A preliminary study of mirror-induced self-directed behaviour on wildlife at the Royal Belum Rainforest Malaysia

Gallup, G. G. Jr. Chimpanzees: self-recognition. Science 167, 86–87 (1970).

ADS  Google Scholar 

Gallup, G. G. Jr., McClure, M. K., Hill, S. D. & Bundy, R. A. Capacity for self-recognition in differentially reared chimpanzees. Psychol. Rec. 21, 69–74 (1971).

Google Scholar 

Gallup, G. G. Jr. et al. Further reflections on self-recognition in primates. Anim. Behav. 50, 1525–1532 (1995).

Google Scholar 

Prior, H., Schwarz, A. & Gunturkun, O. Mirror-induced behaviour in the magpie (pica pica): evidence of self-recognition. PLoS Biol. 6, e202 (2008).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Groot, B. & Cheyne, S. M. Does mirror enrichment improve primate well-being?. Anim. Welf. 25(2), 163–170 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Ma, X. et al. Giant pandas failed to show mirror self-recognition. Anim. Cogn. 18(3), 713–721 (2015).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plotnik, J. M., de Waal, F. B. M. & Reiss, D. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. PNAS 103(45), 17053–17057 (2006).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reiss, D. & Marino, L. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. PNAS 98, 5937–5942 (2001).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leavens, D. A., Aureli, F. & Hopkins, W. D. Scratching and cognitive stress: performance and reinforcement effects on hand use, scratch type, and afferent cutaneous pathways during computer cognitive testing by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primatol. 42, 126–127 (1997).

Google Scholar 

Leavens, D. A., Aureli, F., Hopkins, W. D. & Hyatt, C. W. Effects of cognitive challenge on self-directed behaviors by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primatol. 55(1), 1–14 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heschl, A. & Burkart, J. A new mark test for mirror self-recognition in non-human primates. Primates 47, 187–198 (2006).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hecht, E. E., Mahovetz, L. M., Preuss, T. M. & Hopkins, W. D. A neuroanatomical predictor of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12(1), 37–48 (2017).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parker, S. T. A developmental approach to the origins of self- recognition in great apes. Hum. Evol. 6, 435–449 (1991).

Google Scholar 

Hafandi, A. et al. The preliminary study of mirror self-recognition (MSR) on Malayan sunbear (Helarctos malayanus). J. Vet. Malaysia 30(1), 23–25 (2018).

Google Scholar 

Povinelli, D. J. Failure to find self-recognition in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in contrast to their use of mirror cues to discover hidden food. J. Comp. Psychol. 103(2), 122–131 (1989).

Google Scholar 

Cammaerts, M.-C. & Cammaerts, R. Are ants (hymenoptera, formicidae) capable of selfrecognition?. J. Sci. 5, 521–532 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Kohda, M. et al. If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?. PLoS Biol. 17(2), e3000021 (2019).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buniyaadi, A., Taufque, S. K. T. & Kumar, V. Self-recognition in corvids: evidence from the mirror-mark test in Indian house crows (Corvus splendens). J. Ornithol. 161, 341–350 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Schwabe, K. A. et al. Creation of Malaysia’s Royal Belum State Park: a case study of conservation in a developing country. J. Environ. Dev. 24(1), 54–81 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Matsubayashi, H. et al. Importance of natural licks for mammals in Bornean Inland tropical rainforest. Ecol. Res. 22, 742 (2007).

Google Scholar 

Lazarus, B. A. et al. Topographical differences impacting wildlife dynamics at natural saltlicks in the Royal Belum rainforest. Asian J. Conserv. Biol. 8(2), 97–101 (2019).

Google Scholar 

Oli, M. K. & Jacobson, H. A. Vocalizations of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac). Mammalia 59(2), 179–186 (1995).

Google Scholar 

Odden, M. & Wegge, P. Predicting spacing behavior and mating systems of solitary cervids: a study of hog deer and Indian muntjac. Zoology 110, 261–270 (2007).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pokharel, K. & Chalise, M. K. Status and distribution pattern of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac Zimmermann) in Hemja VDC, Kaski. Nepal J. Sci. Technol. 11, 223–228 (2010).

Google Scholar 

de Waal, F. B. M., Dindo, M., Freeman, C. A. & Hall, M. J. The monkey in the mirror: hardly a stranger. PNAS 102(32), 11140–11147 (2005).

ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgan, K. N. & Tromborg, C. T. Sources of stress in captivity. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 102(3), 262–302 (2007).

Google Scholar 

Tobler, M. W., Carrillo-Percategui, S. E. & Powell, G. Habitat use, activity patterns and use of mineral licks by five species of ungulate in south-eastern Peru. J. Trop. Ecol. 25, 261–270 (2009).

Google Scholar 

Cruz, P., Paviolo, A., Bo, R. F., Thompson, J. J. & Di Bitetti, M. S. Daily activity patterns and habitat use of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in the Atlantic Forest. Mamm. Biol. 79, 376–383 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Houpt, K. A. & McDonnell, S. M. Equine stereotypies. Comp. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet. 15, 1265–1271 (1993).

Google Scholar 

Arumugam, K. A., Buesching, C. D. & Annavi, G. Lip licking behavior in captive Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus): Manifestation of a stereotypic or stress related response?. Int. J. Recent Adv. Multidiscip. Res. 6(3), 4724–4727 (2019).

Google Scholar 

Hranchuk, K. B. & Webster, W. G. Interocular transfer of lateral mirror-image discrimination by cats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 88(1), 368–372 (1975).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rayan, M. D. & Linkie, M. Conserving tigers in Malaysia: a science-driven approach for eliciting conservation policy change. Biol. Cons. 184, 18–26 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Breton, G. & Barrot, S. Influence of enclosure size on the distances covered and paced by captive tigers (Panthera tigris). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 154, 66–75 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Biolatti, C. et al. Behavioural analysis of captive tigers (Panthera tigris): a water pool makes the difference. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 174, 173–180 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Williams, E., Carter, A., Hall, C. & Bremner-Harrison, S. Social interactions in zoo-housed elephants: factors affecting social relationships. Animals 9, 747 (2019).

Google Scholar 

Williams, M. F. Primate encephalization and intelligence. Med. Hypotheses 58(4), 284–290 (2002).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson, J. R. & Gallup, G. G. Jr. Mirror self-recognition: a review and critique of attemps to promote and engineer self-recognition in primates. Primates 56, 317–326 (2015).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deaner, R. O., Isler, K., Burkart, J. & van Schaik, C. Overall brain size and not encephalization quotient, best predicts cognitive ability across non-human primates. Brain Behav. Evol. 70, 115–124 (2007).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matiju, J. et al. Absolute, not relative brain size correlates with sociality in ground squirrels. Proc. Biol. Sci. 30(283), 1827 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Caravaggi, A. et al. A review of camera trapping for conservation behaviour research. Conservation 3(3), 109–122 (2017).

Google Scholar