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    Detailed morphological structure and phylogenetic relationships of Degeeriella punctifer (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), a parasite of the bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)

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    One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USAPranav S. Pandit, Tracey Goldstein, Megan M. Doyle, Nicole R. Gardner, Brian Bird, Woutrina Smith, David Wolking, Kirsten Gilardi, Corina Monagin, Terra Kelly, Marcela M. Uhart, Lucy Keatts, Jonna A. K. Mazet & Christine K. JohnsonCenter for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USASimon J. AnthonyEcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY, 10018, USAKevin J. Olival, Jonathan H. Epstein, Catherine Machalaba, Melinda K. Rostal, Patrick Dawson, Emily Hagan, Ava Sullivan, Hongying Li, Aleksei A. Chmura, Alice Latinne, Ariful Islam, James Desmond, Tom Hughes, William B. Karesh & Peter DaszakLabyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL, 33704, USAChristian Lange, Tammie O’Rourke & Karen SaylorsWildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USASarah Olson, A. Patricia Mendoza, Cátia Dejuste de Paula, Amanda Fine & Cátia Dejuste de PaulaWildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, PeruA. Patricia Mendoza & Alberto PerezGlobal Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USADawn Zimmerman, Marc Valitutto & Ohnmar AungMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, CameroonMatthew LeBreton, Moctar Mouiche & Suzan MurrayMetabiota Inc, Nanaimo, VC, CanadaDavid McIver & Soubanh SilithammavongInstitut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, CambodiaVeasna DuongWuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, ChinaZhengli ShiKinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the CongoPrime MulembakaniMetabiota Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the CongoCharles KumakambaEgypt National Research Centre, 12311, Dokki, Giza, EgyptMohamed AliAklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaNigatu KebedeMetabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939, CameroonUbald TamoufeMilitary Veterinarian (Rtd.), P.O. Box CT2585, Accra, GhanaSamuel Bel-NonoCentre de Recherche en Virologie (VRV) Projet Fievres Hemoraquiques en Guinée, BP 5680, Nongo/Contéya-Commune de Ratoma, GuineaAlpha CamaraPrimate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16151, IndonesiaJoko PamungkasFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, IndonesiaJoko PamungkasDepartment Environment and Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, PO BOX 490, Abidjan 01, Ivory CoastKalpy J. CoulibalyDepartment of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, JordanEhab Abu-BashaMolecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, KenyaJoseph KamauDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaJoseph KamauConservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, MalaysiaTom HughesWildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Mongolia Program, Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaEnkhtuvshin ShiilegdambaCenter for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, NepalDibesh KarmacharyaRegional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, RwandaJulius Nziza & Benard SsebideUniversité Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, SénégalDaouda NdiayeMetabiota, Inc. Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra LeoneAiah GbakimaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, TanzaniaZikankuba sajaliThai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, ThailandSupaporn WacharapluesadeeWildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bolivia Program, La Paz, BoliviaErika Alandia RoblesFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, MexicoGerardo SuzánCentro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, BoliviaLuis F. AguirreLaboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Instituto de Medicina Veterinária (IMV) Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), BR-316 Km 31, Castanhal, Pará, 69746-360, BrazilMonica R. SolorioDepartment of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaTapan N. DholeWildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Vietnam Program, Hanoi, VietnamNguyen T. T. NgaMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, AustraliaPeta L. HitchensNyati Health Consulting, 2175 Dodds Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9X0A4, CanadaDamien O. Joly More

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    Exposure of aquatic organisms to natural radionuclides in irrigation drains, Qena, Egypt

    Samples collection and preparationFreshwater and sediment samples were collected from 5 irrigation drains (EL-Shikah, EL- Tramsa, EL-Mahrosa, EL-Aslia, and EL-Rawy) located in the geographical area of Qena city, the capital of Qena Governorate, 600 km south of Cairo, (Figs. 1 and 2). 3 sites inside each drain were randomly selected as sampling site; one of these sites represents the outlet of the drain into the Nile River. In addition, one site facing each drain in the main stream of the Nile River was selected to collect freshwater only, thus the total number of samples are 20 freshwater and 15 sediment samples.Figure 1Location map of the area under study (ArcGIS software 10.8.1; ArcGIS Online).Full size imageFigure 2Irrigation drain under study.Full size imagePolyethylene Marinelli beakers with a capacity of 1.4 L are used as collection and measuring containers. The beakers were washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and distilled water before use, filled to brim, and then pressed the tight lid to eliminate the internal air. Drops of HNO3 were added to the samples to prevent the adhesive of radionuclides with bottle walls8.Sediment samples were collected by Ekman grab sediment sampler. The collected samples were dried using electrical oven at a temperature of 105℃ for 24 h, then sieved through 200 mesh size. The dried samples were filled in hermetical sealed 500 ml polyethylene beakers. The prepared water and sediment samples were stored for 4 weeks to reach a secular equilibrium of radium and thorium with their progenies9.Measuring systemsGamma-ray spectrometer consisting of ″3 × 3″ NaI (Tl) detector enclosed in 5 cm thick cylindrical lead shield to reduce the background radiation and connected with 1024 multichannel analyzer was used. The spectrometer was calibrated for energy using 60Co and 137Cs standard point sources, and calibrated for efficiency using a multi-nuclides standard solution which covers a wide range of energy10. The spectrum was accumulated from each sample over 24 h and analyzed by Maestro software. The background was measured under the same condition of sample measurement.226Ra was determined using 214Bi and 214Pb gamma-lines at 609 keV and 352 keV, respectively, while 232Th from gamma-lines of 228Ac (911 keV) and 212Pb (238 keV). 40K was determined from its single gamma-line at 1460 keV. The activity concentration was calculated using the following formula (Eq. 1)11.$$A = frac{{C_{n} }}{{T times varepsilon { } times {text{P}} times {text{V }}left( {{text{or}}} right){text{M}}}}$$
    (1)

    where A is the activity concentration (Bq kg−1) or (Bq l−1), Cn is the net counts under a given peak area, T the sample counting time, (varepsilon) is the detection efficiency at measured energy, P is the emission probability and V is the sample volume in liter, M is the sample mass in kilogram. Minimum detectable activity (MDA) was estimated according to Currie definition using Eq. 212 and the MDA values were 0.031, 0.035 and 1.94 Bq L−1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively.$${text{MDA}} = frac{2.71 + 465sqrt B }{{T times varepsilon times P times V}}$$
    (2)

    where B is the background counts under a given peak area,T,ɛ, P, and V are defined above.Doses for aquatic organismsThe external and internal absorbed dose rate for aquatic organisms (Phytoplankton, Mollusca, and Crustacean) in the studied irrigation drains was calculated based on the measured activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in environmental media (water and sediment) and using dose conversion coefficients of a given radionuclide for the reference organisms according to the method outlined by Brown et al. described below13,14.$$begin{aligned}& left( {Sediment,, conc. ,,wet} right)_{radionuclide} = (Sediment ,,conc. ,,dry)_{radionuclide} times left( {solids ,,fraction} right) \& qquad qquad + (water ,,conc.)_{radionuclide} times (1 – left( {solids ,,fraction} right). \ end{aligned}$$
    (3)
    $$begin{aligned}& left( {user2{External ,,dose ,,rate}} right)_{radionuclide,, organism} = DPUC_{radionuclide, ,organism}^{external} times left[ {Sediment ,conc. ,wet_{radionuclide} times left( {fsed_{organism} + fsedsur_{organism} /2} right)} right. \& quad quad left. { + left( {fwater_{organism} + fsedsur_{organism} /2} right) times water ,conc._{radionuclide } /1000} right] \ end{aligned}$$
    (4)
    $$left( {user2{Internal,dose,rate}} right)_{{radionuclide,,organism}} = ~left( {water,conc.} right)_{{radionuclide}} times CF_{{radionuclide}}^{{organism}} times DPUC_{{radionuclide,,organism}}^{{internal}}$$
    (5)

    where sediment conc. is the sediment activity concentration of a given radionuclide in Bq kg−1,water conc. is the water activity concentration of a given radionuclide in Bq m−3, CF is distribution coefficient factors for given radionuclide in freshwater sediment in m3 kg−1, DPUC is the dose rate per unit concentration coefficients (fresh weight) in μGy h−1 per Bq kg−1 weighted for radiation type (alpha = 10, low energy beta = 3, and high energy beta and gamma = 1), solids fraction of wet sediment (0.4), fsed organism is the time fraction spends by organism in sediment, fsedsur organism is the time fraction spends by organism at the sediment/water interface, fwater organism is the time fraction spends by organism in the water column. All parameters used in calculation are taken from Pröhl (2003)15 and Vives i Battle et al. (2004)16. The total dose is then calculated by summating the external and internal doses. More