biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 16, 617–625 (2013).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sakschewski, B. et al. Resilience of Amazon forests emerges from plant trait diversity. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 1032–1036 (2016).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Fernández‐Martínez, M. et al. The role of climate, foliar stoichiometry and plant diversity on ecosystem carbon balance. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 7067–7078 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Musavi, T. et al. Stand age and species richness dampen interannual variation of ecosystem-level photosynthetic capacity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0048 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Anderegg, W. R. L. et al. Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought. Nature 561, 538–541 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
IPBES: Summary for Policymakers. In The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (eds Díaz, S. et al.) 1–56 (IPBES, 2019).Heath, J. P. Quantifying temporal variability in population abundances. Oikos 115, 573–581 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I. A., Martín-Vide, J. & Peñuelas, J. The consecutive disparity index, D, as measure of temporal variability in ecological studies. Ecosphere 9, e02527 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kreft, H. & Jetz, W. Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 5925–5930 (2007).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Ackerman, D. E., Chen, X. & Millet, D. B. Global nitrogen deposition (2° × 2.5° grid resolution) simulated with GEOS-Chem for 1984–1986, 1994–1996, 2004–2006, and 2014–2016 (University of Minnesota, 2018); https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/197613.Harris, I., Jones, P. D. D., Osborn, T. J. J. & Lister, D. H. H. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations—the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 623–642 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Graven, H. D. et al. Enhanced seasonal exchange of CO2 by northern ecosystems since 1960. Science 341, 1085–1089 (2013).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wang, K. et al. Causes of slowing-down seasonal CO2 amplitude at Mauna Loa. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 4462–4477 (2020).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Knops, J. M. H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441, 629–632 (2006).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Liang, J. et al. Positive biodiversity–productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science 354, aaf8957–aaf8957 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Gessner, M. O. et al. Diversity meets decomposition. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 372–380 (2010).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Peguero, G. et al. Fast attrition of springtail communities by experimental drought and richness–decomposition relationships across Europe. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 2727–2738 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Díaz, S. & Cabido, M. Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 646–655 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cardinale, B. J. Biodiversity improves water quality through niche partitioning. Nature 472, 86–91 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ciais, P. et al. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437, 529–533 (2005).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Scheffer, M. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society (Princeton University Press, 2009).Ostfeld, R. & Keesing, F. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 232–237 (2000).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chevallier, F. et al. CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D21307 (2010).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Chevallier, F. et al. Toward robust and consistent regional CO2 flux estimates from in situ and spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO2. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 1065–1070 (2014).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Rödenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M. & Heimann, M. CO2 flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1919–1964 (2003).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rödenbeck, C., Zaehle, S., Keeling, R. & Heimann, M. How does the terrestrial carbon exchange respond to interannual climatic variations? A quantification based on atmospheric CO2 data. Biogeosciences 15, 2481–2498 (2018).Sitch, S. et al. Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Biogeosciences 12, 653–679 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Fernández‐Martínez, M. & Peñuelas, J. Measuring temporal patterns in ecology: the case of mast seeding. Ecol. Evol. 11, 2990–2996 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: An introduction with R 2nd edn (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017).Ohlson, J. A. & Kim, S. Linear Valuation Without OLS: The Theil–Sen Estimation Approach (SSRN, 2015); https://ssrn.com/abstract=2276927.Komsta, L. Package mblm, 0.12.1: Median-based linear models (2013).Keeling, C. D. et al. in A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems (eds Ehleringer, J. R. et al.) 83–113 (Springer Verlag, 2005).Leroux, B. G., Lei, X. & Breslow, N. in Statistical Models in Epidemiology, the Environment and Clinical Trials (eds Halloran, M. & Berry, D.) 179–191 (Springer-Verlag, 2000).Lee, D. CARBayes: an R package for Bayesian spatial modeling with conditional autoregressive priors. J. Stat. Softw. 55, 1–24 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gonzalez, A. et al. Scaling‐up biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. Ecol. Lett. 15, ele.13456 (2020).
Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020). More

Mooney, H. et al. Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 1, 46–54 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Perrings, C., Duraiappah, A., Larigauderie, A. & Mooney, H. The biodiversity and ecosystem services science-policy interface. Science 331, 1139–1140 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Yachi, S. & Loreau, M. Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: The insurance hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 1463–1468 (1999).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Elmqvist, T. et al. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1, 488–494 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gonzalez, A. & Loreau, M. The causes and consequences of compensatory dynamics in ecological communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, 393–414 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blüthgen, N. & Klein, A.-M. Functional complementarity and specialisation: The role of biodiversity in plant–pollinator interactions. Basic Appl. Ecol. 12, 282–291 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brittain, C., Kremen, C. & Klein, A. M. Biodiversity buffers pollination from changes in environmental conditions. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 540–547 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rader, R., Reilly, J., Bartomeus, I. & Winfree, R. Native bees buffer the negative impact of climate warming on honey bee pollination of watermelon crops. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19, 3103–3110 (2013).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Rogers, S. R., Tarpy, D. R. & Burrack, H. J. Bee species diversity enhances productivity and stability in a perennial crop. PLoS ONE 9, e97307 (2014).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Kühsel, S. & Blüthgen, N. High diversity stabilizes the thermal resilience of pollinator communities in intensively managed grasslands. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–10 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Knop, E. et al. Rush hours in flower visitors over a day-night cycle. Insect Conserv. Divers. 11, 267–275 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Goodwin, E. K., Rader, R., Encinas-Viso, F. & Saunders, M. E. Weather conditions affect the visitation frequency, richness and detectability of insect flower visitors in the Australian Alpine zone. Environ. Entomol. 50, 348–358 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Feit, B. et al. Landscape complexity promotes resilience of biological pest control to climate change. Proc. Biol. Sci. 288, 20210547 (2021).
Google Scholar 
Tomas, F., Martínez-Crego, B., Hernán, G. & Santos, R. Responses of seagrass to anthropogenic and natural disturbances do not equally translate to its consumers. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 4021–4030 (2015).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Mori, A. S., Furukawa, T. & Sasaki, T. Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. Biol. Rev. 88, 349–364 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cariveau, D. P., Williams, N. M., Benjamin, F. E. & Winfree, R. Response diversity to land use occurs but does not consistently stabilise ecosystem services provided by native pollinators. Ecol. Lett. 16, 903–911 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Garibaldi, L. A. et al. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339, 1608. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230200 (2013).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Kennedy, C. M. et al. A global quantitative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 16, 584–599 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rader, R. et al. Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 146–151 (2016).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Klein, A.-M. et al. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274, 303–313 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Smith, M. R., Singh, G. M., Mozaffarian, D. & Myers, S. S. Effects of decreases of animal pollinators on human nutrition and global health: A modelling analysis. Lancet 386, 1964–1972 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
González-Varo, J. P. et al. Combined effects of global change pressures on animal-mediated pollination. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 524–530 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marshall, L. et al. The interplay of climate and land use change affects the distribution of EU bumblebees. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 101–116 (2018).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Millard, J. et al. Global effects of land-use intensity on local pollinator biodiversity. Nat. Commun. 12, 1–11 (2021).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Vasiliev, D. & Greenwood, S. The role of climate change in pollinator decline across the Northern Hemisphere is underestimated. Sci. Total Environ. 775, 145788 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Steffan-Dewenter, I., Münzenberg, U., Bürger, C., Thies, C. & Tscharntke, T. Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology 83, 1421–1432 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hass, A. L. et al. Landscape configurational heterogeneity by small-scale agriculture, not crop diversity, maintains pollinators and plant reproduction in western Europe. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2242 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Winfree, R. & Kremen, C. Are ecosystem services stabilized by differences among species? A test using crop pollination. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 276, 229–237 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jauker, F., Diekoetter, T., Schwarzbach, F. & Wolters, V. Pollinator dispersal in an agricultural matrix: Opposing responses of wild bees and hoverflies to landscape structure and distance from main habitat. Landsc. Ecol. 24, 547–555 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Weiner, C. N., Werner, M., Linsenmair, K. E. & Blüthgen, N. Land-use impacts on plant–pollinator networks: Interaction strength and specialization predict pollinator declines. Ecology 95, 466–474 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Chain-Guadarrama, A., Martínez-Salinas, A., Aristizábal, N. & Ricketts, T. H. Ecosystem services by birds and bees to coffee in a changing climate: A review of coffee berry borer control and pollination. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 280, 53–67 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hegland, S. J., Nielsen, A., Lázaro, A., Bjerknes, A. L. & Totland, Ø. How does climate warming affect plant–pollinator interactions?. Ecol. Lett. 12, 184–195 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Bartomeus, I. et al. Contribution of insect pollinators to crop yield and quality varies with agricultural intensification. PeerJ 2, e328 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Albrecht, M., Schmid, B., Hautier, Y. & Müller, C. B. Diverse pollinator communities enhance plant reproductive success. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 279, 4845–4852 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ellis, C. R., Feltham, H., Park, K., Hanley, N. & Goulson, D. Seasonal complementary in pollinators of soft-fruit crops. Basic Appl. Ecol. 19, 45–55 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Brittain, C., Williams, N., Kremen, C. & Klein, A.-M. Synergistic effects of non-Apis bees and honey bees for pollination services. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280, 20122767 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miñarro, M. & Twizell, K. W. Pollination services provided by wild insects to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Apidologie 46, 276–285 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Senapathi, D., Goddard, M. A., Kunin, W. E. & Baldock, K. C. Landscape impacts on pollinator communities in temperate systems: Evidence and knowledge gaps. Funct. Ecol. 31, 26–37 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Papanikolaou, A. D., Kuehn, I., Frenzel, M. & Schweiger, O. Landscape heterogeneity enhances stability of wild bee abundance under highly varying temperature, but not under highly varying precipitation. Landsc. Ecol. 32, 581–593 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Papanikolaou, A. D., Kühn, I., Frenzel, M. & Schweiger, O. Semi-natural habitats mitigate the effects of temperature rise on wild bees. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 527–536 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Orford, K. A., Vaughan, I. P. & Memmott, J. The forgotten flies: The importance of non-syrphid Diptera as pollinators. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20142934 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Settele, J., Bishop, J. & Potts, S. G. Climate change impacts on pollination. Nat. Plants 2, 1–3 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Taki, H., Okabe, K., Makino, S. I., Yamaura, Y. & Sueyoshi, M. Contribution of small insects to pollination of common buckwheat, a distylous crop. Ann. Appl. Biol. 155, 121–129 (2009).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krkošková, B. & Mrazova, Z. Prophylactic components of buckwheat. Food Res. Int. 38, 561–568 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Campbell, J. W., Irvin, A., Irvin, H., Stanley-Stahr, C. & Ellis, J. D. Insect visitors to flowering buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonales: Polygonaceae), in north-central Florida. Fla. Entomol. 99, 264–268 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hadley, N. F. Water Relations of Terrestrial Arthropods (CUP Archive, 1994).
Google Scholar 
Sgolastra, F. et al. Temporal activity patterns in a flower visitor community of Dictamnus albus in relation to some biotic and abiotic factors. Bull. Insectol. 69, 291–300 (2016).
Google Scholar 
Vicens, N. & Bosch, J. Weather-dependent pollinator activity in an apple orchard, with special reference to Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae and Apidae). Environ. Entomol. 29, 413–420 (2000).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carlucci, M. B., Brancalion, P. H., Rodrigues, R. R., Loyola, R. & Cianciaruso, M. V. Functional traits and ecosystem services in ecological restoration. Restor. Ecol. 28, 1372–1383 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lavorel, S. Plant functional effects on ecosystem services. (2013).Defra. (ed Food and Rural Affairs Department for Environment) (2019).Agency, J. M. Amedas, https://tenki.jp/past/2019/09/amedas/ (2019).Jacquemart, A.-L., Gillet, C. & Cawoy, V. Floral visitors and the importance of honey bee on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in central Belgium. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 82, 104–108 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Taki, H. et al. Effects of landscape metrics on Apis and non-Apis pollinators and seed set in common buckwheat. Basic Appl. Ecol. 11, 594–602 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dray, S., Legendre, P. & Peres-Neto, P. R. Spatial modelling: A comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices (PCNM). Ecol. Model. 196, 483–493 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. Numerical Ecology (Elsevier, 2012).MATH 

Google Scholar 
Dray S, et al. adespatial: Multivariate Multiscale Spatial Analysis. R package version 0.3-20, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=adespatial. (2022).Benjamin, F. E., Reilly, J. R. & Winfree, R. Pollinator body size mediates the scale at which land use drives crop pollination services. J. Appl. Ecol. 51, 440–449 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Földesi, R. et al. Relationships between wild bees, hoverflies and pollination success in apple orchards with different landscape contexts. Agric. For. Entomol. 18, 68–75 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Oksanen J, et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6-4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan. (2022)Bürkner, P.-C. brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J. Stat. Softw. 80, 1–28 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S. & Rubin, D. B. Bayesian Data Analysis (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1995).Book 
MATH 

Google Scholar 
Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (2019).Sasaki, H. & Wagatsuma, T. Bumblebees (Apidae: Hymenoptera) are the main pollinators of common buckwheat, Fogopyrum esculentum, in Hokkaido, Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 42, 659–661 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nagano, Y., Miyashita, T., Taki, H. & Yokoi, T. Diversity of co-flowering plants at field margins potentially sustains an abundance of insects visiting buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, in an agricultural landscape. Ecol. Res. 36, 882–891 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Samra, S., Samocha, Y., Eisikowitch, D. & Vaknin, Y. Can ants equal honeybees as effective pollinators of the energy crop Jatropha curcas L. under Mediterranean conditions?. Gcb Bioenergy 6, 756–767 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sugiura, N., Miyazaki, S. & Nagaishi, S. A supplementary contribution of ants in the pollination of an orchid, Epipactis thunbergii, usually pollinated by hover flies. Plant Syst. Evol. 258, 17–26 (2006).Article 

Google Scholar 
Natsume, K., Hayashi, S. & Miyashita, T. Ants are effective pollinators of common buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum. Agric. For. Entomol. 24, 446–452 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Carvalheiro, L. G., Seymour, C. L., Nicolson, S. W. & Veldtman, R. Creating patches of native flowers facilitates crop pollination in large agricultural fields: Mango as a case study. J. Appl. Ecol. 49, 1373–1383 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Michiyama, H., Arikuni, M. & Hirano, T. Effect of air temperature on the growth, flowering and ripening in common buckwheat. In The Procceeding of the 8th ISB (2001)Isbell, F. et al. High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature 477, 199-U196. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10282 (2011).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
McCain, C. M. & Colwell, R. K. Assessing the threat to montane biodiversity from discordant shifts in temperature and precipitation in a changing climate. Ecol. Lett. 14, 1236–1245 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Choi, S.-W. Effects of weather factors on the abundance and diversity of moths in a temperate deciduous mixed forest of Korea. Zool. Sci. 25, 53–58 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Feldmeier, S. et al. Climate versus weather extremes: Temporal predictor resolution matters for future rather than current regional species distribution models. Divers. Distrib. 24, 1047–1060 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar  More