Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species (John Murray, London, 1859).
Gause, G. F. The Struggle for Existence (Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1934).
Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A. & Donoghue, M. J. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33, 475–505 (2002).
Vamosi, S. M., Heard, S. B., Vamosi, J. C. & Webb, C. O. Emerging patterns in the comparative analysis of phylogenetic community structure. Mol. Ecol. 18, 572–592 (2009).
Biere, A. & Bennett, A. E. Three-way interactions between plants, microbes and insects. Funct. Ecol. 27, 567–573 (2013).
Biesmeijer, J. C. Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313, 351–354 (2006).
Harvey, J. A. et al. International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8 (2020).
Hallmann, C. A. et al. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE 12, e0185809 (2017).
Leather, S. R. “Ecological Armageddon”—more evidence for the drastic decline in insect numbers: Insect declines. Ann. Appl. Biol. 172, 1–3 (2018).
Sánchez-Bayo, F. & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biol. Conserv. 232, 8–27 (2019).
Cardoso, P. et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity on insect extinctions. Biol. Conserv. 242, 108426 (2020).
Ford, H. A., Barrett, G. W., Saunders, D. A. & Recher, H. F. Why have birds in the woodlands of Southern Australia declined?. Biol. Conserv. 97, 71–88 (2001).
Córdoba-Aguilar, A. & Rocha-Ortega, M. Damselfly (Odonata: Calopterygidae) population decline in an urbanizing watershed. J. Insect Sci. 19, 30 (2019).
Kalkman, V. J. et al. Diversity and conservation of European dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). Hydrobiologia 811, 269–282 (2018).
Rosenberg, K. V. et al. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313 (2019).
Rodhouse, T. J. et al. Evidence of region-wide bat population decline from long-term monitoring and Bayesian occupancy models with empirically informed priors. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5612 (2019).
Kaunisto, K. M. et al. Threats from the air: Damselfly predation on diverse prey taxa. J. Anim. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13184 (2020).
Simmons, B. I. et al. Worldwide insect declines: An important message, but interpret with caution. Ecol. Evol. 9, 3678–3680 (2019).
Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G. B. & Worm, B. How many species are there on earth and in the ocean?. PLoS Biol. 9, e1001127 (2011).
Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R. & Milo, R. The biomass distribution on earth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 6506–6511 (2018).
Nyffeler, M., Şekercioğlu, ÇH. & Whelan, C. J. Insectivorous birds consume an estimated 400–500 million tons of prey annually. Sci. Nat. 105, 47 (2018).
Vesterinen, E. J. et al. What you need is what you eat? Prey selection by the bat Myotis daubentonii. Mol. Ecol. 25, 1581–1594 (2016).
Vesterinen, E. J., Puisto, A. I. E., Blomberg, A. & Lilley, T. M. Table for five, please: Dietary partitioning in boreal bats. Ecol. Evol. 8, 10914–10937 (2018).
Vesterinen, E. J., Puisto, A. I. E., Blomberg, A. S. & Lilley, T. M. Data from: Table for five, please: Dietary partitioning in boreal bats. Dryad Dataset https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6880rf1 (2019).
Kaunisto, K. M., Roslin, T., Sääksjärvi, I. E. & Vesterinen, E. J. Pellets of proof: First glimpse of the dietary composition of adult odonates as revealed by metabarcoding of feces. Ecol. Evol. 7, 8588–8598 (2017).
Kaunisto, K. M., Roslin, T. L., Sääksjärvi, I. E. & Vesterinen, E. J. Data from: Pellets of proof: first glimpse of the dietary composition of adult odonates as revealed by metabarcoding of feces. Dryad Dataset https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5n92p (2018).
Vesterinen, E. J. et al.Threats from the air: damselfly predation on diverse prey taxa. 1438406240 bytes (2019) https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.ZS7H44J4Z.
Deagle, B. E. et al. Counting with DNA in metabarcoding studies: How should we convert sequence reads to dietary data?. Mol. Ecol. 28, 391–406 (2019).
Dormann, C. F., Frund, J., Bluthgen, N. & Gruber, B. Indices, graphs and null models: Analyzing bipartite ecological networks. Open Ecol. J. 2, 7–24 (2009).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2018).
Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. (2013).
Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the anthropocene. Science 345, 401–406 (2014).
Butchart, S. H. M. et al. Global biodiversity: Indicators of recent declines. Science 328, 1164–1168 (2010).
Fuszara, E. et al. Population changes in Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri) and Daubenton’s bat (M. daubentonii) in winter roosts of central Poland. Pol. J. Ecol. 58, 769–781 (2010).
Kim, K. C. & Byrne, L. B. Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: Emerging biodiversity science. Ecol. Res. 21, 794 (2006).
Sekercioglu, C. H. et al. Disappearance of insectivorous birds from tropical forest fragments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99, 263–267 (2002).
Spiller, K. J. & Dettmers, R. Evidence for multiple drivers of aerial insectivore declines in North America. Condor 121, 10 (2019).
Lister, B. C. & Garcia, A. Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, E10397–E10406 (2018).
Warren, M. S. et al. Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change. Nature 414, 65–69 (2001).
Ochieng, H., de Ruyter van Steveninck, E. D. & Wanda, F. M. Mouthpart deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera) as indicators of heavy metal pollution in northern Lake Victoria, Uganda. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 33, 135–142 (2008).
Luoto, T. P. Hydrological change in lakes inferred from midge assemblages through use of an intralake calibration set. Ecol. Monogr. 80, 303–329 (2010).
Aquatic insects of North Europe—A Taxonomic Handbook. vol. 2 (Apollo Books, 1997).
Wirta, H. K. et al. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecol. Evol. 5, 3842–3856 (2015).
Vesterinen, E. J., Lilley, T., Laine, V. N. & Wahlberg, N. Next generation sequencing of fecal DNA reveals the dietary diversity of the widespread insectivorous predator Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) in southwestern Finland. PLoS ONE 8, e82168 (2013).
Clare, E. L., Fraser, E. E., Braid, H. E., Fenton, M. B. & Hebert, P. D. N. Species on the menu of a generalist predator, the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis): Using a molecular approach to detect arthropod prey. Mol. Ecol. 18, 2532–2542 (2009).
Clare, E. L. et al. The diet of Myotis lucifugus across Canada: Assessing foraging quality and diet variability. Mol. Ecol. 23, 3618–3632 (2014).
Rytkönen, S. et al. From feces to data: A metabarcoding method for analyzing consumed and available prey in a bird-insect food web. Ecol. Evol. 9, 631–639 (2019).
Eitzinger, B. et al. Assessing changes in arthropod predator–prey interactions through DNA-based gut content analysis—variable environment, stable diet. Mol. Ecol. 28, 266–280 (2019).
Schmidt, N. M., Mosbacher, J. B., Eitzinger, B., Vesterinen, E. J. & Roslin, T. High resistance towards herbivore-induced habitat change in a high Arctic arthropod community. Biol. Lett. 14, 20180054 (2018).
Schmidt, N. M., Mosbacher, J. B., Vesterinen, E. J., Roslin, T. & Michelsen, A. Limited dietary overlap amongst resident Arctic herbivores in winter: Complementary insights from complementary methods. Oecologia 187, 689–699 (2018).
Gripenberg, S. et al. A highly resolved food web for insect seed predators in a species-rich tropical forest: Host use by insect seed predators. Ecol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13359 (2019).
Basset, Y. et al. A cross-continental comparison of assemblages of seed- and fruit-feeding insects in tropical rain forests: Faunal composition and rates of attack. J. Biogeogr. 45, 1395–1407 (2018).
Raitif, J., Plantegenest, M., Agator, O., Piscart, C. & Roussel, J.-M. Seasonal and spatial variations of stream insect emergence in an intensive agricultural landscape. Sci. Total Environ. 644, 594–601 (2018).
Rogers, L. E., Buschbom, R. L. & Watson, C. R. Length-weight relationships of shrub-steppe invertebrates1. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70, 51–53 (1977).
De Felici, L., Piersma, T. & Howison, R. A. Abundance of arthropods as food for meadow bird chicks in response to short- and long-term soil wetting in Dutch dairy grasslands. PeerJ 7, e7401 (2019).
Aziz, M. A. et al. Using non-invasively collected genetic data to estimate density and population size of tigers in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 12, 272–282 (2017).
Greenop, A., Woodcock, B. A., Wilby, A., Cook, S. M. & Pywell, R. F. Functional diversity positively affects prey suppression by invertebrate predators: A meta-analysis. Ecology 99, 1771–1782 (2018).
Kissick, A. L., Dunning, J. B., Fernandez-Juricic, E. & Holland, J. D. Different responses of predator and prey functional diversity to fragmentation. Ecol. Appl. 28, 1853–1866 (2018).
Petchey, O. L. & Gaston, K. J. Functional diversity: Back to basics and looking forward. Ecol. Lett. 9, 741–758 (2006).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
