Philippa Kaur

Marine sediments comprise Earth’s largest organic carbon (OC) pool and a vast number of microorganism species (in the order of 1,029 species) that feed on it. However, the inaccessibility of the seafloor and the long timescales over which many sediment processes occur, has resulted in a limited and extremely patchy understanding of subseafloor biogeochemistry. Moreover, outside of data from specific sediment cores and laboratory experiments, how much energy microbes in marine sediments need to survive is not well known.

James Bradley of Queen Mary University of London, UK, and colleagues, modelled the global degradation of OC in marine sediments deposited during the Quaternary and calculated the amount of energy subseafloor microbes use. Three different microbial metabolisms were considered — aerobic respiration, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. 0.171 Pg C yr-1 of OC degradation was linked to sulfate reduction (64.5% of global Quaternary OC degraded), with another 0.076 C yr-1 (28.6%) associated with methanogenesis. Although aerobic respiration degraded only 0.018 Pg C yr-1 (6.9% of OC), it provided 54.5% (20.3 GW) of the power (energy flux) to the subseafloor. Sulfate reduction and methanogensis provided 39.1% (14.6 GW) and 6.4% (2.4 GW) of global subseafloor power, respectively. When these values were scaled on an individual cell basis, the average amount of power used per microbe was two orders of magnitude less than the lowest experimentally-based estimates of the minimum power required to sustain life. This result suggests that in situ microbial power requirements are much lower than previously thought. More

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Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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LOEWE-Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
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South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa
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School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Marc Tollis, Melissa Wilson & Shawn M. Rupp

School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
David Winter

Peralta Genomics Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
J. Robert Macey, Charles G. Barbieri & Dustin P. DeMeo

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
David L. Adelson, Terry Bertozzi, Lu Zeng, R. Daniel Kortschak & Joy M. Raison

Department of Ecology and Genetics – Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Alexander Suh, Valentina Peona, Claire R. Peart & Vera M. Warmuth

Department of Organismal Biology – Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Alexander Suh & Valentina Peona

Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Amedes Genetics, Amedes Medizinische Dienstleistungen, Berlin, Germany
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Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
Chris Organ

Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
Matthieu Muffato, Mateus Patricio, Konstantinos Billis, Fergal J. Martin & Paul Flicek

Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Lin Kang & Pawel Michalak

Center for One Health Research, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Thomas R. Buckley & Victoria G. Twort

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Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand
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Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Global Genome Initiative, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
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San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
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Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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